ANNUAL RECORD of Science AND INDUSTRY FOR 1877.1-While this year's volume is less bulky than its predecessors, it has lost none of its distinctive features as a useful summary of the progress of science in all departments, with especial reference to the wants of the specialist who must be informed as to progress in general science, as well as of the general reader who needs some handy, condensed year-book of this sort, to supplement the encyclopædia and other books of reference in his library. The work seems to be admirably classified and condensed and in all respects as useful and rather more compact, and cheaper than the previous ones. COOK'S MANUAL OF THE APIARY.2-This manual of bee-keeping is in point of style not equal to Langstroth's or Quimby's, but still is excellent in its matter and will prove a reliable and practical guide to the beginner. The illustrations are in most cases good, in others mediocre, but still they are numerous, and unusual prominence is given to physiological and anatomical facts and theories: The index is copious and convenient. THORELL'S STUDIES on the SPIDERS OF MALAYSIA.3-The first part of this series of descriptions of the Arachnid fauna of Malaysia, and of the Celebes especially, forms a volume of 294 pages, with an index, and must comprise when completed a quite full description of the spiders of Malaysia and Pupuana. The descriptions are detailed and in Latin. Band x. Heft 7-10. RECENT BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.-Brehm's Thierleben. Leipzig, 1878. New York: B. Westermann & Co. 8vo, 40 cents a Heft. Die europäischen Encyrtiden. Von Gustav Mayer. Wien, 1878. 8vo, pp. 104. Beiträge zur Schmetterlings-Fauna von Surinam. II. Von N. B. Möschler. Wien, 1878. 8vo, pp. 72, 3 plates. From the author. Entomological Contributions, No. iv. By J. A. Lintner. From the Thirtieth Annual Report on the New York State Museum of Nat. History, for the year 1876. Printed in advance of the Report. Albany, June, 1878. 8vo, pp. 142. Studi sui Ragui Malesi E. Papuani per T. Thorell. I. Genova Tipografia del R. Instituto Sordo-muti, 1877. 8vo, pp. 297. From the author. American Club List and Sportsman's Glossary. By Charles Hallock. New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Company. 1878. 8vo, pp. 90. Two interesting American Diptera, Glutops singularis and Epibates Osten-Sackenii. By Edward Burgess. From the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natu. ral History. Vol. xix. February 27. 1878. 8vo, pp. 2, with a plate. From the author. Report on the Insecta (including Arachnida) collected by Captain Feilden and Mr. Hart between the parallels of 78° and 83° north latitude, during the Recent Arctic 1 Annual Record of Science and Industry for 1877. Edited by SPENCER F. BAIRD, with the assistance of Eminent Men of Science. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1878. 12m0, pp. 480. Manual of the Apiary. By A. J. Cook, Professor of Entomology in the Michigan State Agricultural College. Second edition, revised, enlarged, mostly rewritten and beautifully illustrated. Chicago: Thos. G. Newman & Son, 1878. 12m0, pp. 286. 3 Studi sui Ragni Malesi e Papuani. Per T. THORELL. I.Genoa, 1877.8vo, pp. 294, and index. (Extracted from the Linnæan From the author. Expedition. By Robert McLachlan, F.R.S., F.L.S. zahlreichen Holzschnitten. Die europäischen Cynipidengallen mit Ausschluss der auf Eichen vorkommenden Arten. Von Dr. Gustav Mayer. (Aus dem 15, Jahresberichte der Rossauer Communal-Oberrealschule in Wien.) Wien: Alfred Nölder, k. k. Hof-und Universitäts-Buchhändler, 1876. 8vo, pp. 22, 3 plates. The Ganoid Fishes of the British Carboniferous Formations. By Ramsay H. Traquair, M.D., etc. Part i. Palæoniscidæ 4to, pp. 1-60, plates i-vii. (Palæontographical Society, London.) Volume for 1877. From the author. Beiträge zur Fossilen Flora Spitzbergens, gegründet auf die Sammlungen der Schwedischen Expedition vom Jahre 1872 auf 1873. Von Oswald Heer. 4to, pp. 141, plates 32. Stockholm, 1876. From the author. Palæontographica, Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Vorzeit. 25te Band oder 3te folge. Erster Band 4te Lieferung. 4to, pp. 141-174, plates xix-xxii. Cassel, 1878. On the Structure and Development of the Skull in the Urodelous Amphibia. Part i. By Wm. Kitchen Parker, F. R. S. 4to, pp.529–597, plates 21-29 (From the Philosoph. Transactions Roy. Soc. Vol. 167, part 2.) London, 1877. From the author. Zur Stammes-geschichte der Spongien. Von Prof. Karl A. Zittel. 4to, pp. 20. (Read on the Fiftieth Anniversary of C. Th. von Siebold's Acadèmic Doctorate.) Munich, 1878. Studien über Fossile Spongien. Zweite Abtheilung: Lithistidæ. By Prof. Karl A. Zittel. 4to, pp. 1-90, Taf i-x. (From the Abhand. der K. bayer. Akad. d. Win. ii. Cl. xiii. Bd.) München, 1878. From the author. Description of the Fossil Reptilia of South Africa in the Collection of the British Museum. By Richard Owen, C.B., F.R.S. 4to, Vol. i, text pp. 88, accompanied by a 4to atlas, Vol. ii, of seventy plates. From the author. The Ancient Life- History of the Earth: a comprehensive outline of the principles and leading facts of Paleontological Science. By H. Alleyne Nicholson, M.D., etc. 12mo, pp. 407, figures 270. D. Appleton & Co., New York, 1878. The Naturalists' Directory for 1878, containing the names of the Naturalists north of Mexico, a list of Societies, etc. Edited by S. E. Cassino. 12mo, pp. 184. Naturalists' Agency, Salem, 1878. Ferns of Kentucky. By John Williamson. 12mo, pp. 154, and sixty plates drawn by the author. John P. Morton & Co., Louisville, Ky., 1878. Osteologie et Myologie des Manchots on Spheniscides par M. M. Paul Gervais et E. Alix. 8vo, pp. 48, pls. xxvI, xxvii. Paris, 1878. From the authors. Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. Natural History of Illinois. letin No. 2. 8vo, pp. 92, I plate. Bloomington, Illinois, 1878. Bul The Paleontologist. N. P. James, editor. 8vo, pp. 8, No. 1. Cincinnati, July 2,1878. The Law of Population. Its consequences and its bearing upon human conduct and morals. By Annie Besant. 12mo, pp. 47. New York: Asa K. Butts, 19 Dey street, 1878. On the Influence of the Advent of a higher form of life in modifying the structure of an older and lower form. By Prof. Richard Owen, F.R.S., etc. 8vo, pp. 421-430. (From the Quart. Journ. Geolog. Soc. of London for May, 1878.) From the author. Remarks on New Zealand Fishes. By Dr. Albert Günther, F.R.S. 8vo, pp. 469-472. (From the Ann. and Magazine of Natural History, May, 1876.) From the author. On a Collection of Reptiles and Fishes from Duke-of-York island, New Ireland and New Britain. By Dr. Albert Günther, V.P.Z.S. (Proc. Zoöl. Soc. of London, Feb. 20, 1877, 2 plates.) From the author. Preliminary Notes on new Fishes collected in Japan during the Expedition of H.M.S. "Challenger." By Dr. A. Günther, F.R.S. (From the Ann. and Mag. Nat. History, Nov., 1877.) 8vo, pp. 433-446. From the author. Account of the Zoological Collection made during the visit of H.M.S. "Petrel " to the Galapagos islands. Communicated by Dr. Günther. (From Proc. Zool. Soc. London, Feb., 1877.) 8vo, pp. 64-93, 3 plates. Notice of two large extinct Lizards, formerly inhabiting the Mascarene islands. By Dr. A. Günther, F.R.S., etc. (From the Linnæan Soc. Journ. Zoology, Volume xiii.) 8vo, pp. 322-327. From the author. Notes Sur les Schistes a Meletta de Froidefontaine. Par MM. Oustalet & Sauvage. (Ext. du Bull. Soc. Geol. de France. 2me Ser. t. xxvii, Janvier, 1870.) From the authors. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. Vol. xix, part iii, May, 1877 to March, 1878. 8vo, pp. 223-334, plates 8, 9. Boston, May, 1878. From the Society. Descriptions of new species of Invertebrate Fossils from the Carboniferous and Upper Silurian rocks of Illinois and Indiaua. By C. A. White, M.D. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1878.) From the author. (From The ancient Outlet of Great Salt Lake. By A. C. Peale. (.m. Journ. Science, Vol. xv, June, 1878.) 8vo, pp. 439–444. From the author. Descriptions of Seven New Species of Birds from the Island of St. Vincent, West Indies. By George N. Lawrence. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sciences, Vol. i, No. 5, 1878.) Pages 147-153. From the author. Description of a new species of Parrot of the genus Chrysotis. By George N. Lawrence. (Ann. N. Y. Acad. of Sciences, Vol. i, No. 4.) Pages 125, 126. From the author. Revista Meteorológica Mensual, Marzo, 1878. Also Boletin del Ministerio de Fomento de la Republica Mexicana, June, 1878. Mariano Bárcena, Director, Mexico, Mex. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, No. 101, July 8, pp. 455, Philadelphia. ·:0: GENERAL NOTES. BOTANY. INSECTS NEEDED TO FERTILIZE UTRICULARIA AND PYXIDANTHERA.—In a short paper read at the American Association, in Buffalo, in 1876, I showed some of the neat arrangements by which a cross-fertilization of flowers was secured in several species of several genera of plants. I now present an illustration of one of the best of these. It is the common bladderwort, Utricularia vulgaris, which is common in stagnant ponds. Aside from the peculiarity under consideration, there are several other things about the plant of especial interest. Fig. 1 shows an enlarged front view of the flower with the lower tip pulled down. The lower tip of the stigma is much the larger, and when touched it bends up in a few seconds close against the upper lip of the corolla just under an arch-like projection. On visiting a flower for honey, an insect, as a honey-bee, can scarcely fail to hit the larger of the two stigmas. Farther on pollen is received on the tongue or jaws of an insect. None is likely to be left on the stigmas of the same flower, for by the time the insect is ready to withdraw, the side of the stigma which is ready to receive pollen is hidden or covered. Hardly any method can be more admirable for securing a cross-fertilization of flowers. Some time in April I received from the pine barrens of New Jersey a large plant in flower of Pyxidanthera barbulata. This was placed near the window on a dinner plate containing some water. The plant continued to produce an abundance of fresh Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Flower of Pyxidanthera barbulata, enlarged. Two of the sepals are removed. The twobeaked anthers shown between the petals. flowers for ten days or more. The small white flowers when open look much like a small phlox, to which the plant is nearly allied. There are five stamens alternating with the lobes of the corolla, to which they are attached. The anthers are about as high as the stigma, towards which each one projects two short beaks. On pressing these beaks down with a pin, a mass of pollen oozes out of each transverse slit of the anther. After removing the pin, the beaks will again and again resume their places and the opening will close. After they were well open, I marked several fresh flowers and watched them two or three times a day for four or five days. In no case did any pollen escape from the anthers. These finally withered and shrunk up considerably, and the whole corolla, stamens and all, seemed to be lifted above the rest of the flower by the elongation of the calyx or some other cause. This case seems to be dependent on insects for aid in fertilization. It is possible that fresh plants in their native place would not behave as did these sent by mail, but I think they would. If so, this queer plant is another of the hosts of plants which have a special contrivance by which insects are needed to aid in transferring pollen.-Prof. W. 7. Beal. WOLF AND HALL'S LIST OF THE MOSSES, LIVERWORTS AND LICHENS OF ILLINOIS.-This list appears in Bulletin, No. 2, of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History. It is simply a dry list, without any remarks such as would seem to be in place regarding variation, &c.; but will prove undoubtedly of use to local botanists. ZOOLOGY. 1 INTELLIGENCE IN CHIMPANZEES.-Some observations recently made on the mental faculties of the pair of young chimpanzees (Troglodytes niger) in the Zoological Garden, indicate the possession by those animals of the power of ratiocination to a very considerable degree. A looking-glass having been placed in the cage they proceeded to investigate the novel phenomenon presented to them, but without much success until one of them, being engaged at the moment in munching a crust of bread, appeared to be struck by a similarity in the occupation of himself and of the figure before him. Withdrawing the bread from his mouth, he looked first at it and then at its reflected image, and then proceeded to place it in various positions, watching carefully the figure in the mirror, until he seemingly became satisfied that what he saw was, in some manner to him incomprehensible, himself, after which he passed some time sitting in front of the glass watching his own motions with much satisfaction. A snake being placed in the room the animals manifested great 1The departments of Ornithology and Mammalogy are conducted by Dr. ELLIOTT COUES, U. S. A. |