cludes his note with a quotation, in Greek and
English, from Plutarch's treatise on Animal Food.
A further notice of Shelley's views on this subject
will be found in Hogg's Life of Shelley, vol. ii.
pp. 418-432.
W. E. BUCKley.

MR. HUGHES can find Shelley's essay on vegetarianism in any edition of the poetical works which gives the notes to Queen Mab, or in almost any one of the numerous separate editions of that poem. The essay or note illustrates a passage on the same subject in the text of the poem, and was elaborated into a separate pamphlet, with additions, and was published the same year as that in which the poem was privately printed (1813). I believe the treatise was reprinted as an appendix to an American medical work (Dr. Turnbull's Manual on Health) in 1835, and in 1880 I reprinted it in its integrity in my edition of Shelley's H. BUXTON FORMAN. Prose Works, vol. ii.

Smith's Fruits and Farinacea the Proper Diet of Man, 1845. This is a clever book, naming many writers on the subject and their works. Smith has also written a good book on Vegetable Cookery, 1866. If this subject be pursued far, it will be well to procure Vilmorin-Andrieux et Cie.'s Description des Plantes Potagères. In Mr. Beach's American Practice Condensed (New York, 1857) there is, at p. 11, a good résumé of facts as to the difference between animal and vegetable diet. In Sir John Sinclair's Code of Health there is much in favour of a vegetable diet. Lankester, in his Popular Lectures on Food, says very little to the purpose, but still the chapter commencing at p. 119 can be consulted. Prof. Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life, 2 vols., 1855, does not contain much on the subject, but admits that vegetable diet is in every part of the world the chief staff of life. Sylvester Graham's Science of Human Life, 1854, is one of the best repertories of all that needs to be known on the subject. He is strenuously in favour of vegetarian 46, Marlborough Hill, St. John's Wood, N.W. diet. Shelley thought that all vice might be exShelley's contribution to the literature of vegepelled from the world if men would only eschew tarianism originally appeared as a note to Queen flesh; but I am unable to point to the passage. Mab, and was afterwards (in the same year, 1813) James Bontius, physician to the Dutch settle-issued as a pamphlet, A Vindication of Natural ment at Batavia, wrote a treatise, De Conservanda Diet. I think it may be found in any edition of Valetudine ac Dieta, 1645, in which he advocates Shelley's prose works. Some time since I bought a vegetarian diet, chiefly, however, in view of a a lot of old pamphlets, and amongst them were residence in the East. A. Cocchi, an eminent some sheets of the library edition of Shelley's physician of Florence, wrote a work which in works, the Vindication of Natural Diet being 1745 was translated into English as The Pytha- complete. It has been passed from hand to hand, gorean Diet; or, Vegetables only conducive to and bears marks of usage; but if MR. HUGHES has Preservation of Health and the Cure of Diseases. any difficulty in procuring a copy, I shall be happy John Frank Newton wrote a Return to Nature; to lend him mine if he will send me his address. or, a Defence of the Vegetable Regimen, 1811. H. SCHERREN.

This is all I can refer to just now. Putting prejudice aside, two things are certain. Men can live in full strength upon a vegetable diet, never touching flesh. They will be less feverish, have less disease, and will when afflicted recover quicker than those whose staple food is flesh. But once you have accustomed the system to flesh there will be craving for flesh, and relapses recurring at intervals, which it is best to indulge. Secondly, you could feed four times the population if all were vegetarians. C. A. WARD.

He slays the lamb that looks him in the face,"

pp. 161-182, ed. Clark, 1821, is the last note in the volume. Shelley seems to have been influenced and led to adopt this system by "Mr. Newton's Keturn to Nature; or, Defence of Vegetable Regimen, Cadell, 1811." (In the edition of Queen Mab by J. Brookes, 1829, at p. 198, this author's name is printed erroneously Newland.) Shelley refers also to Dr. Lamb's Reports on Cancer, and con

68, Lamb's Conduit Street, W.C.
In Shelley's Queen
lines:-

Mab are the following
"No longer now
He slays the lamb that looks him in the face,
And horribly devours his mangled flesh,
Which, still avenging nature's broken law,
Kindled all putrid humours in his frame,
All evil passions and all vain belief,
Hatred, despair, and loathing in his mind,
The germs of misery, death, disease, and crime.
No longer now the winged inhabitants,
That in the woods their sweet lives sing away,
Flee from the form of man," &c.

Poetical Works, edited by Mrs. Shelley,
Moxon, 1810, p. 17.

And in the notes on this poem Shelley refers
at great length to this passage, and cites several
authors, conspicuously Newton's Return to Nature;
or, Defence of Vegetable Regimen, Cadell, 1811, in
support of his own declaration that the depra-
vity of the physical and moral nature of man
originated in his unnatural habits of life.

Preston.

JAMES HIBBERT.

I have no doubt that if MR. HUGHES applied to

There is a treatise of Porphyry, De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium, and there are two of Plutarch, De Esu Carnium. See also Plato, De Legibus, 1. vi. p. 626, Lugd., 1590; Hierocles, In Aurea Pythagoreorum Carm., p. 303, Lon., 1673;-te Lilius Gyraldus, De Interpretatione Symb., "Ab Animalibus Abstinendum," ibid. ad calc., pp. 160ED. MARSHALL.

ingly side with MR. FEDERER. The ordinary German PARALLEL PASSAGES (6th S. vii. 325; viii. 51). infinitive includes the Eng. to, and SIR J. A.-My knowledge of Lockhart's paper on Greek PICTON'S mistake seems to have arisen from his tragedy, in which was the passage resembling, and being unaware of this fact. Thus ärgern alone perhaps suggestive of, Tennyson's line in Locksley means "to make angry, to provoke, to vex," and Hall, was derived from an article in Blackwood's so "zu Tode ärgern" means "to vex to death," Magazine for July, 1882, on "The Lights of the zu belonging to Tode only, and not to ärgern. Maga, ii.," i. e. J. G. Lockhart. Giving the writer That this is so is indisputably shown by such a credit for accuracy in his quotations, I copied his sentence as "Er that sein Möglichstes, ihn zu extracts verbatim from p. 120 of the above number. Tode zu ärgern" (He did his utmost to vex him C. M. I., however, has proved that the author of to death), where the infinitive requires a zu, and "The Lights of Maga" was not so careful as your the zu belonging to the infinitive has to be put in present correspondent, who was misled by placing between the subst. Tode and the infinitive. too implicit confidence in the authority before him, whose words, moreover, he had no means at hand of verifying. Non cuivis homini contingit to have a complete set of Blackwood on his own shelves.

Sydenham Hill.

F. CHANCE.

I should like to know what authority SIR J. A. PICTON has for stating that "at a comparatively early period this preterite [A.-S. code] was dropped, and in its place went, the present tense of the secondary verb wendan, from windan, to wind, was adopted," &c. I have always understood that wentwended was a past indefinite form, and I believe I have the corroborative evidence of Prof. Skeat and Dr. R. Morris.

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

SINGULAR ERROR OF HUMBOLDT CONCERNING A SUPPOSED NEW STAR IN THE FOURTH CENTURY (6th S. viii. 404).—Since I wrote the note you have kindly inserted at this reference, I have noticed that the mistake in question was made before Humboldt by Cassini, so that it was probably taken from him, although Cuspinianus is the authority given by both authors. Cassini's work, Eléments d'Astronomie, was published in 1740. In it, at p. 59, occurs this passage :

"Une troisième [i.e., new star] que Cuspinianus, au rapport de Licetus (p. 259), découvrit l'an 389 vers l'Aigle, et qui cessa de paroître, après avoir été vue aussi brillante que Venus, dans l'espace de trois semaines." I cannot find the passage of Cuspinianus in any extant work of his; and it would seem that it was also inaccessible to Cassini, as he refers to Licetus, whose book, De Novis Astris et Cometis, was pubfished at Venice in 1623. The passage (in p. 259) relating to this subject is,—

a

"Cuspinianus autem paullo post nimirum anno nativitate Domini tercentesimo octoagesimo nono, ut retulit etiam Tycho, stellam quamdam a Septemtrione circa Gallicinium scribit ascendisse, et instar Luciferi splenduisse, atque intra spatium trium hebdomadarum disparuisse."

This description of a "star" quoted by Licetus from Cuspinianus, agrees with that given by Marcellinus in his Chronicon; and (as I have already pointed out) refers, in all probability, to the dorm παράδοξος καὶ ἀήθης of Philostorgius, which was undoubtedly, in reality, a comet, as is evident from its motion amongst the stars.

Blackheath,

W. T. LYNN.

W. E. BUCKLEY.

"ENGROSSED IN THE PUBLIC" (6th S. viii. 495, 523).-This expression will find its explanation in the circumstances of the trade with Africa at the time when the adventures of Robinson Crusoe middle of the seventeenth century. were supposed to have taken place-say about the

The quotation is not given quite correctly. Crusoe had been describing to his friends in Brazil the advantages of the trade with the Coast of Guinea; how easy it was to purchase there for trifles not only gold dust, elephants' teeth, &c., but negroes for the service of the Brazils in great numbers. This trade, however, would have to be carried on furtively, since "at that time, so far as it was, it had been carried on by the assientos, or permission of the kings of Spain and Portugal, and engrossed in the public stock; so that few negroes were brought, and those excessive dear." In other words, the trade was a close monopoly, carried on by a joint-stock company.

In 1662 Charles II. granted a charter to a body of merchants under the title of "The Company of Royal Adventurers of England to Africa," granting them the exclusive right to the trade in negroes. This company having become much involved, and unable to proceed, resigned their charter in favour of another company, called "The Royal African Asiento Company," which in 1689 entered into a contract to supply the Spanish West Indies with slaves. The previous charter was abrogated in 1689, by sections 1 and 2 of the Bill of Rights, but the company continued for some time masters of the situation, and it was not until the early years the slave trade became successful. of the eighteenth century that private enterprise in The term "engrossed in the public stock" thus becomes quite intelligible.

Sandyknowe, Wavertree.

J. A. PICTON.

Although I cannot explain these words, quoted by ZURY (our old friend was Xury), I may offer the following readings. In Elliot Stock's facsimile reprint of the first edition of Robinson Crusoe,

Perhaps Defoe wrote "engrossed from the publick." Such a phrase sounds harsh and strange; but if the kings of Spain and Portugal engrossed the trade in negroes, and kept it from the public, they might be said to engross it from the public. I offer this merely as a suggestion. J. DIXON.

1719 (1883), the words are "engrossed in the pub- | bi” (Rob. of Brunne, tr. of Langtoft, ed. Hearne, lick "; in Major's edition, 1831, "engrossed in p. 267); "His doughter had a bed al by hir-selve, the public stock"; in a French translation by Right in the same chambre by and by" (Chaucer, Petrus Borel, Paris, 1836, "qui en avaient le C. T., 4140). Here it means in a parallel direcmonopole public"; in a German version, by Prof. tion; not as near as possible. Further, says Carl Courtin, Stuttgart, 1836, "er ein Monopol Mätzner, it is used with reference to the succeswar." sion of separate circumstances; hence, in due order, successively, gradually, separately, singly. "These were his wordes by and by" (Rom. of the Rose, 4581); "Whan William......had taken homage of barons bi and bi" (Rob. of Brunne, as above, p. 73); “This is the genelogie...... Of kynges bi and bi" (id. p. 111); "By and by, si[n]gillatim" added those already cited. To these examples may be (Prompt. Parv.). In later times the phrase came to mean "in course of time," and hence either (1) immediately, as in the A.V. of the Bible, or (2) after a while, as usual at present. On this later use see Wright's Bible Word-book, new edition. We thus see that the earliest authority for the phrase is Robert of Brunne, who is one of the most important authors in the whole of English literature, seeing that Mr. Oliphant has shown that it is his form of English rather than Chaucer's which is actually the literary language. It seems a pity, under the circumstances, that he should be a source unknown" to any one; but Hearne's edition is out of print and scarce, and we still wait for a new one. WALTER W. SKEAT.

THE MANX LANGUAGE (6th S. vi. 208, 435; vii. 316, 395).-When A MANXMAN stated that a woman who died about ten years ago at the village of Kirk Andreas was the last person who could not speak English, he should have added, in the northern part of the island. Thus limited, his assertion might have been correct. As it stands it is not so. I have recently made inquiries as to the accuracy of the statements contained in my former note on this subject, and, through the kindness of a gentleman who resides permanently in the Isle of Man, I am able not only to confirm, but to add to them. I have ascertained that the woman Kagan (or Keggen, as I now have the name) is still living, and that both she and her husband are quite unable to speak or understand English. The old man is eighty years of age; his wife, seventy-eight. It is also stated, on trustworthy authority, that in Nonague, four miles from Port Erin, is a man named Kurly, who cannot speak English; but my information in this case is not direct.

PORTRAIT OF A LADY (6th S. viii. 517).-There can be little doubt as to who the lady was, viz., Margaret, daughter of Francis Russell, second Earl of Bedford (he died 1585), and wife_of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. The latter died in 1605, aged forty-seven, s.p.m., but From the foregoing it will be seen that, with left an only daughter, Ann Clifford, married first regard to language, the inhabitants of the southern to Richard Sackville, Earl of Dorset, secondly to part of the island are more primitive than those Philip, Earl of Pembroke. She only had issue by of the northern districts. This state of things, her first husband. It appears that Margaret's however, is just the reverse of what we were asked father obtained the wardship of George Clifford, to believe. The country around Jurby is not un-third Earl of Cumberland in 13 Elizabeth (see letter known to me, and I was well aware that in that neighbourhood Manx was still spoken. But for strangers the district has few attractions save Runic stones, and monuments of this class may be found in other and more accessible parts of the island. C. W. S. BY-AND-BY (6th S. viii. 469, 527).-The statement that by was repeated in order to signify "as near as possible" has no true foundation. Examples show that it means rather "in due order." Such phrases are best understood by consulting the right books, viz., Matzner's and Stratmann's old English dictionaries. Mätzner is quite clear about it. He says that bi and bi sometimes indicates "in order, with reference to space." He cites, "Two yonge knightes, ligging by and by," i. e., side by side (Chaucer, C. T., 1013); "He slouh twenti, Ther hedes quyte and clene he laid tham bi and

written by him on the subject dated from Russell Place, January 3, 1570), and that thus early, when his daughter, according to the date on the picture, could only have been ten years of age, there had been "communication betweene my Lord of Cumberland and me, for the marriage of his sonne to one of my daughters." This marriage, though consummated, unfortunately did not turn out completely happy, and the earl and his consort were separated during the latter years of the earl's life.

D. G. C. E.

The arms are those of Clifford impaling Russell, and these, together with the coronet and the date, readily identify the portrait as that of Margaret, Countess of Cumberland. She was wife of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland, and third daughter of Francis Russell, second Earl of Bedford. Her only surviving daughter Anne is well

known; she was married first to Richard Sack-
ville, second Earl of Dorset, and secondly to
Philip Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Mont-
gomery, Lord Chamberlain of the Household.
A. E. LAWSON LOWE, F.S.A.
Shirenewton Hall, near Chepstowe, Mon.

The lady represented in the picture described by BOILEAU must be the Lady Margaret Russell, wife of George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. She was born on the 6th or 7th of July, 1560, and was married at St. Mary Overie's Church in 1577. She was the mother of the famous "Anne Dorset, Pembroke and Montgomery," who thus wrote of her

mother:

This is the portrait of Lady Margaret, third daughter of Francis, second Earl of Bedford, who married in 1577 George Clifford, third Earl of Cumberland. H. S. W.

March, 1816, but the word dandy is not used.
Pierce Egan, in his edition of Grose, 1823, says
the dandy in 1820 was a fashionable nondescript-
men who wore stays to give them a fine shape,
and were more than ridiculous in their apparel:-
"Now a Dandy 's a thing, describe him who can ?
that is very much made in the shape of a man ;
but if but for once could the fashion prevail
He'd be more like an Ape if he had but a tail."

The dandy of 1816-24 was, in fact, the old
macaroni depicted in the London Magazine for
April, 1772. The dandy of 1816 led to several
other applications of the word, such as dandizette
and dandy-horse, or velocipede. Of this latter Bee
says (1823): "Hundreds of such might be seen in a
day; the rage ceased in about three years, and the
word is becoming obsolete." The word dandy has
certainly not become obsolete, but after 1825 its
meaning gradually changed; it ceased to mean a
man ridiculous and contemptible by his effeminate
eccentricities, and came to be applied to those
who were trim, neat, and careful in dressing
according to the fashion of the day.

EDWARD SOLLY.

E. COBHAM BREWER.

Surely dandy must be the French dandin, as DANDY (6th S. viii. 515).—Dandiprat was an "un grand dandin"; to which noun is also the old name of derision applied to a dwarf. Minsheu, verb dandiner, explained thus in Fleming and 1617, gives it, "a dwarf, ex. Belg. danten, i. inep- Tibbins's Grand Dictionnaire: "Balancer son corp tire, et præte, i. sermo, nuga, fabula"; after nonchalamment, soit exprès, scit faute de contewhich he gives a second use of the word as applied nance"; this affected nonchalance is quite the to money: "Dandiprat or dodkin, so called because dandy affectation.. Of course the English meanit is as little among other money as a dandiprating given is " a noddy, a ninny "; but "il marche or dwarfe among other men." (See "Dodkin" en se dandinant" is not to walk like a ninny, but and “Dwarf.”) The modern word dandy had to walk with the affected airs of a man about probably no connexion with dandiprat, and town, a buck, a dandy, in short. originated in slang. According to Grose (Classical Dictionary, 1788) a very favourite slang expression about 1760 was, "That's the barber," meaning that is the right thing. When the barber" became vulgar a new slang word was employed, and the saying became "That's the dandy," which in turn was superseded by other terms, such as "That's the ticket" and "That's your sort." The use of dandy as equivalent to "all right" is hardly yet extinct, for I not long since heard a carpenter whose saw did not cut, wanting, as he expressed it, "to be sharps'd," and who took up another in better condition, say, "Ah! that's the dandy."

66

The introduction of the modern slang word dandy as applied, half in admiration and half in derision, to a fop dates from 1816. John Bee (Slang Dictionary, 1823) says that Lord Petersham was the founder of the sect, and gives the peculiarities as “French gait, lispings, wrinkled foreheads, killing king's English, wearing immense plaited pantaloons, coat cut away, small waistcoat, cravat and chitterlings immense, hat small, hair frizzled and protruding." There is a good picture of the "Fashionable Fop" in the Busy Body for

Is not the obvious derivation from dandiner, to walk in the mincing manner of the traditional dandy? Brachet and Egger put down dandiner words of " among it has been personified in the character of Georges origine inconnue," adding that

Dandin.

R. H. BUSK.

In Shropshire bantam fowls are invariably called dandies. BOILEAU.

"Opμа yns (6th S. viii. 208, 456).—So far as my limited knowledge of Greek literature extends, I venture to assert that this expression is not applied to Athens. Athens and Sparta were regarded as "the eyes of Greece," and it is to this that Milton probably alludes in Paradise Regained, iv. 240. In Aristotle's Rhetoric (iii. 10) we have the remarkable expression, καὶ Λεπτίνης περὶ Λακεδαιμονίων οὐκ ἐᾶν περιιδεῖν τὴν Ἑλλάδα ἑτερόφθαλμον yevouévny, in reference to Leptines dissuading the Spartans from razing Athens to the ground, as was proposed at the close of the Peloponnesian war: "They were not to put out one of the eyes of Greece." But I am unable to adduce any