relates a number of observations made to ascertain the position of the colon, in connection with the performance of the operation of colotomy, and he appends a table of 92 cases in which that operation had been performed. Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere. Herausgegeben von S. STRICKER. IV. Lieferung. Leipzig, 1870. THE fourth part of this excellent manual of Microscopic Anatomy contains the following articles: The Mamma, by C. Langer. The external male and female Organs of Generation, by E. Klein. The Spinal Marrow, by J. Gerlach. The Brain of Mammals, by Th. Meynert. The Sympathetic Nervous System, by S. Meyer. The Organ of Taste, by T. Ŵ. Engelmann. The conclusion of an article on the Serous Membranes, by E. Klein, and the commencement of one on the Organ of Hearing, by J. Kessel. Meynert's account of the minute Anatomy of the Brain is of especial interest, and we hope soon to have to welcome a translation of this important monograph, from the pen of Mr Power, in the volume about to be published by the Sydenham Society. L'ordre des Primates, parallèle anatomique de l'Homme et des Singes. Par M. Paul Broca, Paris, 1870.—Beiträge zur Anatomie des Hylobates leuciscus, und zu einer vergleichenden anatomie der Muskeln der Affen und des Menschen. Von TH. L. W. BISCHOFF. Munich, 1870. IN these two memoirs the relations of Man to the Anthropoid Apes, and the position which ought to be assigned to him in the classification of the Mammalia, have been discussed by two eminent anatomists, but with very different results, as regards the conclusions to which they have arrived. M. Broca agrees with those zoologists who regard man as a member of the order of primates, in which he forms a distinct family. Like Prof. Huxley, he considers that man differs less from the so-called quadrumana in general, and the anthropoids in particular, than the apes do, one from the other. He compares man anatomically with the apes, and examines the osseous, muscular, vascular, visceral and nervous systems. In his chapter on the nervous system, he figures the brain of a male chimpanzee, in which in the left hemisphere the superior bridging convolution was very distinct, whilst in the right the second bridging convolution was also superficial. In these points this brain closely corresponded with one, figured some years ago by the writer (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. 19 Feb. 1866). Though he believes that but slight structural differences exist between the corresponding organs of man and the anthropoids, yet he admits that, in the functions which they perform, man is raised to a height far beyond that of the family of anthropoids which most closely approaches him, Professor Bischoff, though mainly devoting his memoir to the consideration of Hylobates leuciscus, more especially its muscular and cerebral anatomy, yet discusses also the general question of the comparison between man and apes. He repeats here, what he believes he has proved in a previous memoir on the convolutions of the brain (Anatomical Report, IV. 157), that an uninterrupted series may be traced from the lemur to the orang in the improvement of the convolutions, but that between the brain of man and the orang there is a chasm, which cannot be filled up. His study of the muscular system has now led him to the conclusion that, in the arrangement of the muscles of man and of the anthropoids, there are greater differences than are found in the muscles of the different families of the apes, and, as the anatomical structure of a muscle ought not to be considered apart from its physiological action, the apes stand much nearer to each other than the highest ape does to man. He follows out therefore, to some extent, the line of argument which was pursued by the late Professor Goodsir in his Lectures "on the Dignity of the Human Body'," who whilst fully recognizing the importance of the study of morphology, yet vigorously contends that in all questions of general zoology and anthropology the teleological aspects of the question ought not to be overlooked. 1 Anatomical Memoirs, Vol. 1. p. 207, Edinburgh, 1868. REPORT ON THE PROGRESS OF ANATOMY. BY PROFESSOR TURNER'. OSTEOLOGY.-Wenzel Gruber makes in Bulletin de l'Acad. imp. des Sc. de St Petersbourg, Oct., Nov., Dec. 1870, several contributions to the OSTEOLOGY OF THE HAND AND FOOT. In the right hand of a man 11 carpal bones were found; the bones of the first row, the trapezium, the first and fifth metacarpals and all the phalanges, were normal: the trapezoid somewhat deformed; the os magnum subdivided into three secondary bones, a superior, a radial and an ulnar: the unciform possessed a radial surface somewhat different from normal: a small bone was situated on the dorsum of the ulnar border of the second metacarpal: a minute nodule of bone was situated in the interosseous ligament which connected the ulnar secondary part of the os magnum with the superior secondary bone and the uncinate: the brachial surface was abnormal in the third and fourth metacarpals. The carpal bones lay in three rows: the first normal: the second formed of trapezium, trapezoid, superior part of os magnum, unciform: the third of epiphysis of second metacarpal, and radial and ulnar subdivisions of os magnum. He describes also a second case of os intermedium, or centrale, analogous to a bone seen in many quadrupeds, in the hand of a man. Also cases in which a persistent styloid epiphysis of the third metacarpal formed a ninth carpal bone, and a case in which this process was partially anchylosed with the third metacarpal. Also a case in which the carpal scaphoid, at one time subdivided into two secondary bones had become, by their union, a single bone. A similar case in which two secondary semilunar bones had united into a single bone. A case in which a persistent styloid epiphysis of the third metacarpal had become anchylosed with the os magnum. A case in which the right tarsal scaphoid from a boy, aet. 13, had its tuberosity in the form of an epiphysis, connected with it by cartilage. Other cases of secondary scaphoid and semilunar bones are described by W. Gruber in Reichert u. Du Bois Reymond's Archiv, 1870, p. 490: on p. 494 a cuneiform, on the inferior surface of which a furrow seemed to indicate its original subdivision into two secondary portions: and on p. 499, a case in which a sesamoid bone was developed between the dorsal surface of the ulnar angle of the unciform and the fifth metacarpal, adjoining the insertion of the tendon of the extensor carpi ulnaris. Messrs. Pye-Smith, Howse and Davies-Colley (Guy's Hospital Reports, 1870) record a case where an extra sesamoid bone was developed in the glenoid ligament of the index at the junction of the first phalanx with the metacarpal bone: a case of bifurcation of the third left costal cartilage: a case of extensive ossification of the stylohyoid To assist in making this Report more complete, Professor Turner will be glad to receive separate copies of original memoirs and other contributions to Anatomy. ligament: a case where the vertebral groove on the posterior arch of the atlas was converted into a foramen: and, what is most important, a case of ADDITIONAL DORSI-LUMBAR VERTEBRA. This bone had the characters of a lumbar-vertebra, with a bone attached to its left side by a synovial joint three-fourths as long as the last rib, flat from before back wards and tapering, but not curved: no superior transveise process, but a pair of inferior, in a line with those of the succeeding five normal lumbar vertebræ. Then came four anchylosed and one separate sacral vertebra and, lastly, the coccyx. An additional pair of small nerves which joined the sacral plexus was placed between the last moveable vertebra and the sacrum.In a paper on ARTIFICIAL DEFORMITY of the FEET of CHINESE WOMEN (Archiv. fur Anthropologie, 1870,) H. Welcker describes and figures the changes which occur in their osteological structure.- -In P. R. S., London, March 16, 1871, G. W. Callender gives in abstract his observations on the formation of some of the SUB-AXIAL ARCHES IN MAN. He describes those which grow into the cervical region in that period of their growth which lies between the fifth and twelfth weeks of foetal life; he terms these the fourth or lingual, the fifth or hyoid, the sixth or laryngeal, and the seventh or exoccipital. The last he states grows from the basi and exoccipital cartilage regions and ends in two processes, the clavicle and scapula. CONNECTIVE SUBSTANCES -W. Flemming describes in Schultze's Archiv, vII. 32, the DEVELOPMENT of the FAT-CELLS in the connective tissue, and their mode of degeneration. Observations on the structure of the connective tissue itself are also given. MYOLOGY.-Messrs. Pye-Smith, Howse and Davies Colley record (Guy's Hospital Reports, 1876) the following MUSCULAR VARIATIONS. A subdivision of the trachelo-mastoid into a part superficial to and a part deeper than the occipital artery: a subdivision of the levator scapula, which blended with the serratus magnus: a flat muscle between the external and internal oblique, extending from the cartilage of 12th rib to iliac crest: an additional stylo-hyoid muscle: a petropharyngeal-muscle from petrous bone to wall of pharynx, where it blended with middle constrictor: an additional posterior belly to the sterno-thyroid. A case in which the thyro-hyoid was absent and sternothyroid was prolonged to hyoid bone: a muscular slip from the pectoralis major to the capsule of the shoulder-joint, the tensor articuli humeri of Gruber: three cases of a sternalis muscle, all unsymmetrical: two of a supra-costalis anterior (rectus-thoracis): a fasciculus from third rib to scalenus medius: a coraco-clavicularis from the apex of the coracoid process to the under surface of the clavicle, it stood in the place of the subclavius: and a number of variations in the muscles of the upper and lower limbs. -Wenzel Gruber communicates (Mém. de l'Acad. Imp. des Sc. de St Petersb., 1870) an account of the MUSCULUS ANCONEUS QUINTUS in man. He employs, as is sometimes done by the German anatomists, the terms anconeus primus, secundus, and tertius, to express the three well-known heads of the triceps extensor cubiti; he speaks of the accessory portion, which arises from the epi-condyle and above that from the humerus as anconeus quartus; he then describes a very unusual fasciculus, which he has only seen in two cases, as an anconeus quintus. This fasciculus arose in both instances from the anterior surface of the tendon of the latissimus dorsi, and in one, in addition, from the infra-glenoid tubercle of the scapula: it passed down the arm to end, in one case, in the muscular part of the long head, in the other, at the inner border of the long head at its junction with the inner head of the triceps. He considers the quintus to correspond with a subdivision of the extensor cubiti found in many quadrupeds. He gives the name anconeus sextus to the muscle formerly described by him as epitrochleo-anconeus (Report, II. p. 166). BLOOD-VASCULAR SYSTEM.--A memoir on the DEVELOPMENT of the SEPTUM AURICULARUM CORDIS, by Julius Arnold, is in Virchow's Archiv, LI. 220. This septum is composed of a pars carnosa and a pars membranacea. The former arises at the beginning of the third month as a muscular crescentic fold from the anterior wall of the auricle; the upper, shorter horn, crus carnosum sup., extends backwards along the upper wall of the auricle; the lower longer horn, crus carnosum inf., along the base of the fully developed ventricular septum. These structures increase in size so that at the end of the sixth month the anterior halves of the two ventricles are completely separated from each other, whilst posteriorly they freely communicate. The pars membranacea arises in the form of a crescentic fold in the left wall of the inferior cava. It lies originally to the left of the pars carnosa and lies obliquely in the left auricle. It is at first very shallow, but grows deeper and sends a superior crus along the upper wall, an inferior within the area of the left auricle. The pars membranacea grows forwards towards the pars carnosa, and their respective crura cross each other above and below; then the free borders of the central portions of each part approach and more or less cross, so that the free edge of the pars membranacea lies forward in the left auricle, that of the pars carnosa backwards in the right. A lateral approximation of the membranous to the fleshy part then occurs, and at the same time the former becomes more perpendicular. Along with this change in the position of the pars membranacea septi the place of opening of the inferior cava changes, for whilst originally it opens into the left auricle, later on it ends entirely in the right. The paper concludes with an elaborate analysis of the various modifications in the form and arrangement of the auricular septum which have been seen in man.- -Messrs. Pye-Smith, Howse and DaviesColley record in Guy's Hospital Reports, 1870, the following VARIATIONS IN THE ARTERIES: two cases, where the four great arteries arose directly from the transverse part of the arch, the right subclavian being the last branch, proceeding from the descending part of the arch and passing between the oesophagus and spine to reach its usual position: a case where the absence of a facial artery was replaced by a large anterior branch of internal maxillary, which passed forward from under the masseter, and by the infra-orbital 25 VOL. V. |