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on the subject-to proceed in the matter soon after his accession (Cal. State Papers, Dec. 30, 1625). Nothing further is heard of the scheme. Mr. Thompson Cooper has given a brief account of it in his notice of Edmund Bolton in his little Biographical Dictionary, and some reference to it is

CONTENTS. - N° 210. NOTES:-Sir Francis Barnham and a proposed Academy of Literature, 1-The Orkneys, 2-Curiosities of Superstition in Italy, 4-Gersuma-Occam-Oakum-Post Office Perseverance-Parliament in Guildhall, 6- Hutton-Cranswick QUERIES:-Quaint Phrases of John Marston, 7-Best Man-made in the first volume of the Archæologia

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Nates.

46

SIR FRANCIS BARNHAM AND A PROPOSED ACADEMY OF LITERATURE UNDER JAMES I.:

THE FAMILY OF LADY BACON.

In the meagre notice of Sir Francis Barnham given in Rose's Biographical Dictionary it is stated that he and his father-in-law Sampson Lennard were, about 1620, nominated members of a proposed academy of literature, to be called the Academy Royal, and to be attached to the Order of the Garter. Of the scheme of this academy something more than Rose tells us may be learnt from two volumes among the Harleian MSS. (6103 and 6143), where its original projectors explain their intentions at length, but its history has never been written and is very obscure. The object was to establish a brotherhood under royal favour to foster learning and to direct the labours of all "writers in humanitie." Between 1617 and 1620 the project obtained much influential support, and Buckingham and the king freely assented to it. In 1622 James I. bade Prince Charles take the necessary steps for putting it in practice (Cal. State Papers, June 25, 1622), but James died before anything was done, and Charles I. was solicited in vain by Edmund Bolton—who had taken an active part in arranging the preliminary details, and has been credited with the authorship of the Harleian MSS.

(p. xv), but I have been unable to meet with any list of the members who were to form the proposed academy. I imagine from Rose's account that such must exist, and I shall be grateful if any readers of "N. & Q." can help me to find it.

Assuming the trustworthiness of Rose's statements, I cannot comprehend the claims of Sir Francis Barnham to admission to a literary academy. According to Rose, he was the author of an unprinted history of his family, of which I have been unable to find other mention. A letter from him to Mr. Griffith, the Lord Privy Seal's secretary (July 3, 1613), in Lansdowne MS. 255, No. 155, and some account of his connexion with Boughton Monchelsea (Monchensey), co. Kent, in Harleian MS. 6019, represent all that I have been able to learn of him from the MSS. of the British Museum, and no printed catalogue of MSS. at the Bodleian or in the Cambridge University Library refers to him. I have noted, as Rose, with his customary perfunctoriness, has failed to do, several facts of interest concerning his family, but of his personal history or literary fame I have ascertained little. I should be grateful for further information.

Sir Francis was the eldest son of Martin Barnham, of London and Hollingbourne, co. Kent, by his second wife, Judith, daughter of Sir Martin Calthorpe, Knight, of London, and grandson of Francis Barnham, merchant, who was elected Alderman of Farringdon Without on December 14, 1568, and Sheriff of London in 1570. Martin Barnham was Sheriff of London in 1598, was knighted on July 23, 1603 (Nichols's Progresses of James I., i. 214), and dying on December 12, 1610, at the age of sixty-three, was buried in St. Clement's, Eastcheap (Stow's London, ed. Strype, bk. ii. p. 183). Of the three younger brothers of Martin Barnham, Benedict (the most important member of the family) was educated at St. Alban's Hall, Oxford (Wood's Antiquities, ed. Gutch, p. 659), was a liveryman of the Drapers' Company, became Alderman of Bread Street Ward on October 14, 1591, and served the office of sheriff in the same year. He joined the Society of Antiquaries, originally formed by Archbishop Parker in 1572, of which Aubrey, Camden, and Spelman, among a number of smaller antiquaries, were conspicuous members, the dissolution of which about 1612 had originally suggested the formation of a literary academy (Archæologia, i. xx). Benedict died on April 3, 1598, at the age of thirty-nine, and an elaborate monument was erected above his grave in St. Clement's, Eastcheap (Stow, ut supra).

Wood tells us that he left 2007. to St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, to rebuild "its front next the street," and that " as a testimony of the benefaction" his arms were engraved over the gateway and on the plate belonging to the "house." He married Alice, the daughter of Humphrey Smith, Queen Elizabeth's silkman, stated to be of an ancient Leicestershire family. By her he had four daughters, of whom Elizabeth, the eldest, married Mervin, Lord Audley and Earl of Castlehaven, of infamous memory, and Alice, the second daughter, became in 1606 the wife of Sir Francis Bacon (Spedding's Life, iii. 290). Sir Francis Barnham-in many cases so surrounded by land as to was thus related by marriage to one of the two most eminent men of the age.

Of Sir Francis's early career I know nothing. He was knighted on July 23, 1603, at Whitehall, on James I.'s accession, at the same time as his father (Nichols, ut supra). He inherited in 1613, from Belknap Rudston, the brother of his father's first wife, the estate of Boughton Monchelsea with which genealogists identify him. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Sampson Lennard, of Chevening, co. Kent, who was an antiquary of some eminence in his day. In 1624 he was one of the commissioners empowered to enforce martial law against disorderly soldiery at Dover (Rymer's Foedera, xvii. 647). Sir Francis was apparently long-lived. He represented Maidstone in the Long Parliament, was an intimate friend of Sir Roger Twysden, who describes him as a right honest gentleman," mildly supported the Parliamentarians during the war, and urged the release of his eldest son, Robert, imprisoned by the Kentish committee in 1649 (Archæologia Cantiana, ii. 181, 195; iv. 185). He was the father of fifteen children, of whom a younger son, William, was Mayor of Norwich in 1652. His eldest son, Robert, who seems to have been a Royalist, and probably took part in the Kentish rising of 1648, received a baronetcy from Charles II. on August 14, 1663, resided at Boughton, and died in 1685. He was succeeded in the title by a grandson, with whose death, in 1728, the baronetcy became extinct.

My authorities for the statements not otherwise supported are Hasted's Kent, the Remembrancia of London, and Burke's Extinct Baronetage. Of the dates of Sir Francis's birth and death, or of any clue to his history between 1624 and 1642, I am wholly ignorant. S. L. LEE.

THE ORKNEYS.

Much attention has been given of late, by holiday travellers and others, to the Orkneys, and deservedly so; for few places offer a greater variety of objects to attract and interest. Their position, dotted around the northern extremity of our island, is extremely picturesque. During the summer months their bright green shores, watered

by the genial flow of the Gulf Stream, present, on a near approach, an agreeable contrast with the deep blue of the surrounding sea. Their irregular outlines of shore and of fell are also striking and in some cases fantastic. Precipitous headlands, with summits looking out like sentinels through mist and cloud, over the broad expanse of the Atlantic, and with bases which receive the full swing of the billows that roll and break against them, present a bare, rugged, and defiant appearance; while grassy slopes that rise from the water's edge around many of the inland bays resemble lakes. seem quite pastoral. Lovers of the picturesque may find much of the attraction of southern lake scenery, combined with the sterner beauties of the ocean. Some of the smaller islands, or holms as they are called, have low indented shore lines, on the bright sand of which the waves lap and curl; while often on some inland part of their surface they seem gathered up into heaps, resembling in their contorted forms so many marine monsters crouching in the water, or making ready for a spring. The entire absence of trees enables one at a glance to seize on these natural inequalities of outline. Many of the islands have received names of animals, from some fancied resemblance of this sort. There is at least

one horse, the Horse of Copinshay. Several small islands are called calves; there is a Hen and Chickens; and one rock bears the commonplace name of the Barrel of Butter.

The Norsemen, who gave names to most of the islands, were close observers of nature, and quick to seize any peculiar characteristic of men or things. Any oddity of personal appearance never failed to give rise to a nickname; which, however, conveyed no opprobrium, but was applied to the most illustrious among them. From the want of family names, the use of such sobriquets as Fair Haired, Blue Tooth, Bare Legs, and countless others to be found in the sagas, seems to have been the only means that remained to identify one another with precision. This faculty of observation was developed in the poetry of their scalds. Through a sort of rude rhetoric, devoid of imagination, things are therein called by names coined from some other attribute than that indicated by the ordinary name. spade is no longer called a spade, but it may be an earth-opener. Had the Norsemen then been a little more imaginative—in which case no doubt they would not have come up to our modern idea of them, nor played the important part that has been assigned them in the world's history - or been possessed of a little more knowledge of natural history we should have had less homely and more appropriate names to enumerate. One or two of the islands are flat-one, Sanday or the

A

Sandy Isle, is uniformly so. It consists of a nucleus of sand banks, surrounded by narrow outlying ridges, and looks like a large octopus floating on the surface of the water, with its arms distended, waiting for its prey. When the north wind howls around the storm-swept islands, the prey, unfortunately, does not fail to arrive. Once caught between these low spurs of land, that remain unperceived until too near to be avoided, a ship seldom escapes. These are nature's sterner aspects, as seen during the winter months. During the months of June, July, and August the scene is different. The long northern twilight prevails from the end of May till the beginning of August. The sun then just dips below the horizon, as if his setting was a mere form; the daylight remains uninterrupted. This is the proper season to visit the islands. The charm of these long evenings must be seen and felt to be appreciated.

Some persuasion is necessary to induce natives of a southern country to visit the north. There has existed, since the time of Hebrew prophets and the earliest historians and poets, something like a prejudice against the north. It has been regarded as the land of darkness and desolation, while the south has been described as the region of luxuriant vegetation and of romance. The sun has always attracted the wonder and the aspirations of our race, who have followed its course in their migrations from east to west; and to its fancied home both the Grecian sage and the untutored savage have looked, in the hope of there enjoying another state of existence. An old commentator on Horace places the Fortunate Isles beyond the Orkneys. He was no doubt badly informed as to the position of the latter. It could only be owing to their supposedly western position that they could be imagined to be near the fabled Islands of the Blest.

The Orkneys are frequently mentioned by classical authors in connexion with Thule and the ends of the earth. Pomponius Mela states them to be thirty in number; Solinus, a later writer, gives the number as three, which is supposed to be an error for thirty-three. This latter writer says, in describing the islands, "Thule larga et ditissima et ferax pomarum est." Thule is large, and very rich and fertile in fruits. A blundering copyist, paying no attention to the usual contracted form of writing the gen. pl. by a stroke across the letter preceding the termination, copied the text, "Thule larga et ditissima et ferax pomona est." A succeeding copyist wrote pomona with a capital letter, and thereby gave a name to the principal island in the Orkney group, which has been received by geographers, but has never been accepted by the inhabitants, who call it the Mainland. By the saga writers it is called Meginland, or Hrossey, i. e., the Horse Island.

The name Orcades, from which has been derived Orkney, was, no doubt, given to the islands by the Romans, from their proximity to Cape Orcas, Dunnet Head. That the name was not of native origin, any more than that of Pomona, is attested by a document drawn up by Thomas, Bishop of Orkney, with the aid of his clergy, in the year 1446, wherein it is stated that on the arrival of the Northmen, A.D. 872, the land was not called " Orchadie," but the land of Pets-the northern manner of writing Picts-in proof of which is adduced the name of Petland Firth, the strait that separates the islands from Scotland. This name is still generally pronounced in Orkney Petland, and not Pentland, Firth. Saxo, the historian, terms the islands Petia. The document referred to goes on to state that, on the invasion of the Northmen, the islands were occupied by two peoples, called Peti, or Picts, and Papæ. These latter have been proved to be Irish monks, who appear to have obtained a footing on the islands at a very early period. They had also preceded the Northmen in Iceland. Ari, the historian of Iceland, states that before the arrival of the Northmen there were men settled there called Papa, and that they were Christian and holy men who had come from the west; for there were found after them Irish books and other articles, from which it was easily understood that they were Westmen. They were found settled in West Papey and in Papyli. It may be seen from the Irish books, adds Ari, that at this time there was much intercourse between the countries. reader who may wish to pursue this matter further will find it treated in the work of the Irish monk, Dicuil, De Mensura Orbis Terrarum, of which there is a good recent edition (Berlin, G. Parthey, 1870).

Any

The early residence of these monks in Orkney is indicated by many names of islands and places yet remaining. We find Papa Stronsay, Papa Westray, Papdale, Papley-the latter often a family name- -Egilsey, i. e., the Church - isle; Enhallow, i. e., Egin - Helga; the Holy Isle, Daminsey, i. e., St. Adamnan's Isle. There are also remains of chapels dedicated to St. Columba, St. Ninian, St. Bridget, and St. Tredwell. The town of Kirkwall-Kirkuivag, i, e., the Bay of the Kirk-took its name from a church that has now disappeared. The Northmen are said to have destroyed, on their arrival, all the previous inhabitants of the islands; hence the knowledge of the Christian religion thus early introduced was obliterated by the pagan superstitions of the newcomers.

Numerous prehistoric monuments are to be found on the islands, the most striking of which are the Stones of Stennis, a circle of monoliths only second in importance to that of Stonehenge. Their erection dates from a remote antiquity, many centuries before the arrival of the Northmen.

There are also very numerous remains of buildings termed Peights (Picts) Houses. This name has been given too indiscriminately to buildings of various sorts, intended evidently for defence, for sepulture, and for the performance of superstitious rites. The fact of certain of them having subterraneous chambers devoid of air and light, and of such dimensions as not to allow a person within them to stand upright, has probably given rise to the notion that the Peight was a dwarf. The two words in Orkney have become synonymous, and seem to be still further confused with the names of the dvergs and trolls of northern superstition. These latter were the Titans of the Norse mythology. It is an old saying in Orkney that the cathedral of St. Magnus, at Kirkwall, was "a' biggit in a night by the Peights."

J. G. FOTHERINGHAM. (To be continued.)

a

CURIOSITIES OF SUPERSTITION IN ITALY. (Continued from 6th S. viii. 442.) With regard to the association of St. Paul in all traditions of this episode, it might suffice to observe that in the early traditions concerning St. Peter's pontificate in Rome the "twin apostles" are never separated, and a painter of the thirteenth century would never think, probably, of introducing one without the other. That St. Paul, already confined in the neighbouring Tullian dungeon, united his prayers with those of St. Peter is, however, according to P. Franco, mentioned by several early writers. Another item of the tradition was that in St. Peter's prayer for the discomfiture of the impostor was a distinct petition that he might not be killed on the spot, but survive long enough to repent of his errors.b Instead of thus employing the respite obtained for him, he made another attempt at showing his power of flying, from a villa called Brunda at L'Ariccia, whither his disciples carried him to cure him of his wounds. Again he fell; and, not yet convicted of his follies, he ordered that he should be buried alive, promising that he would in that case rise again whole the third day-an order executed by his disciples Marcellus and Apuleius. His miserable

He quotes to this effect Sulpic. Sev., Stor. Sac., ii. 28; St. Cirill Geros., Catech., vi. 15; St. Mass. Torin., Omel., lxxii.; and most distinctly of all St. Isid. Ispal., in his Chron., "Adjurante eos [dæmones] Petro, per Deum, Paulo vero orante [Simon] dimissus crepuit." Similar testimony may be found in Cuccagni, Vita di S. Pietro, iii. cap. ix.

Eccid. Gerus., ii. 2; Costit. Apost., vi. 9 (in P. Franco's note 150)

Eccid. Gerus., l. c.; Arnob., Contro i Gent, ii. 12; Lucidi, Mem. Stor. dell' Aric., ii. i. 317 (note 151).

Arnobius, quoted by Moroni, lxvi. 160, who also refers to Golt., Dissertation on the Flight and Fall of

e

fate does not appear, however, to have put an end to his sect, which lingered on, perhaps as late as the tenth century. Of his writings some fragments are preserved in Grabe, Spicilegium SS. Patrum,f and they are frequently cited in the Philosophumena.

The demonographers of the sixteenth to the eighteenth century continually allude to the flight across the Forum as effected by the aid of demons; and, only to cite one, Menghi, cap. xiv. lib. ii., treats it as such an accepted fact that he brings it forward among his proofs that demons do actually and bodily transport persons through the air at the bidding of magicians.h

Strega and lamia, the two most common appellations for a witch, have both remained in use, the one in the mouth of the people, and the other in the writings of the learned in such matters, almost unaltered from old Roman times. Strega is the strix, the screech-owl, of which it was fabled on the authority of Ovid and Pliny that it sucked the blood of young children, or strangled them in the cradle; and the word has remained in Italian only in this figurative sense, for a screech-owl is now civetta.i

1755.

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Simon Magus, and De Simonis Volatu, &c., Naples, e Moses Barcephas, quoted by Moroni, lxvi. 160. That he had a great following at one time is found in Orig.. Contro Celso; Justin Martyr; St. Clement, &c. (P. Franco).

Contradictions or Great Negation, àrópaσic μeyádŋ His chief work seems to have been the Book of the speaks St. Irenæus, Contr. Hares., i. 23 (P. Franco, (Moroni and P. Franco). Of his doctrines and followers note 98).

So had the painters of the preceding centuries. Among the obscure early paintings in the collections at may be seen thus treated-quaint demons carrying the the Vatican, Siena, Turin, and other places, the subject magician through the air. I have a copy of one ascribed to Giotto in the private collection of a friend, which I should be happy to show any one interested in the subject. thus at length not only on account of its intrinsic relaI have thought it admissible to treat the subject tion to my subject, but also because I have so often found that the two altarpieces in St. Peter's representing the subject, as well as the stone whereon St. Peter is said to have knelt that day, preserved in Sta. Francesca Romana in the Foro Romano, excite the curiosity of which I think has not before been provided completely visitors to Rome to make acquaintance with the legend, and handily in English.

In the list of Italian words derived from Latin appended to Dr. Andrews's English rendering of Freund's Lexicon, striscia is noted as derived from strix. I din find no meaning to striscia, however, in any Italian dictionary to which I have had access, connecting it with a screech-owl; striscia means "a strip of anything, and sometimes in poetry a serpent. Since writing the above I have met in the Compendio dell' Arte Essorcista a misderivation of the word lamia, which coincides with this fortuitously in a very odd way. In lib. iv. p. 236, Girolomo Menghi, the author, derives lamia from laniare, "to destroy," "to rend in strips," as denoting 'one so cruel as to tear in strips her own children'

66

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