tive character has been shown to depend upon a series of forgeries, but the race hatred which is so intense on the continent of Europe seemed to demand the prisoner's conviction. These facts, involving, as they so vitally do, the administration of justice, and reflecting so unfavorably upon the republic of France, make it worth while to rehearse for our readers the principal features of the great case.

In 1894 it was discovered that somebody was engaged in telling secrets about the French army to certain foreign officials. This, of course, was treasonable. Either by mere circumstance or because the traitor wished to divert suspicion from himself, the charge was fastened upon Dreyfus. In October, 1894, his trial by secret court-martial began. December 20 of that year he was declared guilty. Asserting his innocence, he was publicly degraded from the army, and early in January, 1895, he was sentenced to perpetual exile. Devil's Island, off the coast of South America, was chosen as the place of imprisonment, and for over four years he has suffered all the horrors of solitary confinement, part of the time in chains.

At least five circumstances in the trial. were unfavorable to Dreyfus:

1. He is a Jew. This means that at least 99 out of every hundred of his fellow officers were against him. There is an anti-semite organization whose purpose seems to be to intensify and extend this race hatred wherever possible. This society is especially strong in the army.

2. Dryefus is an Alsatian. It will be remembered that Alsace is one of the provinces which France lost during the FrancoPrussian war. Being a border province it has been thought that Dreyfus might be in closer sympathy with the Germans than with the French. Indeed, one of his three brothers has chosen to be German though Alfred and two brothers are French.

3. Alfred Dreyfus, as a military captain, was in the secret service of the French army, which seeks, among other things, to secure secret information from foreign countries through spies. All great nations have such a system, and its members need to be the most trusted men. It was thought easy for Dreyfus to furnish certain information to the Germans during his frequent visits to his Alsatian home.

4. The thing which fastened suspicion

upon him was a memorandum, or bordereau, which had been given to Schwarzkoppen, an Alsatian, but a German military attache. It contained important information about French military affairs, and being found torn in very small pieces was taken by an Alsatian servant to the French war office. All experts but one declared this to be in the handwriting of Dreyfus.

5. In disposition Dreyfus was curious and prying, a trait which in itself made him unpopular, and which naturally increased suspicion when it was known that some one was disloyal.

The securing of a new trial that was asked for early this year, and has just closed, was also due to a variety of agencies.

1. Madame Dreyfus has been unremitting in her efforts to secure justice for her husband. As a woman of wealth she has thus been able to interest persons of influence. It must be remembered, however, that the army, almost to a man, was opposed to a reopening of the case. To try the prisoner again, and reverse the decision, would have been equivalent to self-condemnation for the army.

2. In May, 1896, there came to the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart a note to Schwarzkoppen written on the back of one of Major Esterhazy's visiting cards, expressing the writer's regret that he could not meet the German official. This is known in the trial as the petit bleu. Colonel Picquart noticed that it was in the same handwriting as the bordereau, and he had the manhood to say that he believed Esterhazy and not Dreyfus to be guilty. The army paid no attention to Picquart, and even tried to ignore the vice-president of the senate when the latter declared that he had proof of the innocence of Dreyfus.

3. In November, 1897, Mathieu Dreyfus, a brother of Alfred, openly charged Esterhazy with writing the bordereau. Esterhazy at once demanded a court-martial. This was given, and he was acquitted January 12, '98, though the trial is believed to have been a farce. The evidence that seemed unanswerable in this trial was a letter which Schwarzkoppen had written in 1896 to the Italian minister, and which mentioned Dreyfus in a friendly and compromising way. This letter was afterwards shown to have been forged for the purpose by Colonel Henry.

4. On the day after Esterhazy was acquit

ted one of the French papers, the Aurora, printed an open letter from Zola the novelist to Francois Felix Faure, president of France, charging that Esterhazy had been acquitted "by order." Zola was tried, convicted, and took two appeals, but afterwards chose to go into voluntary banishment. During his trial Zola was fearless and unsparing in denouncing the race hatred which seems to lie at the bottom of the whole Dreyfus case.

September 26, '98, the French cabinet voted to re-open the case. A new trial by court-martial was ordered by the court of cassation, or court of appeals, June 3, '99, and this began at Rennes as has been stated, August 7. This order was considered as a hopeful indication for France since it made the military power obedient and subordinate to the civil power. The result of the trial, however, shows that the court was prejudiced against the prisoner, and that it has dared to disregard evidence in his favor.

From the following considerations a fairminded person would have expected acquittal:

1. The attempt to assassinate Labori, junior counsel for Dreyfus, when it appeared that he was probing too closely to the truth looked like a desperate determination to uphold the decision of the first court-martial at all hazards.

2. Picard, one of the detectives in the first Dreyfus trial died mysteriously in his Paris lodgings.

3. Colonel Henry committed suicide in his cell shortly after his confession to Colonel Picquart that he had forged the letter of 1896 which was intended to save Esterhazy.

4. General Pellieux, and Minister-of-War Cavignac, who had made speeches at the Esterhazy trial declaring the letter of 1896 genuine, both resigned when it was found. to be a forgery.

5. Esterhazy has fled to England and is said to have confessed that he wrote the bordereau. The report of confession has not been confirmed.

6. Just before his death by paralysis Colonel Sandherr, an anti-semite expressed fear that the Dreyfus case would be reopened.

7. Major du Paty de Clam who was first appointed to investigate the Dreyfus case, and General Mercier, minister of war in 1894 both appeared in a very bad light during the last trial. The latter became so confused under the close questioning of Labori that he was hooted by the audience after his testimony.

8. The leakage of information for which Dreyfus way first arrested continued up to 1897, two years after he had been sent to Devil's Island.

The wide interest in the case has rested not so much upon Dreyfus as an individual as upon the principles involved. It appears, as the Review of Reviews points out, that even if Dreyfus were guilty his accusers are guilty of a series of crimes in securing his condemnation. The trial was reopened because the conviction reflected upon the honor of France. If the last finding of the court-martial is to stand, we fear that the lost honor is not to any great extent recovered. Militarism is in the saddle and if Dreyfus goes into ten years confinement it will be because he is a Jew.

THE HE company believing that attractive surroundings are a great inducement to better work, have sought to improve the surroundings in every way possible. The walls of the buildings within and without are tinted colonial yellow, this shade being less hurtful to the eye. The buildings are

lighted with electricity, are built of steel and glass, and are well ventilated with fans which cause an entire change of air every fifteen minutes. The smoke of the factory is consumed by the furnaces. The factory is said to be the cleanest, best lighted and best ventilated one in existence.

*"About three years ago a well-known Ohio manufacturer, on his trips to and from Dayton, was greatly impressed with the barnlike appearance and desolate air of the little homes lining the railroad as it approached Dayton and other cities. He said to himself that the fences and back porches would be improved by a few creeping vines and flowers. From the back-yard view of these homes his thoughts turned to the barrenness of his own factory, and he decided to try the effect of some flowers and vines. The first thing he did was to plant a big bed of flowers in the center of the factory lawn. Instinctively he felt that something was wrong. He knew that his ideas were right, but he lacked the knowledge of how to carry them

out.

"He sent for John C. Olmstead, the man who had charge of the landscape gardening at the World's Fair in Chicago. The plan of beautifying a factory was an idea so foreign to the usual utilitarian purposes of such an establishment that it impressed him as very droll; but

"Mr. Olmstead's suggestions fell on fertile soil. Mr. Patterson not only decorated his factory grounds and buildings, but covered the telegraph poles and lamp posts with vines, so that the streets about the factory seemed like the approaches to a park. When he saw how beautiful all this looked from the factory, and when he reflected how simple were the principles of landscape gardening, he thought how fine a thing it would be to bring it to the homes of his factory people. He first secured material from Professor Bailey of Cornell; Mr. Simons of

he finally allowed himself to be persuad-| ed to undertake the commission, when he learned that his client had a serious purpose in all this. The first suggestion

was the removal of the set-piece in the center of the lawn. Then he corrected the planting of one bed of flowers with eight or nine colors. He pointed out how by making little bays and inlets of shrubs and flowers along the sides of the lawn a pleasing effect might be secured. Next he suggested that the two stable sheds opposite the factory should be connected with an arch, the roof painted vermillion, the sides olive, and rapid-growing vines planted at each end, thus forming a harmony of color that would be restful to the eye.

Quoted from Current Literature.

Chicago, sent him views from his estate, and Miss Helen Gould, being interested in his scheme, sent him photographs of the beautiful grounds at Lyndhurst, her Irvington home. These he made into lantern slides, so that he could show the people just what these superb effects meant when correctly applied.

"He began this educational work in the factory Sunday-school, and when spring came he distributed 12,000 packages of seeds to the children. To stimulate the best efforts prizes were offered for the best ornamental planting about the home, and for the most artistic arrangement and training of vines on houses, verandas, buildings, fences and posts. Boys and girls under sixteen were invited to compete for the best

vines, began to train them over the porch and added window-boxes, making bowers of beauty out of the previous packing-box style of house. When the autumn came and the vines disappeared then they realized how very ugly the fences looked without any adornment. The training of the summer bore fruit, and when Mr. Patterson advised taking them down and replacing them by a wire fence, which was just about one-third cheaper and better adapted to the climbing vines, they were ready to do so.

Some occupiers of adjoining houses did away with any kind of fence and planted, instead, a divisional line of flowers."

One important feature is left us to speak of and that is the kindergarten. The kindergarten is carried on in the N. C. R. House, and is well equipped with teachers and facilities for training the minds and hands of the children of the neighborhood.

About a year ago the factory announced that no application would be considered from anyone not a graduate of some high school; this announcement created a great deal of criticism. . but it is interesting to notice that there was immediately a marked increase in the attendance at the schools in Dayton, and that the general average in scholarship and at

that makes my employe a better man, gives me, through him, a better machine. It is never a question, therefore, whether or not to spend money for his benefit, but only how it can be spent to increase his knowledge, his happiness, or his health. Money spent in any business so as actually to produce such results will bring as quick and sure returns as that invested in any other of the more customary ways of developing a business.

"Everything which this company has done that has involved expense has immediately resulted in an apparent gain to the business. From the first move to the present

people rather than to the coffers of the company.

"To abandon anything which makes the employe a better man is not the way to save a business, but is an additional menace to it."

At one of their yearly meetings given for the benefit of the employees on July 9, 1899, at Dayton, where over 5,000 persons were fed at the company's expense, where for two days and two nights a force was at work preparing twenty thousand sandwiches and eighteen hundred loaves of bread were cut up in one pile, and where 164 gallons of ice cream and "barrels upon barrels" of