to the proud saying of the Pharisees, "This people who knoweth not the law are cursed" (John vii. 49), and on the assumption, which would have its truth, that those untaught in the doctrines, would be unexercised in the practices of Christianity, it came to signify vicious, though without designating one vice more than another. While, in its present and third stage, it has, like so many other words, retired from this general designation of all vices, to express one of the more frequent alone.'-Trench.

6. Flown,-overflowing. The Lat. fluxus, corresponding to flown, is not uncommon. Milton uses the word swill'd to express the drinking, and flown to express the overflowing. 7. I Sam. ii. 12.

8. Sodom, —see Gen. xix. ; Gibeah, Judges xix.

9. He was not an idol. It is doubtful whether the word ought to be regarded as a proper name. Its meaning, according to the most approved derivation, is without a yoke, worthlessness, and hence, recklessness, lawlessness.

10. Moloch the first, because he was 'the fiercest spirit,' Book ii., 44; and Belial the last, because he was the most 'timorous and slothful,' Book ii., 117.

LINES 506-521.

5. Favan was the son of Japheth, and grandson of Noah. He is supposed to have settled about Ionia, and is the reputed founder of the Ionian race. The chief deities of that people were Heaven and Earth.

6. Titan, the eldest son of Heaven and Earth, was the father of the giants. His empire was seized by his younger brother, Saturn. Jupiter, the son of Saturn and Rhea, in like manner took it from his father, and usurped the government.

7. Tell,-to spend our days as a tale that is told,'-from Sax. tellan, to count. 'Look now toward heaven, and tell the stars.' -Gen. xv. Compare till, teller, &c.

8. Crete,-now Candia.

Ida,- -a mountain in Crete, the birthplace of Jupiter.
Olympus,-Homer's Il., i. 420; xviii. 615.

9. (2) Delphi,-famous for the temple and oracle of Apollo, was the capital of Phocis, and situated on the slope of Parnassus. (3) Dodona,-in Epirus. Here Zeus (Jupiter) was worshipped. (4) Doric land,-Greece. Doris was the province of Greece whence many of the other states were colonized.

(5) Adria, the Adriatic.

(6) Hesperian fields,-Italy, called Hesperia, because west of Greece.

(7) Celtic fields,-France, &c., the land of the Celts. (8) The utmost isles,-Britain, Ireland, &c.

ìo. See Matt. vii. 2; Par. Lost,' vi. 265-6—

Though heaviest, by just measure on thyself
And thy adherents.

LINES 522-543.

1. (7) Adv. mod. doubtful; (11) nom. abs.

4. (8) Trophies,-Gr. tropaion, Lat. tropeum, Fr. trophéea monument in commemoration of victory; here it means ensigns.

4. (1) Damp,-compare Book v. 65—

and xi. 544

'Me damp horror chill'd';

'A melancholy damp.'

(2) Cast,- -see line 604.

(3) Recollecting,-gathering together again.

(5) Reign,-kingdom, realm. See Book xii. 369-71

'He shall ascend

The throne hereditary, and bound his reign
With earth's wide bounds.'

Also Faery Queen,' ii. 7, 21

'That strait did lead to Pluto's grisly reign.'

6. A clarion is a small shrill treble trumpet, a claro quem edit sono. "When trumpets loud and clarions shrill were heard.' —Fairfax. 'The cock's shrill clarion.'-Gray.

7. Azazel is a word, about the meaning of which there has been much discussion. It has been supposed to denote (1) the scape-goat, Lev. xvi.; (2) the name of the place to which the goat was sent; and (3) a person to whom the goat was sent. The last opinion is the one held by those who have studied the subject most closely, and they suppose that it refers to some demon. Many ingenious arguments have been brought forward to prove that it refers to Satan. See 'Kitto's Cyclop,' art, scape-goat.

(2)

8. Book xi. 77

'Their sovereign's voice his hardy people knew,

And his loud cries that cheered each fearful heart,
Whereat new strength they took, and courage new,
And to the fierce assault again they start.'

9. (1) Faery Queen,' ii. 9, 2—

'Full lively is the semblant though the substance dead.'
'Loose his beard, and hoary hair,

Streamed like a meteor to the troubled air.'-Gray,

(3)

"The meteor flag of England

Shall yet terrific burn.'-Campbell. 'Art thou the flag of woe and death

From angel's ensign-staff unfurled.'-Hogg.

(4) Homer's Iliad,' xiii., last line

'Upwent the double roar into the heights
Ethereal, and among the beams of Jove.'

10. See 'Par. Lost,' ii. 959-63—

'When, straight, behold the throne
Of Chaos, and his dark pavilion spread
Wide on the wasteful deep; with him enthron'd
Sat sable-vested Night, eldest of things,
The consort of his reign.'

LINES 544-559.

1. (1) Adv. to the prep. phr. in a moment; (6) rel. pron.; (10) qual. mood.

66

2. (2) Orient,-Lat. oriens, from orior, to arise-1. rising; 2. eastern; 3. bright, brilliant. 'There was once a beautiful use of orient," as clear, bright, shining, which has now wholly departed from it. So entirely was all notion of " eastern" sometimes dropt from the word, that in Milton's sublime ode on the Nativity, the setting sun is said to 'pillow his chin upon an orient wave.'-Trench.

(4) Serried,-Fr. serrer, to lock or draw close, crowded; or shields locked together, as in the military testudo.

(11) Anguish,-Fr. angoisse, Lat. angustia, from angere, to press tightly, to strangle-literally, pain from pressure, but popu larly, extreme pain, either of mind or body.

3. Phalanx,- -a square or rectangular body of soldiers, formed in ranks and files close and deep, with their shields joined and pikes crossing each other.

4. There were three moods or measures of music among the ancients

(1) The Lydian, or most doleful—

6 Softly sweet in Lydian measures,

Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.'-Dryden.

(2) The Phrygian, or most sprightly.

(3) The Dorian, or grave and majestic.

5. A recorder is a flageolet or small English flute, the mouthpiece of which resembles the beak of a bird. Its tone was an octave higher than the flute. Sylva Sylvarum.

'Come, some music, come the recorders.'

Hamlet, Act iii. 2.

8. Canto xx. st. 28, 29—

'Loose in the wind, waved their ensigns light,
Trembled the plumes that on their crests were set;
Their arms, impresses, colors, gold and stone,
'Gainst the sunbeams smiled, flamed, sparkled, shone;
Of dry topt oaks they seemed two forests thick,

So did each host with spears and pikes abound.'

LINES 559-571.

1. (4) In app. to they; (7) obj. gov. by had; (8) adv.; (10) adv.

5. (1) Charmed,-Fr. charme, Lat. carmen, a song-controlled by song. Milton frequently uses the word in its primary sense, as

• Charm'd with Arcadian pipe.'

'Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,
With charm of earliest birds.'

(2) Horrid, -Lat. horridus-1. standing out, bristling; 2. inspiring horror.

'Turning our tortures into horrid arms.'-Par. Lost, ii. 63. Milton also uses 'horrent arms.'-ii. 513.

With lines 563-4, compare Campbell's lines

"A horrid front they form,

Still as the breeze, but dreadful as the storm.'

Com

(5) Files,-Lat. filum, Fr. filet, a thread, a file, a row-rows of soldiers ranged one behind another, from front to rear. pare Antony and Cleopatra,' Act. i.—

'Those, his goodly eyes,

That o'er the files and musters of the war
Have glowed like plated Mars."

(7) Battalion,- -see note on battle, line 43.

7.

'Iliad,' iii. 8-9

'On th' other side, the Greeks in silence mov'd,
Breathing firm courage, bent on mutual aid.'

LINES 571-587.

1. (3) Obj. gov. by prep. since; (9) adv.

3. Compare post urbem conditam.

4. (2) Embodied,—in a body.

5. The Pygmaans,- -a fabled race of dwarfs.

Homer refers

to them in the opening lines of the Third Book of the ‘Iliad’—

'As when the cranes,

Flying the wintry storms, send forth on high

Their dissonant clamours, while o'er the ocean stream
They steer their course, and on their pinions bear
Battle and death to the Pygmæan race.'

6. (1) The Titans or Earth-born,-line 197-8.

(2) The Argive Chiefs, who sought to recover the kingdom of Thebes, in Boeotia, from Eteocles.

(3) The Heroes in the Trojan war, who, according to Grecian mythology, were assisted by various gods on each side.

(4) Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table.

Armorica is the ancient name for Brittany, where many legends of King Arthur still exist.

(5) The Knights who fought at tournaments:
Aspromont is near Liege.

Montalban, near Languedoc.
Damasco, in Syria.

Marocco, in North Africa.
Trebisond, in Cappadocia.

All these are places famous in Old Romance.

(6) The Saracens, who crossed from Biserta, or Utica, in Africa. Fontarabia was a strongly fortified town in Biscay. Spanish historians say that Charlemagne and his twelve peers were slain at this town; but the more reliable French writers state that that he died peacefully at Aix-la-Chapelle, in 814.

LINES 587-599.

1. (2) Nom. to observed.

3. (2) Observed,-Lat. observare, ob and servo, to keep the eyes on, to pay attention to, to respect. Here the word is used in its literal sense.

(3) Gesture-Lat. gero, gestus, bearing or carriage.

'Grace was in all her steps, heaven in her eye,

In every gesture, dignity and love.'-Par. Lost, vi. 488-9 (5) Disastrous,-Lat. dis and astrum, an astrological term, meaning (1) belonging to the stroke of an evil planet; and (2) calamitous, unfortunate. Note the beautiful application of the word in this passage.

5. (2) See lines 196-201.

(3)

"Incens'd with indignation, Satan stood

Unterrify'd, and like a comet burned.'-ii. 707-8.

On the other side, Satan, alarm'd,

Collecting all his might, dilated stood,

Like Teneriffe or Atlas unremov'd.'—iv. 985-7.