AUTOMATIC DISTRIBUTORS AND SPECIAL FILTERS. Lomax first adopted automatic intermittent feed-Ducat's filter-Garfield's filter-Lowcock's and Colonel Waring's experiments-Results obtained by filters Automatic distributors - Stoddart's - Candy-Whittaker revolving arm-Adams' distributor-Mather and Platt's-Scott- Moncrieff's-Wilcox's distributor-Relative merits of fixed pipe and moving distributors-Appliances for automatically giving intermittent 146 What process of purification to adopt-When a sewage farm-When pre- cipitation and land-When precipitation and artificial filtration— PARTICULARS OF SEWERAGE AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL SCHEMES REQUIRED 188 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. 1. METHOD OF DISCONNECTING HOUSE-DRAINS FROM PUBLIC SEWERS 2. DIAGRAM SHOWING HOURLY FLOW OF SEWAGE 3. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING POLLUTION OF RIVER SEVERN 4. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING OUTBREAK OF TYPHOID FEVER IN TEES VALLEY 5. DIAGRAM SHOWING NUMBER OF BACTERIA AT VARIOUS DEPTHS OF INTERMITTENT SEWAGE FILTER 7. METHOD OF IRRIGATING STIFF CLAY LAND 8. CAGE SEWAGE SCREENS 9. DIAGRAM OF METHOD OF LAYING-OUT A SEWAGE FARM 10. COMPLETE-REST PRECIPITATION TANKS 11. IMPROVED DORTMUND TANK 12. THE CANDY TANK 13. DETRITUS TANK 14. CENTRIFUGAL DETRITUS TANK DOWNWARD 15, 16. MESSRS. ADAMS' LATERAL-CONTACT SYSTEM OF FILTRATION 20. DIAGRAM ILLUSTRATING AUTOMATIC SEWAGE DISTRIBUTOR 21. SECTION THROUGH Lowcock's FILTER 22. ASPIRATING FILTER, BELPER (C. J. LOMAX) 23. STODDART'S DISTRIBUTOR PAGE 8 31 41 45 53 54 57 61 78 81 82 93 93 100 107 135 139 150 151 153 155 24. ORIGINAL CANDY REVOLVING ARM, WITH OVERFEED 25. CANDY-WHITTAKER REVOLVING ARM, WITH MERCURIAL SEAL 26, 27 (Folding plate). DITTO, IN PLAN AND SECTION 28. SECTION THROUGH ADAMS' CRESSET DISTRIBUTOR, WITH DOUBLE FIG. 30. SECTIONS THROUGH MATHER AND PLATT'S REVOLVING DISTRIBUTOR 31. THE SAME DISTRIBUTOR AT WORK 32. SCOTT-MONCRIEFF'S TRAVELLING DISTRIBUTOR PAGE 165 167 169 33. THE WILCOX-RAIKES TRAVELLING DISTRIBUTOR AT WORK AT HANLEY 173 34. AUTOMATIC TIPPER AT WORK 35. MATHER AND PLATT'S AUTOMATIC FEED-CHAMBER 36. COLMAN'S AUTOMATIC INTERMITTER 175 . 178 179 THE PURIFICATION OF SEWAGE. CHAPTER I. SEWAGE: ITS NATURE AND COMPOSITION. Definition of sewage-Sewage from water-closet and non-water-closet towns -Recommendations of Royal Commission on sewage disposal-Trade effluents to be admitted into sewers- -Special charges therefor-Proposed Central Rivers Authority and Watershed Boards-Their duties— Plea for the general adoption of water-closets. By "sewage," which is derived from the Anglo-Saxon "seon (to flow down), is meant the liquid contents of a sewer. This, in its simplest form from a village or non-water-closet town, iş frequently designated "slop-water." It contains the liquid excretions of the inhabitants; the foul waters from the kitchens containing vegetable and animal matters, bits of fat, and other refuse; the "suds" from the washing of dirty linen, cooking utensils, and the people themselves, holding in solution and suspension soap, fatty acids, and the exudations from the human skin. Such soapy slops, as every one is aware, if allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, become most foul and offensive. Then there is the dirty water from the washing of floors, the swilling of yards, the solid and liquid excretions of animals in the streets, the drainage from stables and pig-sties, the blood and other animal matters from slaughter-houses, silt from street sweepings, and sometimes, if the town is an old one, the most offensive and concentrated filth of all, the soakage from privy-middens. From B |