Whale, Balana, that while from without it seems very large yet the cavity is comparatively very small; so is it with Grampus, where the walls are of considerable thickness. These are composed of a basis of glandular substance partially bound together by fibrous trabecular partitions of smooth mucous membrane, leaving many irregular-sized deepish loculi between.

A sparse padding of fatty substance exteriorly surrounds the pouch, and a thick layer of muscle intervenes betwixt the latter and the inner wall of the cartilaginous thyroid plate. These evidently correspond to those transversely - striped whorled muscular fascicles which surround or form the exterior coat of the so-called air-bag or laryngeal sac, both in the Right', the Fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The larynx in section. The downward arrows denote the posterior more open laryngeal passage; the upward directed arrows guide to the narrower anterior funnel. Ep. Epiglottis. A. Cut part of the left arytenoid cartilage. T. Section of thyroid cartilage. C. C*. Segments of cricoid. tr. Trachea. T. gl. Thyroid gland. Gl. s. Glandular sac: the stylet (*) shows the orifice of communication with the glottis. V. c. Fold or vocal cord.

Pike Whale' and the Razorback. Their situation and general disposition in Risso's Grampus leads me to suspect they are Thyro-arytenoidei. In the Whalebone Whale they are vastly developed, and follow the disposition of the capacious sac, viz. run backwards betwixt the thyroid and the ventral ring of the cricoid cartilage.

The constituent cartilaginous elements of the larynx resemble much those of globiceps. The tabular prolongation of the epiglottis (Ep.) and the arytenoids (4) rise to nearly a level with each other; and their adjoining margins are attached quite to the upper flange or lips of their combined orifice. In this they differ from Balaenoptera rostrata3, where they are comparatively loose, but agree with Globiocephalus.

The body of the thyroid cartilage is a broad flattish plate (seen in section, fig. 2 T), and from which alar expansions spread out. These terminate in elongate narrowing inferior cornu attached by ligamentous union laterally and near the posterior border of the cricoid cartilage. The latter cricoid (C) presents a ridge and thick arch superiorly, and a narrow backwardly set ring (C) inferiorly, which encircles the commencement of the trachea. Here they impinge against, and partly override a small thyroid glandular body (T. gl.), which reaches backwards for a short distance beyond.

With the naturalists and anatomists of the first quarter of this century it was a moot question whether the cetacea possessed voice, and in sequence vocal cords. I am not sure indeed if the latter point has been unequivocally settled. That some species utter sound is now unquestioned, and notably the species under consideration and the Ca'ing Whale. As to vocal cords, Meckel strongly opposes Cuvier, and in denial of the latter's statement as well as others, of their being wanting, replies: "Loin de là, l'absence des partes en question se trouve compenseé jusqu'à certain point, à ce qu'il paraît par un autre organisation." With his further description and nature of the parts my own observations coincide; so instead of quotation, I shall refer to fig. 2 of the Grampus's opened larynx.

1 Carte and Macalister, Philosoph. Trans. 1868, p. 238.
Knox, Cat. Prep. Whale, p. 11.

VOL. V.

Carte, p. 234, and Knox on Larynx of same species.
Anat. Comp. Vol. x. p. 596.

9

The tracheal and lower laryngeal mucous membrane folds are numerous and longitudinal. Glandular pits are here and there distributed, and in abundance, opposite the anterior half of the cricoid shield. In the floor of the chamber from about opposite the cricoid, a double raised smooth membranous fold commences, which runs on and upwards to the root of the epiglottis.

As the folds diverge forwards and merge into the narrow rugæ of the upright epiglottic funnel, they are mesially pierced by the orifice of the laryngeal sac already spoken of: around which are glandular crypts. The said parallel folds I take to be the representatives of vocal cords (Vc), for reasons I shall presently mention. Above them and on either side of the chamber is a broad, smooth, and long eminence which extends from about the middle of the vocal cords up to near the extremity of the arytenoid cartilage. These eminences and folds thus more or less divide the interior of the erect part of the larynx into an anterior narrow canal and wider posterior channel; the upwardly directed arrows defining the course of the former and the downwardly-placed ones the latter. The abnormally changed relations of the parts, the vocal cords being longitudinal rather than transversely-placed in the Cete, are best studied by comparison with the same region in some ruminants. In Hyomoschus aquaticus', as Flower has shown, "the vocal cords are placed nearly vertically in the sides of the larynx, and thrown unusually far from its posterior wall, so that when they are brought in contact, a cylindrical tubular air-passage remains open behind them, but the communication between that passage and the thyroid pouch is shut off." I have myself described a similar condition of parts in the larynx of Saiga tartarica, figuring moreover a longitudinal membrano-fatty eminence, as exists in Risso's Grampus and other whales.

Taking these facts into consideration, and remembering that in the cetacean larynx we have it twisted partially in its long axis, that is a horizontal and vertical portion, and it will be the more readily admitted that vocal cords are not absent. Furthermore, from analogy I am inclined to think that during moderate inspiration the current is chiefly by the posterior channel, but 2 L. c. fig. 11. B.

1 P. Z. S. 1867, p. 957.

by both in a full inspiration. On the other hand, when the cetacean blows with force or utters sound, the posterior division of the chamber is lessened, and exit of air is chiefly through the anterior constricted canal. In watching the movements of the porpoises formerly possessed by the Zoological Society, and as I have witnessed at sea, they occasionally skim the surface; at such times, therefore, gentle inspiration in the manner I have indicated might take place. Immediately after they rise from submergence, however, the blowing is very decided. It would be interesting to note if the voice of cetaceans agrees with such ruminants as approach in form of interior larynx.

The trachea is moderately wide, as are its numerous rings. There is a third bronchus to the right lung, as in other toothed whales. It was with some degree of interest that I examined the lungs to see whether I should discover in them those curious glands at their post-ventral apices figured and described by me at length in globiceps. They exist fully developed, but more than one to each apex, the additional and somewhat smaller bodies lying deeper or behind the others. In shape the lungs themselves comport to those of the Pilot Whale, that is free from incisions and lobes, excepting the tendency to an anteroinferior lobulus. The superficial sinuous vessels are well marked; and the membranous bridge connecting the diaphragm and post-ventral lung-tips of moderate breadth.

4.The Alimentary Tract, &c.

The mouth from the front to its angle is seven inches long. The eaved margin of the maxillary arch overlaps slightly the mandibular one when the mouth is closed. There is a rudimentary roughened callous premaxillary palatal pad. The tongue is smooth-surfaced; its tip distinctly notched, and it is free for 2 inches from its frænal attachment.

No teeth were visible in this specimen; but in both upper and lower jaw a well-marked dental groove obtained. Laurillard has remarked' of the species: "Ces animaux sont sujets à perdre leur dents, et surtout celles de la mâchoire supérieure; aussi n'en connaît-on pas le nombre normal, leur forme est semblable

1 Fred. Cuvier's Cétacés, p. 199.

à celle des dents de dauphin." Risso says1 the mandible is furnished with five great conical teeth on each side. As this subject is best treated with the osteology, I return to a consideration of the viscera.

The compound stomach of Risso's Grampus corresponds very closely with that of the Pilot Whale, such as I have figured in my memoir of the latter animal. Professor Turner's' woodcut, depicting as an anatomical preparation the stomachs of a much younger specimen of the same animal, shows that the relations of the compartments to each other varies from youth to age. That this is the case not only in these aquatic forms, but also obtains in the ruminantia, his researches3 and the observations of Dr Gedge on the sheep seem to prove.

Comparing the G. rissoanus with the specimen of globiceps dissected by myself, I noted in it that the first gastric cavity, as contrasted with the others, was smaller than in the latter cetacean form. This might be as much owing to the animals not having quite arrived at the adult stage as to generic distinction. The second and particularly the third cavity (Turner's 2nd and 4th) were much more elongate or ovoid in Grampus than in Globiocephalus; the peculiar globular inflation of these cavities in the latter genus being very characteristic. The narrow tunnelled passage betwixt the walls of the second and third gastric cavities (which Turner reckons the third stomach), and connecting these two, has its upper orifice in the Grampus close to that leading from the first to the second cavity.

The long cylindrical fourth cavity and dilated commencement of the duodenum are alike in both forms. This remark applies to the lining of mucous membrane in the whole of the cavities. I may further state, as is a very common occurrence in Cete captured on our coast, there was no food throughout the alimentary canal; mucus, with a yellowish bilious tinge, pervading the upper portion of the gut.

A small compound spleen resembling in shape that of globiceps, lies, as in it, on the right or concave surface of the large first stomach.

The intestines measured 47 feet 2 inches; thus being seven

1 Op. cit. p. 24.

3 Ibid. 1869, p. 117.

2 Camb. Journ. of Anat. 1868, p. 73, fig. 2.

Ibid. 1868, p. 323, Pl. VII. figs. 1—4.