of living things to their environment; on the rise and progress of modern views as to the antiquity and origin of man, and on the distribution of animals as indicating geographical changes. These essays, though on recondite subjects, are of great general interest, and presented in the attractive style characteristic of the author's other popular works and essays.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF NORTH AMERICAN INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY.1-Works such as these, though laborious and requiring much time in their preparation, are naturally useful in proportion as they are full and accurate. The present work is probably as complete as others of the sort, the names of the compilers giving assurance that it is. In its scope the bibliography is confined to those works which treat, either wholly or in part, of invertebrate fossils found within the limits of North America, including the West Indies and Greenland, and, for convenience, the comparatively few contributions of American authors to the palæontology of other countries, and published in their own, have been included in Part I. Among the omissions that occur to us are papers and notes by Verrill and Scudder, Wood, and Packard on the Quarternary fossils of New England and Labrador, contributed to the Memoirs and Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, and the Portland Society of Natural History, also Ordway's article on Paradoxides in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CENTRAL OHIO SCIENTIFIC ASSOCIATION.2 The members of this Association, which seems to have been quietly working for three years past, have done themselves no little credit by the pubiication of the first part of their Proceedings. The papers are mainly on archæological and historical subjects; among those on the former topics are two by Mr. T. F. Moses on the ancient remains of Mad River valley, with an account of the opening of the Baldwin and Roberts Mounds, and on the shell heaps of the coast of Maine. Mr. J. E. Warren contributes a report of a survey of earthworks on Haddix hill, Ohio, near Osborn, Ohio, and an account of a sculptured rock from Marblehead, Ohio. Rev. Geo. Gibson reports on the ancient pottery found near Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Society cannot do better than to continue to explore, and carefully map out all Indian mounds in the State, and figure the remains found in them. Such contributions are of lasting value.

1 Bibliography of North American Invertebrate Paleontology, being a Report upon the Publications that have hitherto been made upon the Invertebrate Palæontology of North America, including the West Indies and Greenland. By C. A. WHITE, M.D., paleontologist of the U. S. Geological Survey, and H. ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, M.D., D. Sc., etc., Department of the Interior. U. S. Geological Survey of the Territories, F. V. HAYDEN, U. S. Geologist. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 10. Washington, 1878, 8vo, pp. 132.

2 Proceedings of the Central Ohio Scientific Association. Urbana, Ohio, Vol. i, Part I. Published by the Association, Urbana, 1878. 8vo, pp. 96, 16 plates.

WILSON'S PYCNOGONIDA OF NEW ENGLAND-This interesting group has at length received attention so far as the New England species are concerned, and is treated in such a manner that all the forms can be readily identified. Views of certain authors are adopted, for which no good morphological reasons are given, that these Arachnida have antennæ, the cheliceræ or mandibles being regarded as such. Both from embryological and morphological data, the arachnida in all their subdivisions seem to us to want these appendages, present in Myriopods and Hexapods. The systematic and artistic work seems to have been thoroughly well done. Appended is a table intended to show the general geographical and bathymetrical distribution of the species described in the present paper.

RECENT BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS.-Eleventh Annual Report of the Trustees of the Peabody Museum of American Archæology and Ethnology, Vol. ii, No. 2 8vo, PP. 457. Cambridge, 1878. From the trustees of the Museum.

Boletin de la Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica de la República Mexicana, Tercera Epoca, Tomo iv, No. 1. Svo, pp. 64. Mexico, Francisco Diaz de Leon, 1878. The editor.

Katalog der im Museum und Universitets Kabinet zu Basel aufgestellten Amphibian und Reptilien, nebst Anmerkungen von F. Müller. 8vo, pp. 561-709, 3 plates. Bisel, 1878. From the author

Forsatte Bidrag til en rigtig Opfattelse af Örestillingen hos Flyndrene [Flounders]. Af Japetus Steenstrup. 8vo, pp. 74, 4 plates. Kjöbenhavn, 1878. From the author.

On the Erupted Rocks of Colorado. By F. M. Endlich.

(Extracted from the

Tenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geolog. Survey for the year 1876). 199-272. Washington, Gov't Printing Office, 1878. From the author.

8vo, pp.

On the Structure and Origin of Mountains, with special reference to the "Contractional Theory." By Jos. LeConte. (Read before the National Acad. of Sciences, April 19, 1878.) 8vo, pp. 95–112. From the author.

Catalogue of Minerals found in Colorado. By F. M. Endlich. (Extracted from the Tenth Annual Report of the U. S. Geolog. Survey for the year 1876.) 8vo, pp. 135-158. Washington, Gov't Printing Office, 1878. From the author.

Description of a new Fish from the Lower Chalk of Dover. By E. S. Newton, Esq., F.C.S. (Extracted from the Qaar. Jour. Geolog. Society, August, 1878.) 8vo, pp. 439-446, I plate. From the author.

Til Kundskab om to arktiske Slægter af Dybhavs-Tudsefiske; Himantolophus og Ceratias. Af Dr. Chr. Lütken. 4to, pp. 309-348, 2 lithog. plates. (Extracted from Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., 5te Række, Naturvidensk. og Mathematisk Afd. 11te Bd. v.) Kjöbenhavn, 1878. From the author.

Palæ ntological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877. By Henry F. Osborn, Wm. B. Scott and Francis Spier, Jr. September 1, 1878. (Contribution No. I from the Museum of Geology and Archæology of Princeton College,) 8vo, pp. 146, x plates. New York, 1878. From the director of the Museum.

Preliminary Studies on the North American Pyralida I. By A. R. Grote. (Ext. from the Bulletin of the U. S. Geolog. Survey. Vol. iv, No. 3.) 8vo, pp. 669–705. Washington, July 29, 1878. From the author.

The Paleontologist, No. 2, September 14, 1878. 8vo, pp. 9-16. Cincinnati, U. P. James From the editor.

Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Twenty-sixth meeting, Nashville, Tenn., August, 1877. 8vo, pp. 400. Silem, Mass., 1878.

A Synopsis of the Pycnogonida of New England. By EDMUND B. WILSON. From the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Ars and Sciences, Vol. v, August, 1878. 8vo, pp. 26, 7 plates.

Upon the Relative Agency of Glaciers and Sub-glacial Streams in the Erosion of Valleys. By W. H. Niles, Boston, 1878. (From the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, Vol. xix.) 8vo, pp. 6.

Upon the Occurrence of Zones of Different Physical Features upon the Slopes of Mountains. By W. H. Niles. Boston, 1878. (From the Proceedings of the Bos

ton Society of Natural History, Vol. xix.) 8vo, pp. 7.

Ueber Dimorphismus und Variation einiger Schmetterlinge Nord-Amerikas. Von J. Boll, in Dallas, Texas, 1876. Separatabdruck aus Verhandlungen des Vereins für Naturwissenschaftliche Unterhaltung in Hamburg (1876). Bd. iii. Hamburg, Marz-April, 1878. 8vo, pp. 10. From the author.

On the Nauplius Stage of Prawns. By C. Spence Bate. (From the Annals and Magazine of Natural History for July, 1878.) 8vo, pp. 7.

On the Mollusca procured during the Lightning" and Porcupine Expeditions, 1868-70 (Part 1). By J. Gwyn Jeffreys. (From the Proceedings of the Zoölogical Society of London, April 16, 1878.) 8vo, pp. 23, 2 plates.

Isthmia nervosa, a study of its Modes of Growth and Reproduction. By J. D. Cox. Illustrated. (Reprinted from the American Jour of Microscopy.) 8vo, pp. 10. The Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Normal Ill. Circular of Information, Springfield, July, 1878. 8vo, pp. 12.

Recensio systematic animalium Bryozoorum, quæ in itineribus, annis 1875 et 1876, ad insulas Novaja Semlja et ad ostium fluminis Jenisei, duce Professore A. E. Nordenskiöld, invenerunt Doctores A. Stuxberg et H. Théel, Auctore F. A. Smitt. (Öfversigt af Kongl. Vetenskap Akademiens Förhandlingar 1878, No. 3, Stockholm.) 8vo, pp. 16.

Brehm's Thierleben. Bind 4, Helt, 4-8. Leipsig, 1878. New York, B. Westerman & Co. 8vo. 40 cents a heft.

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GENERAL NOTES.

BOTANY.

NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.-At the close of his recent work, La Morfolojia Vegetale, Professor Caruel of Pisa proposes the classification of the vegetable kingdom into five primary groups as under, viz. :

1. Phanerogamia.-Every individual is trimorphic. The first form is neutral, and is capable of indefinite development, and of organic reproduction, principally by means of buds. The organic form gives rise, through the medium of the flower, to the two other sexual forms, male and female, which have only a definite development. The male form or pollen is thalloid; the female form or gemmule (ovule) is cormoid; this last produces first, a pro-embryo as the result of the fecundation, by the fovilla of the pollen, of an oösphere contained in a closed oögonium, and finally the embryo of the neutral form which develops at the extremity of the pro-embryo, and in the same direction. In the subdivision of Phanerogamia, Professor Caruel discards the distinction between Gymnospermia and Angiospermia, retaining as the two primary classes Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, and giving the higher rank to the former.

2. Schistogamia, including Characea only. These are also trimorphic; but the male sexual form consists of vermiform phy

tozoa (antherozoids) instead of pollen-grains, formed in an antherocyst (antheridium), differing in structure from the anther; the female form consists of an oögemma (archegonium) comparable to a gemmule, but naked; the neutral form springs directly from the oösphere, which, on germinating, produces the embryo transversely.

3. Prothallogamia or Vascular Cryptogams.-These are also trimorphic. The neutral form does not produce the two sexual forms, but spores, these, on germinating, are transformed into sexual prothallia, with archegonic and naked oöspheres, and vermiform phytozoa contained in antheridia; the oöspore gives rise transversely to the embryo of the neutral form. The Prothallogamia are divided into Heterospore and Isospora.

4. Bryogamia (synonymous with Huscine). -The distinguishing character of this group is the indefinite power of development of the (female) sexual individual, together with the definite development of the neutral form or sporogonium. A consequence of this is the repeated and continued fecundation of which the female form is capable, which distinguishes the Bryogamia from the three preceding groups. The embryo springs directly from the oospore; the male forms are phytozoa. The The group is divided into Musci and Hepatica.

5. Gymnogamia (Thallophyta or Cellular Cryptogams).—The simplest Gymnogamia possesses only a single form which is reproduced organically by fission, by conidia and sporidia, or by gamogenesis, but without any sexual differentiation. In others there is sexual differentiation into male and female forms; a few have also a third neutral form, when the oospore produces zoospores, instead of passing directly into the female form. They resemble the Bryogama in the definite development of the neutral form, and the indefinite development of the female form, but differ in the zoospore-like form of the phytozoa, and in the structure of the oögonium, which is isolated and naked, and does not form parts of an archegonium. Professor Caruel altogether discards the old classification of Thallophytes into Algæ, Fungi, and Lichens, but does not propose any other in its place, and thinks it probable, that as our knowledge of some of its forms increases, it will be broken up into several primary groups. He considers it would be an advantage if the term Cryptogamia were altogether disused.-Alfred W. Bennett.

RARE FERNS IN CENTRAL FLORIDA.-On December 26, 1877. I met with Blechnum serrulatum Michx. in profusion at the northwest end of Santa Fe Lake, Florida. Subsequently I found it, equally abundant, on the opposite shore of the same lake. In both cases it grew in low hummock land, in the latter instance surrounded with magnificent specimens of the Magnolia grandiflora (trunks two feet in diameter), while in its neighborhood grew rather sparingly the rare and graceful Polypodium plumula H. B. K.

hitherto found, I believe, only at Tampa Bay. This additional station for the latter fern, so far in the interior, is of interest in its distribution. The former fern is recorded in Chapman's Flora as being found in Florida, on authority of Michaux and Buckley; while in William Edwards' Catalogue of North American Ferns, 1876, corrected by Professor D. C. Eaton, the habitat of "near Enterprise, Florida" (on the St. John's River) is given, so that I presume it is considered uncommon, if not rare.

I may also mention that I met with Ophioglossum nudicaule L. f. in an old field about one mile to the westward of Santa Fe Lake. I observed a habit in this diminutive fern (it is often barely one inch in height) which may not be generally known. I noticed that the spike or fertile part comes up wrapped in the winged petiole of the sterile part of the frond, and so remains, completely enclosed, till well advanced in its development.— Henry Gillman, Waldo, Florida.

LYCOPODIUM CERNUUM IN FLORIDA.-In November, 1877, I found this rather elegant species growing in abundance on the sides of a damp, deep ditch, at Santa Fe Lake, Florida. It seemed quite at home, developing many protean forms and luxuriant vegetation. But it grew only where the clay had been exposed or thrown out in constructing the ditch, which is many years old. Dr. Chapman in his "Flora of the Southern United States," does not include L. cernuum L.; but I believe it is common in the tropics. I am not aware that it has hitherto been discovered within the United States. At any rate, it is interesting to find it so well established on these high lands in Central Florida. I also find frequent, in the low pine barren's in this same neighborhood, L. inundatum L. var. pinnatum Chapm., hitherto recorded as from "near the coast, West Florida."Henry Gillman, Waldo, Florida.

BOTANICAL NEWS.-The Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club for July and August contains some rambling notes on collecting and preserving herbarium specimens which will be of value to young botanists. Professor Eaton records the discovery of a rare and curious moss, Conomitium julianum, at Hamden, Connecticut. A farther note on the bibliography of North American lichenography by Mr. H. Willey, and a critical, lengthy notice of Rafinesque's monograph of Lechea, together with a notice by O. R. Willis of the occurrence of Calluna vulgaris at Egg Harbor, New Jersey, with references to other new New Jersey plants, complete the number.

The seventy-sixth fasciculus of the Flora Brasiliensis consists of the Lemnacea by Hegelmaier, and the Aracea by Engler. The morphology and anatomy of the duck weeds, by the former author, is illustrated by a fine plate. The flowers and fruit of Lemna (Spirodela) polyrhiza are drawn from North American