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to christen it the "Ashburnham Missal." It was difficult to refuse the request of its noble owner, who had placed the MS. so liberally at my disposal, and to whom I was indebted for so much courtesy and hospitality. But I was fortified by a letter from Dr. Reeves, Dean of Armagh, objecting to that, or, indeed, to any other change of nomenclaF. E. WARREN.

ture.

It seems a natural inference from this interesting document that the language of South Britain during the Roman period was Irish; an inference confirming the deductions of those who have adopted a similar conclusion from the examination of place-names, and various manners, customs, and words surviving from that period. No doubt many who, for various reasons, were refugees from England, would find an asylum in Ireland, and some would resent the submission to Roman rule and influence of those who remained, and therefore called them speckled = mongrel, and stigmatized their speech as stammering, a defect which may be attributed to the changes induced by the lapse of time and intercourse with Romans and others of foreign speech. Through such immigration it is not unlikely Christianity was introduced into Ireland, whence it may have been revivified when dormant in England. JOSEPH BOULT. Liverpool.

GOODWIN SANDS AND (?) STEEPLE (6th S. viii. 430). The editor of Burt's Letters has substituted "Salisbury" for "Tenterden." This is the original passage:

"Well then (quoth Maister Moore) how say you in this matter? What think ye to be the cause of these shelves and flats that stoppe up Sandwich haven? For sooth Sir (quoth he) I am an old man, I thinke that Tenterton steeple is the cause of Goodwin sands. For I am an old man, Sir (quoth he) and I may remember the building of Tenterton steeple, and I may remember when there was no steeple at all there. And before that Tenterton steeple was in building, there was no manner of speaking of any flats or sands that stopped the haven, and therefore I think that Tenterton steeple is the cause of the destroying and decay of Sandwich haven. And even so to my purpose is preaching of gods word y cause of rebellion, as Tenterton steeple was cause that Sandwich haven is decayed."-Sermon preached at Westminster before King Edward VI., 1550; Latimer's Fruitful Sermons, 4to. 1578 or 1596, pp. 106, 107.

JOHN E. T. LOVEDAY.

See Latimer's Sermons, fol. 109, ed. 1575. The passage referred to is quoted by Southey in his Colloquies, notes, p. 323 (London, John Murray, 1829), from Sir Thomas More's Dyalogue, fol. 145,

ed. 1530.

J. B.

The editor of Burt's Letters must have written from a dim recollection, and so blundered "Tenterden" into "Salisbury." The passage in Latimer occurs in his last sermon preached before Edw. VI. In the edition of the Sermons edited for the Parker

Society, Cambridge, 1844, the reference is p. 251.
The story is derived from Sir Thomas More. See
the note by the editor on that page.
J. INGLE DREDGE.

ence to Latimer is the Last Sermon Preached
"Salisbury" is obviously an error. The refer-
before King Edward VI.; see also Sir Thomas
More's Dyalogue, iv. 145.

EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M. A. Library, Claremont, Hastings.

viii. 385). I think I have "GOD BE WITH US!"=THE DEVIL (6th S. met analogous instances of the involution of several times phraseology inquired for, rendering the sense by the contrary expression. moment I only recall three. At the present Job where his wife says to him, "Curse God and 1. In the passage in die" the Douai version has the rendering "Bless God and die." 2. From the constant use of the oath "Sacré nom de Dieu !" one may sometimes hear Frenchmen of the lower orders adopt it as an actual appellation for the thing sworn at. I remember once hearing this carried still further in the days of diligences over Mont Cenis. Complaining of the lean appearance of the horses provided at one of the posts, the driver, in the midst of a volley of other invectives, said, "Il paraît que vous ne donnez que de la mousse à ces satanés noms de the column of facetic) of an Irish newspaper I Dieu!" 3. In the ordinary law report (not in once saw a portion of a woman's evidence given thus: "There was no other blessed sinner present but myself and the great God.” R. H. BUSK.

THE FOWLER FAMILY (6th S. viii. 427, 459).—In the Norman People "Fowler" is derived as follows: "Rainerus Auceps, or Fowler, of Normandy, 1198 (M.R.S.). Gamel Auceps paid a fine in York, 1158 (Rot. Pip.). Stephen and Thomas Aucuparius. of England, c. 1272. Also Juliana, Adam, Walter Fouldre (R. H.)." Fludyer, Fullagar, Foulger, and Fulger, the author of the above book considers. to have been corruptions of De Fougeres, or Fulgiers, in Bretagne. The barons of Fulgiers had many branches in England, which he enumerates. STRIX.

SPREAD: NORFOLK PRONUNCIATION (6th S. viii. 346). The invariable pronunciation of spread whenever used: thus," Let me spreed your butter." among the working classes in the country is spreed, WM. VINCENT.

Burke's Gen. Armory (1878) your querist would HARRIS [OF BOREATTON] (6th S. viii. 408).—In 1622 in the person of Sir Thomas Harris, of have found mention of this baronetcy, created in Boreatton, co. Salop, Master in Chancery, extinct in 1685. The arms are given as, "Or, three hedgehogs az."; crest, "A hedgehog or." Harris of Lakeview, Blackrock, co. Cork, as confirmed to

William Prittie Harris, of the family of Harris of Assolat, co Cork, is the only Irish coat resembling Boreatton. NOMAD.

REYNOLDS (6th S. vii. 328; viii. 36).-The arms of Chief Baron Reynolds were Az., a chevron ermine between three cross-crosslets fitchy arg., a crescent for difference; crest, a dove (or eagle close) arg., ducally gorged, and line reflexed over the back or. I shall be glad to give MR. COBBOLD further information of the judge's family, or the correspondent who inquired a few weeks ago concerning the chief baron's great-grandfather, Sir James Reynolds of Castle Camps.

REGINALDUS.

SIR JOHN ODINGSELLS LEEKE, BART. (6th S. viii. 448).—While endeavouring to follow up some phantom knights, in the account of another family, I found it expedient to trace the generations of Leeke, of Newark-upon-Trent. A baronetcy, conferred on Francis Leeke of that place, Dec. 15, 1663, became extinct, by the death of his only son Francis, A.D. 1682. In May of that year Clifton Leeke, of Newark, proved the will of his nephew, the said second baronet; his own will, dated March 13, 1682/3, being proved May 4 following. In the last-named will mention is made of John, son of John Leeke, of Epperstone; and Thoroton's Notts (p. 294) shows that his name in full was John Odingsells Leeke. He was a lawyer, and some of his documents in the British Museum are indexed as being those of Sir John Odingsells Leeke; but the last of the series, dated May 13, 1730, is endorsed "Mr. Leeke's opinion of Copyhold." All which tends to show that his son, or grandson, "dubbed" him baronet after his deIf descendants exist your correspondent at Norwich would appear favourably situated for acquiring a knowledge of them; but it gives me pleasure to offer the foregoing information.

cease.

J. S.

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Red Castle, in Wales, is Powis Castle, Montgomeryshire, the principal seat of the Earl of Powis. It is about a mile distant from the town of Welshpool. W. W.

THE GLASTONBURY THORN (6th S. vi. 513; vii. 217, 258).-Several trees which are descended by cuttings from the Holy Thorn still exist in and about Glastonbury. One of them, of somewhat scanty and straggling growth, occupies the site of the original thorn, on the summit of Weary-all Hill. Another, a much finer tree, compact and healthy, stands on private premises, near the entrance of a house that faces the abbot's kitchen. These descendants of the Glastonbury thorn inherit the famous peculiarity of that tree. C. W. S.

THE FIFTH CENTENARY OF THE DEATH OF WYCLIFFE (6th S. viii. 492).-At this reference you did me the honour of inserting a note of mine about the completion at the end of this year of five hundred years, or exactly half a millennium, since the death of Wycliffe, the "morning star of the English Reformation." It is remarkable that, as in the case of Luther, the precise date of his birth is somewhat uncertain, although it was probably 1324. But this note is concerned with the question of the exact date of the final seizure with paralysis, of which he died on the last day of the year 1384. It is commonly stated to have been Innocents' Day, i. e. December 28, three days before his death. But we are told by his biographer, the Rev. John Lewis (formerly Vicar of Minster, Thanet), that the Teignmouth Chronicle and Walsingham say that it took place the day after, e., Dec. 29, which was that of the feast of Abp. Becket; and he quotes one of Wycliffe's adversaries as saying that "on the day of St. Thomas the Martyr, Archbishop of Canterbury, viz. Dec. 29, the day after H. Innocents, John Wiclif, the organ of the Devil, the enemy of the Church, the confusion of the common people, the idol of heretics, the looking-glass of hypocrites, the encourager of schism, the sower of hatred, and the maker of lies, when he designed, as it is reputed, to belch out accusations and blasphemies against St. Thomas in the sermon he had prepared for that day, was suddenly struck by the judgment of God," &c. Apparently, therefore, the day of the seizure must remain uncertain, and may have been

The name of this baronet does not appear in the English, Scotch, or Irish lists of baronets in the Royal Kalendars of 1815 or 1816; nor (as it appears from the London Gazette) was any such baronetcy created in those years. It is also worthy. of notice that neither the Annual Register nor the Gentleman's Magazine, in their respective notices of Sir John's death, give him the appellation of

baronet.

G. F. R. B.

RED CASTLE (6th S. viii. 428). Surely the place of which your querist is in search is the "Rouge Chastiel," or "Castle of Radeclif," of the Audleys of Helegh and Red Castle, and in that case it is in Shropshire, not in Wales. Some account of this Red Castle will be found in Mr. Eyton's Shropshire, vol. ix. p. 344, s.v. Weston," where it may be seen how it came to the Audleys from Matilda Extranea, and how Henry de Audley

Dec. 28 or 29; that of his death is by all stated
to have been Dec. 31.
W. T. LYNN.
Blackheath.

A FELLOWSHIP (6th S. viii. 513).—The difficulty of this phrase is not in the fellowship, but in the a. Here a is not the indefinite article, but the M.E. prep. a, short for an, which is the more correct form of on, and signifies (as often in Middle English) in. It occurs in a-foot, a-sleep, and the like. Hence a fellowship means "ir fellowship," i.e., in good fellowship, in the name of good fellowship, and is a mere phrase, like the phrase "I pray thee," which occurs for it in our Authorized Version. It occurs again in the phrases "a God's name" often in Shakespeare, and in "a this fashion" (Hamlet, V. i. 218).

Cambridge.

WALTER W. SKEAT.

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CHRISTMAS EVE OBSERVANCE (6th S. viii. 516). -The lines quoted by LECTOR evidently refer to the time when the festival of the Nativity was celebrated by three masses, the first commencing at midnight, the second at daybreak, and the third at the third hour, or 9 A.M. It has always been the custom of the Church to celebrate the mass at the commencement of the day, between daybreak and 9 A.M. The only exceptions to this rule are (1) the midnight mass on Christmas Day; (2) in cases of necessity, as, a, where a person is sick or about to die, and there is no consecrated Host available; b, where a bishop is travelling he may not depart without having heard mass; c, by dispensation. The use in the Romish Church of three masses on Christmas Day is very ancient. Thelesphorus, who was Pope A.D. 127, decreed that three masses should be sung in Festo Nativitatis, to denote that the birth of Christ brought salvation to the fathers of three periods, viz., the fathers

before, under, and after the law. Down to 1549 it was usual to have three masses on Christmas Day in this country. In the Prayer-Book issued that year only two were appointed, and in 1552 For the doctrinal only one mass is ordered. significance of the three masses I refer LECTOR ed. 1486, lib. vi. fol. cli, and Burchard's Ordo to Durandus, Rationale Divinorum Officiorum, F. A. B. Misse, ed. 1512, fol. ii.

Christmas Eve is the only night when mass is sung. Mass is always said before 12 noon, except on Maundy Thursday, when it may be said as late as 3 P.M., and Christmas Eve. The practice of evening communions is an innovation within living memory, and is against all precedent. To receive fasting is the rule of the Catholic Church, still observed by many old-fashioned people in various parts of England, and is again reviving. E. LEATON BLENKINSOpp.

The lines are a simple description of midnight mass, which is usually celebrated in Catholic countries at midnight between Christmas Eve and Christmas Day. E. WALFORD, M.A.

Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

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Allow me to correct an error in MR. WHIST's communication concerning Lady Bellenden. Minna and Brenda were not the daughters, but the nieces, of Mr. Morritt of Rokeby, Sir W. Scott's friend. They were the daughters of his brother, brought up by him. E. C.

AARON BURR: TURNERELLI (6th S. viii. 495). -P. Turnerelli, not Turnevelli, exhibited a bust of Col. Burr at the Royal Academy in 1809, No. 788. Peter Turnerelli was born in 1774 at BelElizabeth John de la Pole, Earl Edward IV. of Suffolk.

fast. He was brought up as a priest, but preferred art. He came to London at the age of eighteen, and was a pupil of M. Chenu, and a student of the Royal Academy. He was appointed sculptor to the Queen, and died March 20, 1839. ALGERNON GRAVES.

CARDINAL POLE (6th S. viii. 429).-To show the relationship between John de la Pole and Cardinal Pole allow me to append the following genealogy :

George, Duke of Isabel Neville, dau. of the
Clarence.
Earl of Warwick.

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"Any cap, whatever it be,

Is still the sign of some degree," calls the "cap divine" (the square cap now used by the university) "Square; like the scholars and their books." STRIX.

DANIEL RACE (6th S. viii. 446).-The inscription at the bottom of the picture, which hangs in the lobby of the Bank parlour, will answer MR. STROTHER'S query:—

"Daniel Race, Chief Cashier of the Bank of England, in the 76th year of his age and 55 of his service. This portrait was here placed March, 1773, by order of the Governor and Directors, in testimony of his singular excellence of mind and manners, eminent abilities, fidelity, and attention, uniformly exerted for the in terests of the Bank and the Public."

Daniel Race was Chief Cashier of the Bank of England from 1739 to 1775; Charles Jewson then held the office for two years, and was succeeded by the well-known Abraham Newland; Henry Hare succeeded the latter in 1807; Rippon, Matthew Marshall, William Miller, and George Forbes intervening between Hare and our present cashier, Frank May, appointed in 1873.

The picture, painted by Thos. Hickey, 1773, is a very good one, and so is that of Abraham Newland, and if MR. STROTHER desires to see them, he can ask at the door of the parlour, and one of the servants will show them.

HENRY H. GIBBS.

AWNE: OWN: ONE (6th S. viii. 247, 457).-I have examined a copy of the book of Common Prayer, printed by Richard Jugge and John Cawood, with the date 1560, and find it is "one oblation." OCTAVIUS MORGAN.

It may perhaps interest your correspondent F. A. B. to know that in Edward VI. Prayer Book of 1549 the term " one oblation " is given. C. L. PRINCE.

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CONTINUATION OF THE "SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY" (6th S. viii. 428, 475), not by Eugenius, but by Mr. Shandy, who, in his preface to the sequel describes himself as a base-born son of Yorick, who has attempted to trace the path his sire had marked out, and to speak of incidents that would, in all probability, have happened in his way, had he lived to have trod the ground himself." My copy of the sequel, edition 1793, fcap. 8vo., and 2 vols. bound in one, was printed for T. Baker, Southampton, and S. Crowder, Paternoster Row, London. The sequel abounds in "mots à double entente," and there, I doubt, all likeness ends between son and sire. Is it known who the former was? FREDK. RULE.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (6th S. vi. A Narrative of Events connected with the Publication of 430; vii. 119).—

"Omne rarum carum, vilescit quotidianum." I have lately met with what is apparently the original source of this line, for which inquiry was made u.s.:"Rarum esse oportet, quod diu carum velis." Publius Syrus, Sententiæ, 1. 235, p. 22, Anclam., 1838.

Miscellaneous.

ED. MARSHALL.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &c.

the Tracts for the Times. With an Introduction and MR. PALMER is well known as a writer on theological Supplement extending to the Present Time. By William Palmer. (Rivington & Co.) controversy. Long before "N. & Q." came into existence, long before most of its writers and readers were born, Mr. Palmer was at work studying the early liturgies. In those days few people knew anything about the service-books of the early and middle ages. Many not ill-educated people in those days thought that nearly everything in the Prayer-Book of the Church of England was written for the first time in the sixteenth century. Mr. Palmer's Origines Liturgica was one of those books from its merits to say that more recent writers, whose which satisfied an undeniable want. It does not detract have produced works which have in a great measure antiquarian and historical knowledge has been wider, displaced the Origines as a book of reference. Of Mr. Palmer's other contributions to literature we can say little. He has always proved himself a sturdy and well equipped controversialist in favour of the old High Church opinions of Andrewes, Laud, and Cousin. His present book, though in name a history, is, in fact, a defence of his own views. Apart from all theological un-position we may take up, we must all of us feel that the bias it will be found well worth reading. Oxford movement, like the rise of Methodism under the Whatever teaching of the Wesleys, is an historical fact of which, if we would understand the growth of English thought, books treating on the beginnings and development of we cannot afford to be ignorant. We have read many what, in the slang of forty years ago, was called Trinitarianism. We cannot call to mind one that gives a clearer account of what happened. In his judgments are sure he always tells us the truth just as it appeared of motives we think Mr. Palmer often onesided, but we to him. Test and Corporation Acts, the Roman Catholic Emancipation Bill, and the admission of Nonconformists to A gentleman who holds that the repeal of the Oxford and Cambridge, were political mistakes, dangerous to the cause of religion, cannot, it will be conceded, be expected to write without party bias.

London Cries: with Six Charming Children. The Text by Andrew W. Tuer. (Field & Tuer.) Is the shape of an illustrated gift-book Mr. Tuer has supplied a volume equally interesting to the bibliographer and the antiquary. To the latter his London Cries appeals, on the strength of preserving some of the quaintest features of London life in Tudor and Stuart times as well as in modern days. The former cannot fail to prize a volume reproducing with absolute fidelity illustrations which fetch long prices in the salerooms. Few books of the season are handsomer or more attractive than this, the designs being in their way surpassable and the letterpress sparkling and vivacious. For his illustrations Mr. Tuer has laid under contribution Rowlandson, several of whose charateristic Sketches of the Lower Orders, 1820, are copied in facsimile, including the colour. A series of Catnach cuts are taken from the wooden blocks of the famous Catnach press. Three or four designs are from George Cruikshank, and others are taken from children's books now of excessive rarity. "Six Charming Children," which are given as full-page illustrations, and are printed both in red and brown, were first published in 1819, a copy of the early edition being now worth ten to twelve guineas in the auction rooms. Of the authorship of the designs nothing is known. They are in the style of Cypriani. With the marked conviction that purchasers will tear out the illustrations for the purpose of putting them in scrapbooks, Mr. Tuer employs one side only of the Those capable of thus treating the volume must be singularly deficient in reverence and in taste for archæology. The letterpress has very distinct value, and should in itself secure the popularity of the volume. As Mr. Tuer says, most of the cries have entirely disap. peared. Every variety of goods seems to have been at one time sold in the streets. More of these cries and noises than is generally supposed still exist. Through our quiet streets the vendor of crockery still wanders, knocking two basins together, for the joint purpose of showing the soundness of his wares and making a noise compared with which the bell of the muffin-man seems almost musical. "Buy a clothes prop!" is shouted out daily, with a strange snapping accentuation of the word "prop." The musical cry "Young lambs to sell!" is still to be heard in the London streets, and in one or two districts some announcements concerning baked taturs are equally melodious and incomprehensible. As Mr. Tuer states, some of the cries are intended to be unintelligible. Apart from such cries as "Milk ho!" and "Old clothes!" which have been abbreviated into wholly meaningless ejaculations, some cries are made to sound like something different and comical. "Holloway cheese cakes," a cry now disused, was thus pronounced,"All my teeth ache." To the lover of the past Mr. Tuer's book may be confidently recommended. It is a delightful gift-book, and, especially in the shape of the large-paper edition, a most desirable possession.

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The Natural Genesis. By Gerald Massey. 2 vols. "THE NATURAL GENESIS" is the second half of A Book (Williams & Norgate.) of the Beginnings. The two together complete Mr. Massey's contribution to the study of evolution, of which of the book is that Africa, not Asia, is the cradle of the the author is a staunch champion. The chief contention traced to an African origin, and explained with Egypt human race; that all myths, types, and religion may be as an interpreter. Throughout the whole work the author displays extraordinary labour and learning of a very varied character. Every age and country contributes to illustrate or support Mr. Massey's theories. But it is impossible to offer an estimate of the value of such a book, which is the result of aboriginal research, and which deals with primeval matter. The subject is so special, the treatment so peculiar, the mass of facts so portentous, that few persons in England are as yet competent to appreciate at their real merits the many ingenious theories and suggestions which are scattered times difficult to follow the author's drift, there is always over these pages. At the same time, while it is somemuch to instruct and interest the reader. Unenlightened persons will be none the less amused if here and there the illustrations seem rather omnivorously than critically collected, the comparisons made on the Macedon-andMonmouth principle, the facts treated in Procrustean fashion. It may be as well to mention that Mr. Massey

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