till den Svenska namn-historien II, 73: un burgeys de Danske en Pruys, etc.), as well as even in Denmark.

Thus Turson in his Vocabularius rerum (Hafniae, 1579) gives under the Nomina civitatum et locorum: Dantiscum = Dansken. And Kalkar in his Ordbog til det ældre danske Sprog (1300-1700) gives quite a host of instances from Danish sources where Danske clearly means Danzig. We even find "the Danske" used of the inhabitants of this city: "att ville bevise the tho svenske bodtzmendt, ther inde vor, then enne att boe till Dannsken oc thend andenn at seigle for hyrre for the Danske" (1568), as well as the adj. Dansker (but in the sense of "from Dansick" of course): "iij anndre dannsker furküster" (1578), (and "andtvorede Anderss Ibssen 8 daller til 1 sk. pundt dansker iern", 1608, Tr.). At the same time it should be noted that the form dansker is not found at all in the (modern Danish) sense of a Dane, Danish. It is therefore more than doubtful that this word danske should have already come into existence in Danish, at the time of Shakespeare, in that modern sense, as accepted for the current interpretation of "Danskers in Paris." In Laurentius Andræ's Swedish translation of the New Testament (1526), there occur the following folk-names in the nominative plural: the lubske (those from Lübeck), the romerske; in the genitive plural: the lübskers, the romerskers (Acts of the Ap. 25, 16). Such archaic terms as "nu komma de svenske" have been copied c. 1500. Before this time dansker in the sense of a Dane does not seem to have been in use in Denmark, hardly even in the plural application of Danes. The suffix-er must have been added later on.

Now, from Kalkar's dictionary we see that Danzig produces a sort of chests that are also called "prys(k) kiste", also iron, as well as a sort of cloth ("10 dyner of bred Danskerdug") and ale: "X pridske tönner danstz öll, (viij pridske fad dantstz öl, 1530, Tr.). We shall presently see that just the same articles come from what in our English sources is called Danske.

A closer examination of these sources will therefore bring us a good deal further. The "Inventories and testaments" (Surtees Society's publications no. 2) contain inter alia: a dannc coffer (p. 223), two Danske chistes, 1567 (p. 250), a dance chiste (variants: danske, dansk, pp. 257, 309, 337), and: two tone of danske iron, one tone of englishe Iron (p. 338), dansk yron (p. 364). In another testament, of 1561, (published by the Surtees Society Publ. no. 121, p. 33) we find a French hode and a French crowne, which we may compare with Spenser's Danisk hode, for this can hardly have been anything else but the unique headgear which was introduced from Danzig (i.e. Poland) into England, where it spread and got well-known. And as we can make it clear by an example that Danisk occurs in English in the sense of Danzig (cf. Merchant Adventurers of Newcastle, Surtees Society, 101, p. 251: Julie 5th, 1635, Roger Simpsonn to receive noe benefitt by this company in the Daniska") it follows almost with certainty that Spenser in the passage quoted really thought of the well-known splendid Polish female headdress. (Compare a form Damske quoted elsewhere, which may well stand for Daniske.)

This beautiful head-gear is described at length by Fynes Morison (upon whom it clearly has made a very profound impression) in his Itinerary (1617, ed. 1908, IV, 207); we may add that the city of Danzig is always called Dantzke there, never Danzick.

But we must continue the enumeration: (ib.) 1592, one Danske cheste (p. 151); two Daunske pottes with covers with my armes. Similary in Surtees Soc. Publ. no. 38, a danske chiste, 1580 (p. 20); VI Danske dayles (1582),

p. 69; Dansk potts, a howle Dansk chiste etc. etc. (pp. 94, 113, 123). In the publications of the Camden Society, 82: Lists of Foreign and Álien Subjects, 1618 (p. 77), we find: "in Dansk under K.P.", (King of Poland). 1) Special attention should be called to one quotation from the Surtees Society papers just mentioned (no. 38): Two Spruce dales; a Hambroughe barrel; XII lbs. of Skeene thread (p. 121), because it bears out very clearly what was said just now about Dansk having to be looked upon as after all a substantive rather than an adjective. - Hamburg barrel, Skeene threads contain of course substantives only.

The remarkable popularity of these Danzig-articles will be found illustrated in the following quotations from inventories, deeds of purchase, mortgage bonds, testaments, etc., which will no doubt seem conclusive:

Surtees Soc. Publ. 2 (Inventories and Wills and Testaments): sexe danske pootts of powther, p. 413; two danske chysts (p. 435); in the collection of deeds quoted before (Surtees Soc. Publ. no. 38, Wills) we find: a Danske chiste 1586 (p. 139); Danske pottes; I Danske cheist, V Danske cheistes, II Danske pottes (p. 155); I cradell of Normandeye glass . . XXVII Spruce dailes; CC Norwaie dailes (p. 158); one Danske coffer, one lardge Danske chiste with insett work, (6 times); Danske potts; Danske iren (p. 178); a Danske chiste (pp. 193, 195), etc. etc.; Danske pottell pottes (= glass jars ?); p. 231: a Danske hatchett; p. 252 etc. towe Dance chistes; p. 263: in the loweste lofte one hundredthe nynty and one fadys; or bundels of lynt, beinge III Danske lastes . . . . Halfe a Danske laste of hempe, with roppes and canvesses CIIIII ends of Danske iron; p. 267 (1596-7): VI Dainsicke buckettes; p. 299: V lastes Danske lynte; p. 303: IIII Danske chestes. Dainsick would seem the englishing of the undoubtedly German form Dantzig, a sort of transliteration which seems to have made its appearance in English about 1600. In Walsingham's Journal, 1573, (Camden Soc. Publ. 104) we even find the form Danswicke (compare Brunswick 2)): certain lettres unto her Majestie from Danswicke. We shall presently find how all these older forms, inclusive of the usual dansk(e), are gradually replaced by the victorious genuinely German Danzig, or else Dantsic. One more quotation from the Surtees Soc. Publications (no. 93, 1564, p. 71): shall be mayd onely of flaxe called spruce or danske flaxe calls for comparison with another extract (ib. 2, 1446, p. 93): una mensa de

1) My readers may feel some doubt about this expansion of "K. P." The quotation as thus expanded is in itself of much greater importance than any of the preceding one, for it cannot per se be called more than exceedingly probable that dansk must be looked upon as = of Dansick, in consequence of the coincidence quoted as to the same wares coming from this 'Danske' and from other German countries, not from Denmark. It may therefore be worth while to add a quotation from Notes and Queries, Ser. 12, vol. 11, Oct. 28, 1922, p. 349: “Abraham van Bennick, borne in Danske under the King of Polande." As the King of Poland is not known ever to have possessed Denmark ("under"), this quotation would seem conclusive. No source given; Danske is there recognised to mean Danzig.

In Wolff, Greek Romances in Elizabethan Prose Fiction (New York, 1912), p. 442, Mr. Zandvoort found the following quotation in a summary of William Warner's Tale of Argentile and Curan in Albion's England (1586) Bk. IV, ch. 20: "But Curan, "sonne unto a prince in Danske", has fallen in love...." etc.

Only the full context which neither Mr. Zandvoort nor the present writer can look up, would give absolute certainty as to Danske here referring to Danzig, and not to Denmark; the matter will therefore have to be investigated before any conclusion can be drawn from this form, which if = Denmark would be very interesting. [T. N.]

) Both englished, it would seem, by a sort of attraction under English wick (Hampton Wick, Berwick, etc.) the rarer form of -wich, as in Harwich, etc. [T.N.]

Prusia.... una larga cista de opere Flaundrensi. This is one of the many cases where Danzig and Prussia are found side by side to indicate practically the same place of origin. In another will, of 1531 (E. E. T. S. nos. 125, 128, p. 37) we find side by side: "item, a dobell cownter, of damske (read: danske), a sprewse chest." We have already noticed in Brieskorn's collection how Danzig (Dansk) is often explicitly located in Prussia (Pruys). In English, this double indication is preserved, but in the course of time Dansk was gradually applied more especially to chests, jars, etc., whereas Pruce, Prucia, Spruce, etc. got used in connection with tables, ale, etc. In the N. E. D. we shall find, in v. Pruce, a long list of examples most of which bear out this statement: 1390 I tabula commensali de Prucia; 1462 mensa de prewse; 1495 unam cistam de Pruce; 1463 the prews coffre; 1478 I pruce tabyll; 1480 I pruce ches; 1576 pruce byer; 1760-'72 turned into pruche or spruss beer. See also the N. E. D. under spruce, a remarkable by-form of pruce, which is also found in connection with wares from Danzig: 1497 spruce bordes; 1545 sprewce canuas; 1656 Spruce Canvas; 1461, 1540 spruse chest; 1445, 1522 spru(s)se coffre; 1489, 1523; spruce compter (countre); 1614, 1626 spruce deales.

It should be remarked in connection with this deale (also dail and other spellings) that Kalkar in his Middle Danish Dict. mentions a "Danmarks dæl", which is described as "a sort of plank", with a reference from 1586 attj wille forschaffe oss aff wort riige Norge three hundrit thylter gode Danmarckis deeler. Deel is of course the same word as German Diele and Swedish tilja; the Danish deel would seem inexplicable, unless we think of a loan from English (or Dutch? T.). I have not succeeded in finding any case where 'Denmark' stands for Dansk, Pruce or Spruce; it will however hardly appear too bold to maintain that the expression "Danske dailes" as such has been borrowed from English, and was transformed then quite naturally of course to "Danmarks deeler." My notes show that the English also spoke of "Norwaies dailes" as opposed to "Spruce dailes". Denmark is not known ever to have exported timber.

It would hardly be worth while to reproduce all the examples of the N.E.D.,; they will prove on investigation that Spruce is usually associated with timber (cf. spruce-tree for a pine-tree), with leather, with colours (cf. Prussian blue with spruce ochre) and with beer (cf. Pickwick Papers XX: "Printed cards, bearing reference to Devonshire cyder and Dantzig spruce"). But while dansk is not found before the names of these articles (with the exception of timber), we meet with spruce as well as dansk before table, chest, box and jar.

One is now inclined to ask: How is it that the English had such strong interests in the Baltic? [The author's answer to this question will have to be reproduced here in extract only. It comes to this that the power of the Hansa would not, on investigation, seem to be so absolute as is usually supposed. Tr.] The transactions of the Merchant Adventurers of Newcastleupon-Tyne, e. g., yield ample proof that they did a good deal of trade in what was called Eastland, - possibly Esthland, but practically identical with what the Swedes call Österland, i. e. the Orient. They had important factories, among other places, at Dantzig.

Significantly enough, Danzig has two suburbs called respectively AltSchotland and Neu-Schotland, which is in itself enough to point to Scottish influence; it may be mentioned in this connection that e. g. Imma

E. S. VI 1924.

2

huel Kant was of Scottish origin. And the following extracts from the accounts of these Merchant Adventurers should speak for themselves.

In 1622 "a committee at Dansk" is mentioned (Surtees Soc. Publ. 101, p. 141), but at p. 143: we shall apply ourselves to the Committee you have settled at Dansicke ffor the two sums expended at Dansicke and London; p. 144: of the committee you setled at Dansicke. . . . for that one Walker, a Scot, carryed thether above 200 halfe cloathes, beside kersyes in one Megg, a dansker; p. 147: to give a Cocquet for Cloath and Lead enterred for Dansicke by a brother of your company; p. 142: expended by the ffactors at Danske; p. 150: by the Factors at Dantzike; p. 157: to the several factoryes of Dantsick, Quinsbr. and Riga; p. 154: our trade and impositions from Dansk, Queensbrough (= Königsberg)) and Riga; p. 173: the Skotts marchant of Danske shipte heer to Danske this sommer. (1564). Anyone more especially interested in the realiai.e. not only the Wörter but also the Sachen, in short: in the economical aspects of the case, will find a good deal to interest him in Hirsch's Danzig's Handelsund Gewerbsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1858), where the English influence will be found to have been not unimportant. In 1422, e. g., the town of Danzig took very energetic measures against "die zu einer festen Niederlassung in Danzig vereinigten Englischen Kaufleute" (p. 56). As early as 1370-1386 four Englishmen had become Citizens of Danzig (ib., p. 98), etc. etc.

In 1629 the new form Dansickers is found, perhaps before, but references are wanting. "The treaty betweene the King of Swede and the Dansickers". (Camden Society Publ. N. S. pp. 45, 66).

The present investigation may no doubt be supposed to have shown that nothing but a downright mistake lies at the bottom of the contention that Dansk should at that time have meant either Danish or Denmark. No doubt when Laertes is asked by Polonius to "enquire what Danskers are in Paris", Shakespeare means "what Danes", but the passage is another proof, by the side of the shores of Bohemia, that the author's geographical knowledge left a good deal to be desired, although of course he did not stand alone there. The versatile Andrew Boorde whom we have just quoted says in one place (E. E. T. S. Extra Series X, p. 163): "In Denmark, their mony is gold and alkemy (= tin), and brass In gold they have crownes; & al other good gold doth go there. In alkemy and bras they have Danske whyten." Another case of a stay-at-home's ignorance, there can hardly be any doubt that Boorde, having heard Dansk wheat referred to, has connected the word with Denmark, just as Shakespeare and so many others had done.

One more conclusive quotation may close this survey. In Recorde, Grounde of Artes, fo. 159, we read about Dansk money. "They have their Grasshe where of 30 make 1 gilderne, which is worthe 4 shillings sterlings, and they have also dollars olde and newe, their common dollars some are woorthe 24 grassche, some 26 and some 30". Usually we have a short o in English loanwords, answering to an original a: frock from fracke, dollar from daler, etc; here the reverse process would seem to have taken place; grasshe from groschen. In the same way Morison (1.c. II, p. 131) has: "And at

1) Dr. Langenfelt does not explain this equation. [T.N.]

Dantzk the same Merchant for the same fifty dollars gave me one and thirty Hungarian dackets of gold, and foureteen grash in silver”.

To conclude then: Dansk1) in older English literature must have meant Dantzig, and Dansker an inhabitant of that place. True, this Dansk did not lie "at the Moloccos" as Sir F. Ovebury wished, but all the same a little farther away than the Rev. J. Hunter believed. 2)

H. L.

G. LANGENFELT.

Notes and News.

English Association in Holland. During the second half of January Mr. Sydney Carroll, late of the Sunday Times, addressed the branches of the English Association and of the 'Genootschap Nederland-Engeland' at Dordrecht, Nijmegen, Haarlem, Amsterdam, Hilversum, Enschede, Utrecht, Arnhem, The Hague and Groningen, on Contemporary English Drama.

In the week ending February 23, Mr. Arthur Stratton, who lectured in November last on Tudor Architecture and later developments, will repeat this lecture at Leiden, Rotterdam, Dordrecht, Utrecht and Groningen.

In March, Mr. John A. Stelling was to have given a second series of Dickens recitals. A few days ago, however, news was received of his sudden death. He will be remembered in this country for his quaint, lovable personality, his wonderful gift of memory, and the entertaining way in which he rendered episodes from the works of his favourite author.

If time permits, another series of lectures will be substituted, in which case members will be notified by their branch committees in the usual way.

1) In the feudal castles of East-Prussia and Kurland, as Dr. Kurt Meyer tells me (Johanniter-Krankenhaus, Szittkehmen, East-Prussia), the privy appears to have been designated by the name of Danske, explained by him as a hit at the Dantzig-merchants who used to oppose the princes and landgraves and had to defend their city against them. [The semasiology of the case would seem to require further elucidation T.].

*) Of Dr. Langenfelt's enquiry into the history of dansk and its English equivalents: danish etc., as well as kindred remarks which he has added by way of appendix, I can only find room for a suggestion, reproduced from Zachrisson (Lunds Universitets Årskrift, 1911) that modern Dane may be a subtraction-form of a Norman-French singular Daneys, also found written Danes. Dr. L. calls also attention to a not very common "The Denmarkys" (quoted from Wyntoun VI, 1559), to which he compares such a formation as "The Lancashires" = Lancashire regiments. And without entering at all into this subject, he just touches upon a somewhat distantly related discussion, also from Hamlet, that has recently been broached, whether possibly in the well-known "There is something rotten in the state of Denmark", these last three words might stand, not for the land of Denmark as it is universally interpreted, but for: The (mental) condition of (Prince) Hamlet."

In the author's dissertation "Toponymics", as quoted supra, we find one additional quotation worth reproducing here, from Drayton's Polyolbion (1612, II, p. 73), where Dansk would seem to be used in the sense of Denmark (or Jutland):

"These noble Saxons . . . who under Hengist first and Horsa, their brave chiefs, from Germany arrived . . (were) forc'd to seeke a soil wherein themselves to seat. Then at the last on Dansk their ling'ring fortune drave, where Holst unto their troops sufficient harbour gave." [T. N.]