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included in whole or in part, and nearly all in whole. The originals of most of these documents being in foreign languages, English translations, wherever available, have been used, and in other cases English translations have been made especially for this volume. And as it is very important that the origin, nature. and effect of armed neutrality should be understood, the views of accredited American and foreign publicists dealing with this matter have been collected and are printed at the beginning of this volume: Alvarez, Berbbohm, Bluntschli, de Boeck, Boye, Calvo, von Dohm, Geffcken, Hall, Heffter, Katchenovsky, Klean, de Louter, Manning, Martens, Matzen, Nys, Perels, Phillimore, Pradier-Fodéré, Prittwitz u. Gaffron, Rivier, Trescot, Twiss, Walker, Wehberg, Westlake, Wharton, Wheaton, Woolsey,-in truth a goodly collection. The footnotes contained in the works from which extracts have been taken are, as a rule, reproduced textually except when they point to the source where documents under discussion are to be found. In such cases the references are to the pages of this book.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Division of International Law: The Treaties of 1785, 1799, and 1828, Between the United States and Prussia, as interpreted in Opinions of AttorneysGeneral, Decisions of Courts and Diplomatic Correspondence; Edited by James Brown Scott, Director: New York: Oxford University Press: American Branch: 35 West 32nd Street: London, Toronto, Melbourne and Bombay, 1918. Pp. viii+207: Net $2.

At the time when, on February 3rd, 1917, all diplomatic relations between the United States and the German Empire were severed, by reason of the German Government having on January 31st, 1917, informed the United States that

from February 1st, 1917, all sea traffic will be stopped with every available weapon and without further notice in the following blockade zones [describing them in detail] around Great Britain, France, Italy, and in the Eastern Mediterranean.

there were three treaties in force which, in whole or in part, in the opinion of the German Empire and of the United States affected their international rela

tions. These were: First, the treaty of amity and commerce concluded between Prussia and the United States of America on September 10th, 1785; secondly, the treaty of amity and commerce concluded between Prussia and the United States of America on July 11th, 1799; and thirdly, the treaty of commerce and navigation concluded between Prussia and the United States of America on May 1st, 1828: and these treaties had been held by the governments of the contracting parties to apply not only to Prussia, but to the North German Confederation, of which Prussia was the leading member, and also to the German Empire, of which the King of Prussia was the German Emperor. These treaties, with the exception of two Articles in that of 1799, relating to certain rights of merchants and other subjects of the two contracting parties, and of the treatment to be accorded to prisoners of war, in the event of war arising between the two contracting parties, were suspended or abrogated by the outbreak of war following the action of Congress on April 6th, 1917. They, together with the opinions of the Attorneys-General of the United States, the decisions of the Federal Courts and the correspondence between the German Empire on the one hand and the United States on the other, relating to their nature and binding effect, were collected from official sources and issued in pamphlet form by the Division in March, 1917. They have, however, a distinct place in international law, especially in its historical aspect, as well as in the relations of the two contracting countries, and this pamphlet is now, most laudably, reissued in revised and permanent form in the present volume. We have first the three treaties, then the decisions of federal Courts in eight cases arising under them, or in matters to which they have reference, then the Opinions of Attorneys-General of the United States, viz., that of August 19th, 1868, in the case of Deserters from the Prussian Frigate Niobe, that of September 19th, 1885, on Tonnage Duty, and that of November 13th, 1894,

on the Duty on Imported Salt, then an extract from the Proclamation of the President of the United States of August 22nd, 1870, in reference to the situation which had arisen from the Franco-German war, then Diplomatic Correspondence in connection with Claims relative to tonnage dues, the Case of the William P. Frye, and the Case of the Appam, and lastly, a communication from the Minister of Switzerland to the Secretary of State of February 10th, 1917, respecting the proposal of the German Government for an addition to the Treaty of 1799, respecting the treatment of the subjects or citizens of the two States and their property in the event of war between them, and the reply thereto of the Secretary of State, declining to enter into further engagements with the Imperial German Government, in view of the flagrant violations by the German Government of the existing provisions of the treaties of 1785 and 1799.

A. H. F. L.

Les Conventions et Déclarations de la Haye de 1899 et 1907, accompagnées de tableaux des signatures, ratifications, et adhésions et des textes des réserves, avec une introduction de James Brown Scott. New York: Oxford University Press. 1918. (Dotation Carnegie pour la Paix Internationale).

The present volume is one more item in the long list of publications in respect of which students-especially of international law-are so much indebted to the Carnegie Foundation for International Peace.

The volume is one of a series of French editions of works already published in English by the Endowment. It contains no new material, but it is not untimely, when the Society of Nations is in travail and men are looking for a new birth of international law, to publish the text of the conventions and declarations agreed upon at the Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907.

The habit has become too common during the last four years to belittle the Hague conventions and international law generally. It is true that most of the conventions contain a provision that they are binding

only upon contracting parties (that is, upon States which have ratified them), and only if all the belligerents are contracting parties. It is, however, frequently forgotten that in most respects the conventions merely declare the existing rules of international law, and that in so far as the conventions are not technically binding, the rules which they were intended to supersede remain in full force.

It is true also that the rules of international law have been frequently broken during the present war, but one cannot argue from the breach of law to the non-existence of law. The punishment of the chief criminals has been long delayed, but one can hardly doubt that as a result of the present war international law will be reinforced by the new sanction afforded by the united force of the law-abiding nations.

One may admit that the Hague conventions and the existing rules of international law will have to be revised without admitting that the two Peace Conferences were useless. When a new conference for the revision of international law meets its labours will be immensely facilitated by those of its predecessors. JOHN D. FALCONBRIDGE.

We have also received:

The American Journal of International Law: A Quarterly: Volume 12, No. 4: October, 1918: Published for The American Society of International Law by Oxford University Press: 35 West 32nd Street, New York, U.S.A. And Supplement thereto, containing Official Documents.

Among the contents are Articles on Change of Sovereignty and Concessions, by Francis B. Sayre; Treatment of Enemy Aliens, by James W. Garner; The Neutrality of Switzerland: III., by Gordon E. Sherman; and The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law: V., by Theodore P. Ion.

International Institute of Agriculture: Bureau of Economic and Social Intelligence: International Review of Agricultural Economics: Monthly Bulletin of

Economic and Social Intelligence: for August and July, 1918: Rome: Printing Office of the Institute,

1918.

In the House of Representatives: H. R. 13324: In the Matter of the Investigation of the Packing Industry: Testimony of J. Ogden Armour on behalf of Armour and Company, January 21st, 1919, before the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce.

Committee on Professional Ethics of the New York County Lawyers' Association: Questions respecting Proper Professional Conduct with the Committee's Answers: Supplement No. 1. Rooms of New York County Lawyers' Association: 165 Broadway, New York City, N.Y.

A. H. F. L.

THE GAZETTES.

The Canada Gazette for January 18th contains an Order in Council providing that no conviction for any offence against the Orders in Council and Regulations relating to unlawful associations and publications shall be had unless the prosecution has been assented to or approved by the Attorney-General of the province in which the offence is alleged to have been committed; and that the proceedings shall be by way of indictment, unless the accused consent to summary trial before a magistrate.

The Canada Gazette of February 8th contains a list of those who are eligible to appointment to the Military Division of the British Empire.

The Manitoba Gazette of February 8th contains a Proclamation, pursuant to the result of the voting under the Referendum held under the Manitoba Act, 8 Geo. V., c. 103, abolishing all property qualification for mayor, controllers, and aldermen of the city of Toronto.

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