ble for sloops to Troy, 34 miles below, by a dam across the river at the latter place, 1100 feet in length, 9 feet high, and haying a sloop lock, at its eastern extremity, 114 feet long, 30 feet wide, 9 feet lift. The cost of this lock and dam was $92,270.-Erie canal, extending from Albany on the Hudson, to Buffalo on lake Erie, is 363 miles in length, 40 feet wide at the surface of the water, 28 feet at the bottom, with a depth of 4 feet of water. It has 2 summit levels in this distance, and the whole lockage is 692 feet. It was completed in 1825. The locks are 83 in number, all of stone masonry, each 90 feet long in the clear, and 15 feet wide. From Buffalo, the canal proceeds 10 miles. to Tonnewanta creek. The Tonnewanta, is then used for 12 miles; thence by a deep cut 7 miles to Lockport, where it descends 60 feet by 5 locks; thence on a uniform level 63 miles to Rochester, where it crosses the Gennesee, by an aqueduct of 9 arches, each 50 feet span. Here it is supplied by a navigable feeder, 2 miles long, connecting it with the Gennesee; thence easterly to Montezuma, 673 miles, in which distance it descends 126 feet, and crosses Mud creek twice by aqueducts. At Montezuma, the level of the canal ascends, and, in a distance of 27 miles, to Salina, rises 67 feet. In Salina commences the 'long level,' a distance of 69 miles, to Frankfort. From Frankfort, the canal descends, in 12 miles, 49 feet, to the head of Little Falls, where are 5 locks, and an aqueduct over the Mohawk, of 3 arches. From the foot of Little Falls, the canal continues for 70 miles down the valley of the Mohawk, on the south side of the river, to Niskayuna, 4 miles below Schenectady, where it crosses the Mohawk by an aqueduct 748 feet long. The descent from the foot of Little Falls to Niskayuna is 86 feet. After crossing the Mohawk, the canal proceeds along the north bank thereof for 12 miles, and then recrosses by an aqueduct 1188 feet long, and passes by the Cohoes falls, where, in the space of 2 miles, it descends 132 feet, by 16 locks. A little below the Cohoes falls, a feeder enters from the Mohawk, and connects the Erie with the Champlain canal; and the united work then proceeds to Albany, 8 miles, in which distance it descends 44 feet, and terminates in the tide waters of the Hudson. Cost, $7,602,000.-Oswego canal is a branch of the Erie. This navigation passes from Oswego to Syracuse, connecting lake Ontario with the Erie canal. It has 123 feet of lockage, all de

scending towards lake Ontario. One half of the distance, is a canal connected with Oswego river by locks and dams; the other half is a slack-water navigation on the river. Its structures consist of 22 bridges, 1 aqueduct, 7 culverts, 2 waste weirs, 8 dams across the river, 13 locks of stone, and 1 of stone and timber. Cost, $525,115. It has been made since the Erie canal.-Cayuga and Seneca canal, another branch of the Erie, made in 1828, extends from Geneva to Montezuma, connecting Seneca and Cayuga lakes with the Erie canal, The work consists of 10 miles of independent canal, and 10 miles 24 chains of slack-water navigation. There are 7 locks, embracing 734 feet of lockage, 19 bridges, 5 safety-gates, 5 dams, and 6 culverts. Cost, $211,000.-Delaware and Hudson canal is not, like the preceding, a work of the state, having been made by a private company. It is 64 miles in length, 32 feet wide at the water's surface, 20 feet at the bottom, 4 feet in depth, and has 615 feet of lockage. It commences on the western side of the river Delaware, at Carpenter's point, and passes across to the Hudson, which it enters 4 miles below Kingston, and thus connects those two rivers. It also unites, in Pennsylvania, with the Lackawaxen canal. These canals, when united, extend 117 miles. Length from the tide water of the Rondout, to the summit level between the Hudson and Delaware, 38 miles, with a rise of 535 feet. From the summit level to the Delaware, is 26 miles, and a descent of 80 feet. Up the Delaware to the mouth of the Lackawaxen, is 17 miles, and a rise of 148 feet. Up the Lackawaxen to head water, at Kean's pond, is 36 miles, and a rise of 668 feet. Total lockage, 1431 feet. Cost, $16,000 per mile. The Delaware and Hudson canal company were incorporated in 1823. Tolls not to exceed 8 cents per mile per ton of coal, and 4 cents for other merchandise; the same for every 100 feet, cubic measure, of timber, and every 1000 feet boards, and every 5000 shingles.

New Jersey-Morris canal was commenced in 1825, and is (1831) much advanced. It is 101 miles in length, from 30 to 32 feet wide at the surface, 16 to 18 feet at the bottom, and 4 feet in depth; the whole lockage is 1657 feet. It extends from Jersey city, on the Hudson, across the state of New Jersey, to the Delaware, opposite Easton, where it connects with the Lehigh canal. The summit level is near lake Hopatcung. On the western division, from the feeder at the summit level

to the Delaware, are to be seven locks, overcoming a difference in level of 67 feet, and 11 inclined planes, overcoming 691 feet. On the eastern division, between the summit level and the Passaic, there are to be 17 locks, overcoming a difference of 156 feet, and 12 inclined planes, overcoming 743 feet. There will be, within these limits, 4 guard-locks, 5 dams, 30 culverts, 12 aqueducts, 200 bridges and upwards. The aqueduct across the Passaic, at Little Falls, is of cut stone, the duct resting on a single arch of 80 feet, with 50 feet radius, and measuring 52 feet perpendicular above the water level, that is, to the coping of the side-walls; extent, from wing-wall to wingwall, 215 feet.-Delaware and Raritan canal is a projected work in the same state. Pennsylvania Canals. The state of Pennsylvania has a very extensive system of canal navigation, a very large part of which has been undertaken by the state, at the public expense.-Schuylkill canal and navigation was commenced in 1816, and has been in operation a number of years. Its length is 110 miles; lockage, 620 feet, or only 5.64 feet per mile; is 36 feet wide at the surface of the water, 24 feet at the bottom, and 4 feet deep, and extends from Philadelphia to Reading, and from thence to mount Carbon. It is sometimes called the Schuylkill navigation. It comprises 31 dams, commencing at Fair Mount waterworks, near Philadelphia, by which is produced a slack-water navigation of 45 miles; also 23 canals, extending 65 miles; 125 locks, 17 feet wide, 80 feet long, of which 28 are guard-locks. There are 17 arched aqueducts; a tunnel of 450 feet, cut through and under solid rock; 65 toll and gate-houses. The dams vary from 3 to 27 feet in height. Total cost of the improvements, January 1, 1830, $2,236,937. Tolls, for 1826, $43,109; 1827, $58,149; 1828, $87,171; 1829, $120,039. It was constructed by the Schuylkill navigation company, incorporated in 1815. The company may declare a dividend not exceeding 25 per cent. per annum, and the tolls are to be regulated accordingly. Union canal and navigation, constructed in 1827; length, 82 miles, exclusive of a navigation of 74 miles; lockage, 520 feet; 36 feet wide at the surface, and 24 feet at the bottom, and 4 feet deep. It extends from 4 miles below Reading to Middletown, connecting the Susquehanna and Schuylkill rivers, and uniting at Reading with the Schuylkill canal, and at Middletown with the great Pennsylvania canal; the summit level is at Lebanon. The canal begins, at its eastern end, in the Schuyl

kill works, and ascends along the western bank of the Schuylkill to the valley of the Tulpehocken, and passes up that valley to the east end of the summit level, within five miles of Lebanon, rising 311 feet by 54 locks, of various lifts of from 8 to 4 feet. The summit extends 6 miles, 78 chains, part whereof is a tunnel of 850 feet, 18 feet wide, 14 high, opening into Clark's creek valley, along which the canal descends to the Swatara, and, continuing along the valley of this river, terminates at Middletown. Descent from summit, 208 feet, overcome by 39 locks. It has 43 waste weirs, 49 culverts, 135 road and farm bridges, 12 aqueducts, one of which is 276 feet in length. On this canal are extensive water-works for raising the water of the Swatara to the summit. Cost, $20,000 per mile. Rates of toll to be regulated so as not to give more than 12 per cent.-Lackawaxen canal is 36 miles in length, 32 feet wide at the surface, 20 feet at the bottom, and 4 feet in depth. It commences at the termination of the Delaware and Hudson canal, near Carpenter's point, and unites with a rail-road at Honesdale. (See Delaware and Hudson canal.) In 1825, the Lackawaxen canal and coal company were authorized to act in union with the Delaware and Hudson canal company. The tolls are not to exceed 13 cents per ton per mile on boats transporting stone, coal, &c. Great quantities of Lackawana coal.are transported along this canal.-Lehigh canal and navigation was completed about 1829, is 463 miles in length, 60 to 65 feet wide at the surface, 45 feet at the bottom, and 5 feet deep; the lockage is 360 feet. It extends from Easton on the Delaware to Stoddartsville, connecting the Morris canal with the Mauch Chunk railroad; cost, $1,558,000. It consists of 37 miles of canal, and 93 of slack-water pools. The ponds connecting the several lengths of canal are all cleared out in the channel to the width of 50 feet. The canals are furnished with 43 locks, from 6 feet lift to 9, whereof 2 are guard-locks, besides 5 other guard-locks at the pools respectively; dimensions, 22 feet wide, 100 feet long. There are 8 dams, varying in height from 6 to 16 feet. The lock walls are constructed of rough stone. There are 4 aqueducts; 22 culverts; cost, $25,000 per mile. The Lehigh coal and navigation company were incorporated in 1818. Tolls not to exceed three cents per mile, per ton, for boats, and every ton of shingles in rafts, from the Great Falls to the mouth of Nescoponing creek; and from thence to the mouth of the Lehigh, one cent per

mile; and the same toll is paid for 1000 feet boards. Conestoga navigation, 18 miles in length, with a lockage of 70 feet, passes from Safe Harbor, on Susquehanna river, at the mouth of Conestoga creek, up the course of the creek, to Lancaster. The navigation is effected by a series of locks and dams, the pools never affording less than 4 feet depth of water; the locks are 100 feet by 22, in the chambers; the towing-path is on the south side of the river. Cost, $4,000 per mile. The company were incorporated in 1825; they are authorized to receive to the amount of 15 per cent. on the sum expended, and the legislature may regulate the rate of tolls, provided they do not reduce them below that rate.-Conewago canal is 24 miles in length, with a lockage of 21 feet, and passes from the foot to the head of Conewago falls, west side of Susquehanna river, York county, Pennsylvania; and the same, east side, Dauphin county. Two dams, one of 800, the other of 500 feet, are connected with the works. There are 1 guard and 3 lift locks, each 110 feet long, by 18 wide.-Pennsylvania canal was commenced in 1826, by the state of Pennsylvania, and great progress has been made in constructing the different branches, and the work is now (1831) prosecuted with great activity. It includes a number of canals, running in different directions, and known by different names: it consists of five divisions:-1. The transverse division commences at Columbia, where the Philadelphia and Columbia rail-road terminates, and runs on the Susquehanna to Duncan's island, 44 miles, at the mouth of the Juniata, thence on the Juniata to Huntington, 89 miles; thence from Huntington to near Holidaysburg, 39 miles. The division of rail-way proposed from Holidays burg to the head of the basin at Johnstown, is 37 miles; this road crosses the Alleghany, and at its lowest crossing-place is 1364 feet 7 inches above the basin at Holidaysburg, and 1141 above that of Johnstown. The canal then runs from Johnstown to Pittsburg, 104 miles, down the Kiskimenitas and Alleghany. 2. The middle division is from the mouth of the Juniata up the Susquehanna to the boundary line of New York, 204 miles. 3. The West Branch division, from Northumberland, by canal, up the West Branch valley, on the east side of that river, to a dam above the mouth of the Bald Eagle creek, and thence, across the small peninsula there formed, to a dam on the Bald Eagle, near Dunnstown. Ascent, by 14 locks, 101 feet; distance, 68 miles. 4. The eastern

division is in the valley of the Delaware commencing at Bristol, 18 miles above Philadelphia, and running to Easton, 60 miles. From Easton it is to be continued, under the name of the Delaware canal, to meet the Delaware and Hudson canal, at Carpenter's point, 66 miles. Begun in 1827. 5. The western, or Ohio and lake Erie division, is to extend from the mouth of the Kiskimenitas up the Alleghany and French creeks, and thence to the town of Erie, uniting the Ohio and lake Erie, 213 miles.-French creek feeder runs from Bemis's mill, on French creek, along the eastern side, nine miles, down to a point opposite the Conneaught outlet, and thence passing across by an aqueduct westward 123 miles, to Conneaught lake, 214 miles.

Delaware and Maryland.-Chesapeake and Delaware canal was commenced in 1824, and opened for navigation in 1829. It is 13 miles long, 66 feet wide at the surface of the water, and 10 feet deep,being intended for sloop navigation between the river Delaware and Chesapeake bay. It leaves the Delaware 45 miles below Philadelphia, and passes across the peninsula to the Chesapeake. This canal has two tide and two lift locks, of 100 feet in length by 22 in breadth, within the chamber; it is navigable for vessels usually employed in the bay and coasting trade. At the eastern termination of the canal, at Delaware city, a harbor extends 500 feet along the shore, from which two piers, that distance apart, project 250 feet into the river, nearly opposite to Fort Delaware. Between the harbor and the canal, the Delaware tidelock opens the communication. In this canal is a deep cut of 34 miles, 764 feet in depth, at the place where the greatest excavation was made. The summit level is 12 feet above tide water.-Port Deposit canal is a public work of the state of Maryland, of 10 miles in length, from Port Deposit, on the east bank of the Susquehanna, along a line of rapids northward to the boundary line of Maryland and Pennsylvania.-Potomac river canals. At Little, or Lower Falls, three miles above Washington, is a canal 23 miles long; difference of level, 37 feet 1 inch, overcome by a series of 4 sets of locks, of solid masonry, 80 feet long, 12 wide. At Great Falls, nine miles above, is a canal 1200 yards long, lined with walls of stone; difference of level, 76 feet 9 inches, surmounted by 5 sets of locks, of solid masonry, 100 feet long, 10 to 14 wide; lifts from 10 to 18 feet. Both here and at Little Falls, the canal dimensions are 25 feet wide at surface, 20 at bottom, 4 feet deep, Canal

works, on a smaller scale, are constructed at Seneca falls, Shenandoah falls, House's falls. These works were executed by the Potomac company, incorporated, in 1784, by Maryland and Virginia; but they are to be surrendered to the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company.-Chesapeake and Ohio canal, commenced in 1828. The proposed length is 3414 miles; the breadth, at the surface of the water, 60 to 80 feet; at the bottom, 50 feet; the depth of water, 6 to 7 feet. According to the plan of this canal, it will pass from tide-water of the Potomac river above Georgetown, in the District of Columbia, and terminate near Pittsburg, in Pennsylvania. The first 2 miles of this canal above Georgetown are 70 feet wide on the surface, and 7 feet deep; the next 2 miles are 80 feet wide, 6 feet deep. Five miles from Georgetown, the canal is so planned that a branch may be constructed to Alexandria, another to Baltimore, and another to the navy-yard in Washington. The remaining distance to the Point of Rocks (44 miles), is to be 60 feet wide, 6 deep. The locks are to be of stone, 100 feet by 15 feet in the clear. The eastern section of this canal, from one mile below Cumberland to tide-water at Georgetown, is 186 miles 1353 yards; descent, 638 feet. The middle section is from Cumberland to the mouth of Casselman's river, 70 miles 1010 yards; this section includes the summit level, where a tunnel, 4 miles 80 yards long, passing under a ridge of the Alleghany of 856 feet elevation, is necessary, with a deep cut of 1060 yards long at the western end, and another deep cut of 140 yards at the eastern end, each of these cuts opening into a basin, of 880 yards in length and 64 in width. Length of summit level is 5 miles 1280 yards; lockage of the whole middle section is 1961 feet. The western section is from the mouth of Casselman's river to Pittsburg, 85 miles 348 yards, embracing a descent of 619 feet; lockage on the whole canal, 3215 feet. The first estimate of the cost was $22,375,000, but it is maintained that the cost will not exceed $10,000,000. The U. States have authorized a subscription of 1,000,000 dollars to the stock of this company. To be constructed by the Chesapeake and Ohio canal company, Charter granted by Virginia in 1824, confirmed by Maryland and congress in 1825. Tolls not to exceed 15 per cent. dividend. Ohio. The state of Ohio has commenced the construction of canals, as public works, on a very liberal scale. Ohio State canal, from Cleveland, on lake Erie, to the Ohio, at the mouth of the

Scioto; lockage, 1185 feet; length of the main line is 306 miles; feeders, 15 miles; total, 322 miles. Estimated expenses, $2,801,000. The route is from Portsmouth, on the Ohio (where it is 474 feet above tide level, and 94 below lake Erie), up the valley of the Scioto, to Pikestown; thence crossing the river to near Chillicothe; thence again crossing the river, it continues along the eastern bank to the Big Belly creek, where it receives a feeder, 10 miles long, from the Scioto at Columbus; it. then passes up the valley of Walnut creek to the Licking and Walnut creek summit, › between the head waters of those streams. From the summit it continues down the valley of Licking creek to Rocky Fork, and thence across the valley to the Tomaka, and down it to near its junction with the Muskingum. From this point the ascent commences, and the line passes up the Muskingum valley to White Woman's creek; crossing this, it proceeds up the valley of the Tuscarawas Fork, first on the western, then on the eastern bank, to a point where its two head waters unite near the south-west angle of Portage county. This is the centre of the Portage summit, extending 10 miles. From the north of the Portage or Akron summit (499 feet above the Ohio at Portsmouth, 973 feet above the Atlantic, 405 above lake Erie), it passes down the Cuyahoga valley, first on the west, afterward on the east side of the river, to within 6 miles of the mouth at Cleveland, for which 6 miles the river channel with a towing-path is to be used.-Miami canal, 40 feet wide at the surface, and 4 feet in depth, from Cincinnati on the Ohio to the Maumee, near the head of lake Erie, was commenced in 1825. Length of main line, 265 miles; feeders, 25 miles; total, 290; lockage, 889; estimated expense, $2,929,957. The entire line from Cincinnati to Dayton is (1831) completed. This division embraces 22 locks; ascent from the Ohio, at low water, 108 feet; length of canal, 65; feeders, 2; total, 67 miles; cost, $746,852. From Dayton the line is to be extended to lake Erie. The summit level, commencing 18 miles north of Dayton, extends 60 miles within a single lock; and this level, together with 75 miles of the line north of it, must receive all its waters from feeders from the Mad and Miami rivers. To aid the state in extending this canal to lake Erie, there is assigned by congress, of the public lands which the same shall pass through, a quantity equal to one half of five sections in width, on each side of the canal, between Dayton and the Mau

mee river, at the mouth of the Auglaise, the U. States reserving each alternate section; provided this extension be commenced within five years from May, 1828, and finished within twenty; the canal to be a highway for the U. States, free from toll.

Virginia and North Carolina.-Appomattor river canals. These canals are for the purpose of improving the navigation of the Upper and Lower Appomattox. -James river canals. The river is navigable, for vessels of 125 tons burthen, to a little below Richmond. At the city, there are 12 locks, overcoming an ascent of 80 feet, and connecting the tide water with a basin on Shockoe hill. From this basin proceeds a canal, 25 feet wide, 3 deep, for 2 miles, where it enters the stream; at 3 miles farther are 3 locks, overcoming an ascent of 34 feet, and a short canal leading to Westham, at the upper end of Great Falls. James and Jackson river canal and navigation, from Richmond basin, by canal, up the James river valley, to the head of Maiden Adventure's falls, Goochland county. Distance, 30 miles; width of canal, 40 feet; depth, 34; finished in 1825; cost, $623,295. Also from the lower end of Irish falls, or Piney island, by canal, along the margin of James river to the mouth of North Branch, in Rockland county. Distance, 7 miles. The fall is overcome by lockage 96 feet; cost, $340,000.-Shenandoah canals, for the improvement of the Shenandoah. They are situated near Port Republic. A fall of 50 feet is overcome by six short canals with stone locks.-Dismal Swamp canal is 22 miles in length, 40 feet wide and 6 deep, passes from Deep creek to Joyce's creek, at the head of Pasquotank river, connecting the waters of the Chesapeake and Albemarle sound; partly in Virginia and partly in North Carolina. This canal was finished, upon a circumscribed plan, in 1822. Its dimensions have since been enlarged. Every quarter of a mile, the canal is widened 60 feet, for turn-out stations. The locks newly constructed correspond in dimensions with those of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal; and the old ones may be so altered when necessary. The summit level is 16 feet above the Atlantic at mid-tide, and is supplied by a feeder of five miles, from lake Drummond. The basin, at Deep creek, is half a mile in length, and 15 feet above the level of tide water. The North-west canal connects North-west river (which empties into Currituck sound in North Carolina) with the main canal, requiring a cut of

6 miles. This canal is 24 feet wide, 4 feet deep.-Weldon canal is 12 miles in length, along the Weldon or Great Falls in Roanoke river, in which distance, the river descends 100 feet.-Danville and Dan river canals are a series of improvements on the upper branches of Roanoke river. The expenditure of the Roanoke navigation company, for these purposes, has been about $350,000.-Cape Fear river canals, from New Inlet, at Smith's island, at the mouth of Cape Fear river, up the stream to Wilmington, and thence, by a course of lock and dam improvements, up to the head thereof, formed by the union of Deep and Haw rivers, below Haywoodsborough in Chatham county; distance, 200 miles. These canals, &c., are for the purpose of improving the navigation of the river. This work is prosecuting by the state of North Carolina.—` Wateree river and Catawba river canals, from the confluence of the Congaree and Wateree rivers, up the course of the latter, as also of the Catawba river, across North Carolina, to near the source thereof. Distance, by the river channel improvements and lateral canals together, 275 miles. Santee, Columbia and Saluda canals, from Columbia, through the Columbia canal, into Broad river, and through the Saluda canal, from Broad into Saluda river, up which and through Drehr and Lorick's canals, on to the Abbeville county line, near Cambridge; also from Santee river, by the Santee canal, into Cooper's river, and down this river to the port of Charleston. Distance, by mixed navigation, 150 miles. These comprise five canals, with 28 locks, overcoming falls of 217 feet. The Santee and Cooper's river canal is 22 miles long, uniting Santee river to the head of Cooper's river. The ground rises, by an ascent of 35 feet, to the summit level, by four locks. Towards Cooper's river, the descent is 68 feet, overcome by nine locks. The locks are 60 feet long by 10 feet wide. The canal is 32 feet wide at top, and 20 feet at the bottom; 4 feet deep. It was completed in 1802, at an expense of $650,667.

Winyaw canal is 10 miles in length. It unites the Santee river with Winyaw bay.

Kentucky.-Louisville and Portland canal is about two miles in length, 50 feet wide at the bottom, with a lockage of 224 feet. It is not fully completed in 1831. It passes from the Ohio, at Louisville, to a point of the same below the rapids, near Portland. Distance, by the bend of the river, three miles; constructed by the Louisville and Portland canal company, which