TABLE OF CONTENTS. Air-composition-purification of. Ozone. Impurities in air-suspended and gaseous. Impurities from trades. Moisture in air-dew point. Rain and rainfall-causes PAGES Respiration-composition of inspired and expired air-quan- on Food-uses of food-classification-water-salts-proteids- fats-carbohydrates-vegetable acids-energy in food. Diet-balanced and unbalanced-standard diets-calcu- 26-43 Accessory foods-condiments-beverages-alcoholic and non- alcoholic. Tea-coffee-cocoa-aerated waters. Fer- mented drinks-beer-wine-spirits effects of alcohol PERSONAL HYGIENE EXERCISE-HABITS. Personal Hygiene-exercise-rest-habits. Causes of disease 114-139 Selection of a site-influence of soil on health-aspect-dis- tribution of water in the soil-action of soil on air. Materials used in building roofing materials-founda- Heat-fuel-heating appliances-open grates-closed stoves- gas fires-oil stoves-heating by means of hot air-hot- water pipes-low pressure system-high pressure system -steam pipes-warming incoming air-cooling air- House-pipes-sinks-slop-sinks-baths-water-closets-pan, long hopper, valve, short hopper, wash out, wash-down, and self-flushing closets-" closet of century "-flushing cisterns - soil pipes trough closets slop - closets. Drains joints - ventilation of drains -traps - mid- feather, bell,D," siphon, and gully traps-siphonage Sewage composition. Treatment of excreta conservancy system-middens-pails-dry earth. Slop waters. Water carriage system-sewers-construction of-ven- tilation of. Disposal of sewage-cesspools-into sea- into rivers purification of sewage-chemical-sewage Uses sources of supply-modes of supply. Filters-sand filters domestic filters-Pasteur-Chamberland filter- Berkefeld filter other methods of purification. Distribu- tion of water-constant system-intermittent system. Impurities in water-impurities from source, from transit, from storage, and from distribution-lead in water- detection of impurities-chemical examination-quanti- tative examination — bacteriological analysis - diseases Preventable diseases-endemic-epidemic disease germs- infection prevention of infection isolation quarantine -disinfection-antiseptics, deodorants, disinfectants- immunity toxines antitoxines - notification. Small- vaccination chicken-pox scarlet fever measles whooping-cough mumps diphtheria ADVANCED HYGIENE. CHAPTER I. AIR. THE importance of a supply of pure air for all the rooms of a house is not yet realised by the public to the extent that it should be. In nearly all towns and villages there is a popular demand for a pure water supply, and yet the very people who will insist upon this are, in many cases, living year after year in rooms where the chimney is stopped up and the windows never opened. Children reared amidst such surroundings are liable to be rickety and tuberculous, and, even if they escape these diseases, their growth is stunted and their constitution permanently injured. The relative importance of pure air to the body is easily understood when it is considered that there are cases on record of human beings living for five or six weeks without food, whereas deprivation of air causes death in four or five minutes. Air is a mixture of gases in which each constituent preserves all its characteristic chemical and physical properties, the properties of air being a mean between the properties of its constituents. Its composition is not invariable. If air were a chemical compound its composition would be invariable, and its properties would bear no relation to the properties of its constituents. AD. HYG, 1 The average volumetric composition of pure atmospheric be taken as air may There are also variable quantities of water vapour, ammonia, organic matter, mineral salts, nitric acid, and traces of ozone; in towns sulphurous acid and sulphuretted hydrogen are present. It is a remarkable fact that the composition of the air is practically the same in every part of the world. In midocean it differs but very slightly from the air in the open spaces of large towns. This extraordinary uniformity in composition is brought about by several forces which are always at work purifying the air. These are: 1. The rain, which, as it falls, washes the air free from most of the suspended impurities. It also removes the greater part of the organic impurities as well as any acid gases; e.g. oxides of sulphur, oxides of nitrogen, etc. 2. The winds, which dilute and sweep away impurities, and bring a supply of pure air to take their place. Diffusion also assists in the dilution of impurities. 3. The green parts of plants, which, when the sun is shining upon them, possess the power of absorbing carbon dioxide from the air, keeping the carbon as their food, and setting free the oxygen. 4. The oxygen in the air-especially when in the form of ozone-which gradually oxidises and renders harmless the organic matters. Ozone may be detected in the open air of seaside and country places. It is oxygen in an extremely active condition, and is able to attack and render harmless any waste organic matter. When it does this it is converted |