INFANTRY.* If cavalry (q. v.) are to be called l'arme du moment, the great work of the battle is to be performed by the infantry, which composes the greatest part of an army, and is, in point of character, the most important part, because it can be used every where-in mountains, on plains, in woods, on rivers, and at sea, in the redoubt, in the breach, in cities and fields, and, depending only on itself, has a great advantage over the two other classes of troops, who, depending, in a great measure, for their efficiency on the strength and the will of brutes, are far less fitted to endure deprivation, and a noxious climate, to contend with the snows of Russia, or the deserts of Egypt. The infantry are preeminently the moral power of armies; and on no class of troops has a general, who knows how to act on his soldiers, such influence. Footsoldiers were armed, in old times, with a spear, sometimes with a sword, arrows, lance and sling; at present, with a gun and bayonet, which is generally accompanied with a sword. Sometimes, but rarely, they are armed with pikes. Some foot-soldiers, in most armies, have rifles, generally so constructed that the rifle man may put his short sword on the rifle, to be used as a bayonet, though this has proved of no great service. The sword given to foot-soldiers, in almost all armies, is of but little advantage, and is generally intended principally for ornament, to complete the soldierlike look, rather than to be used in fighting. It serves, how ever, for cutting branches, to be used in cooking and building huts; but swords might be given to foot-soldiers, similar to the sailors' cutlasses, which would answer all these purposes, and also the chief endto fight. (See Cutlass.) They ought always to have a sufficient guard for the hand. The foot-soldier has no defensive covering, or very little. The greatest is his mantle, rolled up, and worn on one shoulder by the Prussian and Russian troops. The helmet or cap protects the head, and epaulettes (q. v.) are sometimes

Though the word is immediately derived from the Italian infanteria and fanteria, it is primarily of German origin. We find still, in the dialect of Lower Saxony, Fant and Vent, signify ing a young, unmarried man, and, in a more extended meaning, a servent, a soldier on foot. The Icelandic fant, Italian fante, Danish fiant, Swedish fante, have the same meaning with the Low-Saxon Vent, and are, no doubt, connected with the Latin infans. With the prefixed sibilant, this root became, in Anglo-Saxon, swein, in English swain, in Danish suend (a youth employed in country service, a young lover).

used to protect the shoulders. The thick cue, with wire in it, has sometimes been considered a defence to the neck. Infantry is divided into light infantry and that of the line. The latter forms the great mass, which is intended to fight in line, to decide attacks by the bayonet, to make assaults, and is itself again divided into grenadiers (q. v.) and musketeers. The light infantry is particularly intended to serve in the outposts, to act as sharpshooters, to make bold expeditions, and harass and disquiet the enemy. It includes the riflemen. The light infantry form from the 30th to the 60th part of an army. The character of military operations, however, has changed of late so much, that, in a good army, it is necessary that the infantry of the line should take part readily in the light service, and the light infantry be ready to fight in the line, from which the riflemen only are excepted. These are only used as sharpshooters. In some armies, there are, besides the riflemen, whole regiments of light infantry; in others, as in the Prussian army, each regiment has two battalions of infantry of the line, and one battalion of light infantry; in others, as in the French, each battalion has its grenadiers and tirailleurs (sharpshooters). Infantry is divided into battalions (q. v.), these into companies, these into platoons. Several battalions, two or three, sometimes four and five, form a regiment. The tactics of infantry admit three different modes of arranging this species of troops in battle-1. in line, when they are drawn up in line two or three men deep, an order very rarely, if ever, used at present; 2. in column, when several lines, three or two men deep, are drawn up one behind the other (see Column, in Tactics, and Square); 3. in dispersed order. (See Sharpshooters.) The excellence of infantry depends on their good order in advancing and retreating, perfect acquaintance with their exercises and duties, in a just application of their fire, and great calmness both in assaulting and when assaulted in the square, which is acquired by experience. As long as the infantry remain calm, the general need not lose hope; but all is to be feared when they are disordered, whether through ardor or fear. In countries affording horses, men always prefer, in the early periods of society, to fight on horseback, and civilization only gives Where foot-soldiers exist, at this early period, tomore importance to infantry. gether with cavalry, they are considered of inferior consequence. The Hebrew

army, however, consisted, for a long time, of infantry only. (See Cavalry.) The Egyptians, likewise, seem to have used cavalry little. With the Asiatics, besides the use of infantry and cavalry, princes and noblemen fought on chariots. The infantry was the part least esteemed, and, with the Persians, consisted of the heavyarmed, the slingers and archers. Probably this was one reason of the victories of the Greeks over the Persians, as they had cultivated infantry more, and had given up the chariots, described by Homer as common in the Trojan war. Even their kings and generals fought on foot. They had both heavy and light infantry. The Greeks were conquered, in their turn, by an improved form of infantry, the columns of Philip of Macedon, which also enabled his son Alexander to conquer the Persians. With the Romans, infantry was the strength of the armies. Their le gions, consisting mostly of infantry, conquered the world. With the ancient Germans and Gauls, also, infantry was considered very important; but when, in the great migration of nations, the Huns, and other Mongolic tribes, arrived in Europe, on small and fleet horses, and carried victory with them, spreading the terror of their arms far and wide, and when the Franks in Northern Spain became acquainted with the Moors, who came from Arabia, and the plateau of Asia, on beautiful horses, cavalry was considered as more important. When the feudal system was developed, the horse, of course, was more agreeable to the adventurous knight, than the foot service. The crusades, where the Europeans were obliged to fight with the fine cavalry of the Seljooks, favored this tendency still more. Infantry fell into total disrepute, and consisted of the poorer people, who cared little in whose service they fought, in those times of violence and oppression, when a change of rulers made no change in their sufferings; and no reliance could be placed upon them. Among those people who were not in feudal bondage, and fought for the defence of their own liberty, infantry maintained its old importance, as with the Swiss, on several occasions in the 14th and 15th century; and the penetrating Machiavelli, who burned to free his country from its numberless foreign and native tyrants, saw the great value of infantry, and urged its establishment upon a respectable footing. The invention of gunpowder changed the whole art of war, and brought infantry again into repute. (See Army.) The Swedish infantry, in

The

the thirty years' war, was excellent. The arrangement became, in the course of time, more judicious, and all unneces sary manoeuvring was avoided. Austrians, at this time, employed soldiers from their Turkish frontiers-the Croats and Pandoors, semi-savages-as a sort of irregular light infantry; and other armies had troops of a similar character; but they were so rude and disorganized, because their warfare was little better than legalized robbery, that Gustavus Adolphus would not admit them into his forces; but Frederic the Great again established free corps (q. v.) during the seven years' war. Infantry remained without much change in the 18th century. Prince Leopold of Dessau, during this time, first introduced, in the Prussian army, the iron ramrod, the lock-step, and several other improvements. The bayonet having been invented already in the middle of the 17th century, came more and more into use, and enabled the squares to resist the cayalry; but a great change in the use of infantry took place towards the end of the 18th century, when, in the American war of independence, the people, being obliged to contend, without discipline, against well trained troops, adopted the irregular mode of fighting, protected by trees or other objects, being, at the same time, mostly skilful marksmen. The efficiency of this method of fighting was evident; and when, in 1791, the French revolutionary war began, the French sent swarms of tirailleurs against the allies, and injured them exceedingly. In the wars from 1791 to 1802, the French greatly improved this way of fighting, which, in the interval of peace that followed, was reduced to a system, the consequences of which were seen in 1805, 1806, and 1807, against the Austrians, Prussians, and Russians. These nations, after the disasters which they suffered, adopted the same system, as well as the greater use of columns, particularly as the ordinary mode of arranging the troops before they came into the fire. Under equal circumstances, well trained infantry is almost uniformly successful against any other kind of troops.

INFERIE, in Roman antiquities; sacrifices offered to the infernal deities for the souls of the departed. Some writers have thought that they are the origin of the exequies of the Catholic church.

INFERNO (Italian for hell); the name of the first part of Dante's grand poem. (See Dante.)

INFINITESIMALS. (See Calculus.)

police officers, who had entered into a conspiracy against the life of poor men, were condemned to death, but, on account of some judicial formalities, were released by the 12 judges (the united members of the three chief tribunals in Westminster hall), and escaped without punishment. They had induced several poor women to pass counterfeit money, and seized them in the act. In other cases, such men endeavored to change a small offence into a capital crime; for instance, if one had stolen the work-bag of another, they swore that it had been tied with a string or ribbon to the arm, and torn from it by violence, by which theft was transformed into robbery, and, instead of imprisonment, the punishment was death, and the informer received the price of blood (£50). A revolting case of this kind happened (1817) when two soldiers, who were wrestling with another, in sport, for a wager of one shilling, were condemned for robbery by the artifice of a police officer, and escaped with the greatest difficulty from an undeserved punishment. Small offences were kept secret by the police officers, and the perpetrators watched, until, as they termed it, they weighed 40 pounds sterling. For prosecution to conviction of any person attempting to pass counterfeit bank notes (which is a capital crime), the bank pays £30, and, for the prosecution of a person issuing counterfeit coin, £7. Several persons have become the victims of this provision. The police officers very well knew the counterfeiters, and those who made it a trade to induce women and children to change their false notes, and deliver them into the hands of the police; but they spared the true authors of the crime, as good customers, and denounced the poor wretches employed by them, who were condemned by the jury upon the slightest suspicion, and executed without mercy. Alderman Wood asserted, in parliament, that, in the year 1818, at a visitation of the prison, he had found 13 men, mostly Irishmen and Germans, who had received counterfeit money from others, to buy bread, had been seized in the act, and condemned, without any regard to their assertions that they were ignorant of the character of the money. These rewards were abolished in 1818, by an act of parliament (58 George III, c. 70), but the abuse in respect to the bank notes remained as before. The desire of obtaining the rewards for the conviction of offenders has recently tempted the police officers to prosecute unhappy individuals,

who, during the hard times, complained loudly against the government, and accused it of injustice and hostility to the middling class of citizens.

INFULA was, with the Romans, the wide, white woollen ornament of the head of priests, vestals, and even of animals offered for sacrifice, the hiding of the head being considered a mark of humiliation. At later periods, the imperial governors wore the infula as a sign of dignity, and, as such, it was adopted, in the 7th century, by the bishops of the Catholic church, who continue to wear it on solemn occasions, and have it, instead of a crown or helmet, in their coat of arms. It consists of two pieces, turning upward, of a pointed form, one before and one behind, so that in the middle there is a hollow. They are of pasteboard, or tin, and covered with white silk, the one in front being ornamented with a cross. The bishops of the church of England have an infula still in their coat of arms, but never wear it on the head. With them, however, it is generally called mitre, from mitra, which, according to Von Hammer, originally meant the globular part of the head-dress of Persian kings, indicating, originally, the ball of the sun, which the Persian kings wore on the crown, and the Egyptian on the head. Mithra was the genius of the sun, with the Persians. (See Mithra.)

INGE; a Saxon word signifying field, appearing in many German geographical names, as Thüringen, Tübingen, Zophingen, &c.; also in Dutch names, as Grőningen.

INGEMANN, Pernhard Severin, born in 1789; one of the most distinguished Danish poets. The works of his countryman Ehlenschläger had great influence upon his productions. His_patriotic odes, particularly that to the Danebrog (the Danish Flag), shows great poetical spirit; but his epic, the Black Knights (Copenhagen, 1814), an allegoric poem, in nine cantos, like Spenser's Fairy Queen, often suffers from the length to which the allegory is protracted, though it contains real beauties. Masaniello and Blanca are Ingemann's most celebrated tragedies. He has also written much in prose.

INGENHOUSS, John, a naturalist, born at Breda, in 1730, practised physic in his native city, and afterwards went to London, where he was well received by Pringle, the president of the royal society. The empress Maria Theresa, having lost two children by the small-pox, ordered her ambassador at London to send her an

English physician, to vaccinate the others. Pringle recommended Ingenhouse, who received honors and presents, at Vienna, for the easy operation, which was not then much practised. He then travelled, and finally settled near London, where he died 1799. He was the author of several treatises on subjects of natural history, which he enriched by several important discoveries.

INGOT, in the arts, is a small bar of metal made of a certain form and size, by casting it in moulds. The term is chiefly applied to the small bars of gold and silver, intended either for coining or exportation to foreign countries.

INGRIA; a former province of Sweden, on the bay of Finland. It belonged, as early as the 13th century, to Russia, was inhabited by the Ingrians or Ishorians, and received its name from the river Inger, the former name for Ishora, when the Swedes took possession of it in 1617. In 1700, the Russians reconquered it. It forms, at present, a part of the government of St. Petersburg, in which the capital, St. Petersburg, is situated.

INGULPHUS, abbot of Croyland, and author of the history of that abbey, was born in London about 1030. He received his early education at Westminster, and afterwards went to Oxford, where he applied to the study of Aristotle, and, as he says, "clothed himself down to the heel in the first and second rhetoric of Tully." In the year 1051, William, duke of Normandy, then a visitor at the court of Edward the Confessor, made Ingulphus, then of the age of 21, his secretary. He accompanied the duke to Normandy, afterwards went on a rimage to the Holy Land, and, upon his return, entered into the order of the Benedictines, at the abbey of Fontenelle, in Normandy, of which he became prior. On the acquirement of the crown of England by William, Ingulphus was created abbot of the rich monastery of Croyland. He died in 1109. His history of the monastery of Croyland is interspersed with many particulars of the English kings. It was published by sir Henry Savile, in 1596, among the Scriptores post Bedam, and has been reprinted both at Frankfort and at Oxford, the latter of these editions, dated 1684, being the most complete. The history of Croyland comprises from 664 to 1091.

INHABITANCY. (See Domicil, vol. iv, p.

613.)

INHERITANCE. (See Descent, and Es

tate.)

INJECTIONS belong partly to surgery and partly to anatomy. In surgery, fluids, different, according to the different effects desired to be produced, are thrown, by means of a small syringe, into the natural cavities of the body, or those occasioned by disease, partly to remove unhealthy matter, and partly to bring the remedy immediately to the seat of the disorder, and thus effect a cure. Wounds and sores are usually cleansed in this way, when they extend far below the skin, or an excitement and cure are produced by the same method. Cato the Censor had one applied to himself when he suffered from a fistula. In diseases of the nose and the cavities connected with it, in those which have their seat in the neck, in disorders of the ears, the bladder and urethra, the uterus and vagina, and for the radical cure of hydrocele, injections are often used, and with important advantages. Pure warm water is injected, with the highest success, for the removal of pus, blood, or even foreign bodies. Sometimes astringent medicines, to restrain excessive evacuations, sometimes stimulating ones, to excite inflammation, as in hydrocele, or even to increase and improve evacuations, sometimes soothing medicaments, to mitigate pain, &c., are added to the water. In diseases of the throat which hinder the patient from swallowing, and thus tend to produce death by starvation, nourishing fluids are injected into the stomach. The blood of beasts, or of men, has been sometimes injected into the veins, which is called transfusion. In the same way, medicines are introduced immediately to the blood; for instance, tartar emetic to excite vomiting, if a foreign body is fixed in the throat so firmly as to restrain the patient from swallowing, and can neither be moved up nor down. According to the place where the injection is to be made, the instrument must be either longer or shorter, a straight or a curved tube. The size is regulated by the quantity of the liquid to be injected, and the force which is to be applied. Anatomists inject into the vessels of bodies various colored fluids, which are liquid when hot, and coagulate when cold, to make the smaller ones visible. Thus the arteries, veins and lymphatic vessels are injected. Anatomy has carried this art so far as to make very minute vessels visible to the naked eye.

INJUNCTION is a prohibitory writ, issuing by the order of a court of equity, restraining a person from doing some act which appears to be against equity, and