of the 19th century, especially in France 1) and Holland. But in England too it demonstrates itself, in the days of Scott. And before there is Chippendalefurniture in pure pseudo-gothic forms. I am rather surprised that Dr. H. does not speak at all of this strange phenomenon. He shows us the Gothic in the last part of the century as the "altheimische, bodenständige Architektur." "In der Entfaltung der elegischen Stimmungswerte der Gotik und insbesondere der Ruine macht sich deutlich ein Zug zum Individuellen, zu lyrischer Verfeinerung bemerkbar. Es tut sich das Bestreben kund, sich von herrschenden Konventionen zu lösen und für persönliche Kümmernisse einen individuellen Ausdruck zu prägen." "Das Schauervolle tritt gleichwertig neben das Elegische, sei es nun in der nervenpeitschenden Form Penrose', sei es mit göttlichem Humor verklärt, wie bei Burns."

He quotes from Bowles the following typical sonnet on the same Netley-abbey:

Fall'n pile! I ask not what has been thy fate;

But when the weak winds, wafted from the main,
Through each rent arch, like spirits that complain,
Come hollow to my ear, I meditate

On this world's passing pageant, and the lot

Of those who once full proudly in their prime,
And beauteous might have stood, till bon'd by time
Or injury, their early boast forgot,

They may have fallen like thee: Pale and forlorn,

Their brow, besprent with thin hairs, white as snow,
They lift, majestick yet; as they would scorn
This short-liv'd scene of vanity and woe;
Whilst in their sad looks smilingly they bear
The trace of creeping age, and the dim hue of care.

But at the same time the sense of healthy natural life and reality Dr. H. might have paid attention to it asserts itself. I allow myself to add to his many instructive and characteristic quotations, this one from Jane Austen: "I like a fine prospect, but not on picturesque principles. I do not like crooked, twisted, blasted trees. I admire them much more if they are tall, straight, and flourishing. I do not like ruined, tattered cottages. I am not fond of nettles, or thistles, or heath blossoms. I have more pleasure in a snug farm-house than a watch-tower and a troop of tidy, happy villagers please me better than the finest banditti in the world" 2). J. PRINSEN JLZ.

The Pocket Oxford Dictionary of Current English. Compiled by F. G. FOWLER & H. W. FOWLER. Pp. XVI + 1000. Milford, 1924. 3/6 net; India paper 6/- net.

If the truth of the French proverbial saying aux petits sacs sont les meilleures espices, which we find in the 16th century compilation Le Thrésor des Sentences, has ever been confirmed, it is in the condensation of the by now world-famous Concise Oxford Dictionary into the no less commendable Pocket Oxford Dictionary, compiled by F. G. Fowler and H. W. Fowler, a genuine masterpiece of surveyable compactness and scholarly lucidity. For once the so-called wisdom of the streets, in the present case wisely expressed in the language of the diplomatic world, is found to be in closest

1) See on this subject the interesting book of Louis Maigron, Le romantisme et la mode, Paris, 1911.

*) Sense and Sensibility, Everyman's Library, p. 78.

agreement with the findings of the most rigorous criticism: the bundle is small, especially the six shilling one in thin paper, but the stuff is excellent. No wonder that the sale is proceeding satisfactorily and that the book has been almost universally well received by the press. I say, almost, because there is one dissentient voice, and there may be a few more of individual protest, where personal feelings are unintentionally hurt by the authors' scientific outspokenness, the unchallengeable privilege of the lexicographer. The one exception is the Jewish Chronicle, which is very angry about the second definition of Jew unscrupulous usurer or bargainer. But is not Shylock immortal? And what will be the fate of my friend H. W. Fowler if ever he goes to Greece, seeing that his second meaning for Greek is...... sharper! Fortunately he is high and dry and happy in his tight little island of Guernsey, otherwise it would go hard with him. Are not Germany and Austria already up in arms against him for having identified the natives of these countries with the Huns of unspeakable memory?

=

Be that as it may, nobody of sane mind will think himself jewed, swindled, diddled, done, or had in any way by the compilers, whose P. O. D. gives even more than the C. O. D. for less money, a rare thing in our days of merciless mercantilism both national and international. Whereas the C.O.D. only occasionally marks the pronunciation of the words it contains on the assumption that the reader is already familiar with the normal values of some letters and combinations, the P. O. D. may be called a complete orthoepic guide, in addition to its being a fairly complete explanatory lexicon. Many words not even recorded in the well-known Pronouncing Dictionary by Prof. Daniel Jones are duly and fully treated in the P. O. D., as, e.g., jihad, jinnee, jocko, Johannisberger, Johannine, etc., to mention but a few. No less welcome are compounds like mountain-high, navy blue, pea-soup, etc., all of them conspicuous by their absence in Jones's otherwise invaluable book, the only drawback of which is its incompleteness. The latter having been published in 1907, we cannot expect to find in it such a word as, e.g., hydroplane (cf. P. O. D.), but ragout, rapscallion, scallywag, Teutomaniac, etc., all of them in the P. O. D., might have been given. In this respect the P. O. D. scores over both Jones and the C. O. D., its predecessor. The second advantage the P. O. D. has over the C. O. D. is the consistent alphabetic arrangement of phrases within the longer articles, which is a welcome because time-saving expedient for those whose chief object is to find at a glance what they are looking for. A minor improvement is the inclusion of a large number of words and senses not in the original C.O.D., of which the P. O. D. is nominally an abridgement, but an abridgement that must have cost its compilers a huge amount of labour. As was to be expected from our wielders of the pen, who temporarily became knights of the sword on active service in France, many war words deserving of record have been incorporated, and we may say in this way immortalized until they will have to be marked with the symbol as a preliminary to their final removal. Another point that makes for the superiority of the P. O. D. over the larger C. O. D. is the compilers' experiment of collecting words forming an associative series. We are not only told what a horse is, but the article also mentions stallion, mare, gelding, foal n. & v., colt, filly, cob, pony, steed, hack, hunter, charger, palfrey, and not only are the sex and kinds mentioned in this way but also the words for the places where the animal is kept, as a. o. stall, loose box, paddock, the sound it makes, neigh, snecker, whinny, snort, squeal, scream, the movements it can perform, gallop, canter, trot, amble, pace, etc. For the foreign student such articles are a real boon, and

also in the department of the so-called realia the P. O. D. will be hailed by him as a labour-saving blessing. If he should not believe me, let him only turn up the article Officer, which gives the complete list of officers in the Navy, in the Army, and, last but not least, in the Air Force.

Etymologies have been cut down to little more than bare statements about the ultimate origin of the words coming in for treatment. As to the latter, may I hesitatingly submit a few suggestions to the one surviving of the two brothers to whom we owe so much in Holland? To begin with there is the word abortive, which is given as an adjective in accordance with the C.O.D., but which is also used as a substantive. The article access gives the phrase easy of access, by the side of which of easy access might have been given. Should not accommodation-house, also wanting in the C. O. D., have been mentioned? And why do our excellent lexicographers persevere in excluding phrases like to admiration, in the alternative, etc., both from the P. O. D. and the C. O. D.? Does not against also occur in the sense of: in competition with, as, e.g., drink against him? Will the explanation: whole, s.v. altogether be sufficient for the reader of art magazines who may come across the altogether the nude figure? And, finally, are we too exacting in asking admission for aid-post, air-pilot, armour piercer, arteriosclerosis, basker, block-vote, bomber, boot-legger, box-kite, bunting-tosser etc., which have come to the fore during and after the great war? So far as I know they have become current English by now and some of them even international, as, for instance, the scientific arteriosclerosis and the American boot-legger of universal fame and national shame. What I sincerely hope is to see them in their proper place in a new edition of the P. O. D., which, given the paramount qualities of this nutshell dictionary, cannot be long in coming as a rightful reward for the labour of love the compilers have devoted to it. F. P. H. PRICK VAN WELY.

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This is a revised and much enlarged verison of Mr. Robertson's "Did Shakespeare write Titus Andronicus?" which was published in 1905. The intervening years have given Mr. Robertson more confidence and wider knowledge, and the book now appears as an introduction to the "Shakespeare Canon" books, of which two have been published. The capital feature of the new volume is the Prolegomena, in which Mr. Robertson stoutly defends his method (chiefly against the direct or indirect criticism of Dr. E. K. Chambers) and the results that he has achieved by it. [T.]

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