I

FOTHERINGAY CASTLE (6th S. ix. 407). would refer MR. SIMS to an article in the Northampton Mercury of April 27 (contributed by Mr. Taylor) for list of views of and references to Fotheringhay Castle. F. A. TOLE. Northampton.

RAVAGES OF RABBITS (6th S. ix. 427).—Pliny, in bk. ix. chap. lv., says:

"It is known for certain that the Islanders of Majorca and Minorca made means to the Emperor Augustus Cæsar, for a power of soldiers to destroy the infinit increase of Connies among them."

And in bk. viii. chap. xxix., he observes: "M. Varro writes that there was a towne in Spaine undermined by Connies"; and Campbell, in his Account of the Balearick Islands, 1719, states:

"In the time of Octavius Augustus the Baleares despatched an Embassy to the Senate, begging succours against the Rabbets, which having multiplied to an excessive number, destroyed the Corn, Plants, and Trees, and would not suffer them to live in quiet in these Islands...... This cruel Plague came upon them from the continent of Spain, as Catullus says."

EDWARD SOLLY.

I do not know to what account of the ravages of rabbits in the Balearic Islands MR. SMYTHE PALMER can allude, unless it be the following, in the second chapter of the third book of Strabo. Speaking of Turdetania (another name for Botica, as Gymnesia Insulæ is for the Balearic Islands) he

says:

τῶν δ' ὄλεθρίων θηρίων σπάνις πλὴν τῶν γεωρύχων λαγιδέων, οὓς ἔνιοι λεβηρίδας προσαγορεύουσι λυμαίνονται γὰρ καὶ φυτὰ καὶ σTéрuата pitodayouνTES Kai TOUTO σvußaível καθ' ὅλην τὴν Ἰβηρίαν σχεδόν. διατείνει δὲ καὶ μέχρι Μασσαλίας, ὀχλεῖ δὲ καὶ τὰς νήσους· οἱ δὲ τὰς Γυμνησίας οἰκοῦντες λέγονται πρεσβεύσασθαι πότε πρὸς Ρωμαίους κατὰ χώρας αἴτησιν· ἐκβάλλεσθαι γὰρ ὑπὸ τῶν ζῴων τούτων, ἀντέχειν μὴ δυνάμενοι διὰ τὸ πλῆθος.

I do not know whether any more detailed account exists; but this seems rather to imply that the Baleares sought other lands from the Romans, being driven out by the ravages of the rabbits, than that the Roman soldiers destroyed those animals for them. However, they certainly seem to have suffered from a plague of rabbits, much as our Australian colonists do now.

Blackheath.

W. T. LYNN.

I have seen a reference to Strabo, 1. iii., which I have not by me; but Pliny, N. H., 1. viii. chap. xlv., has:-"Certum est Balearicos adversus proventum eorum auxilium militare a Divo Augusto petisse." The account in Strabo appears to be a longer one than this. ED. MARSHALL.

It is Strabo who says that some of the Balearic Islands were so overrun by rabbits that the inhabitants had to call in the Romans to help to keep them down. The rabbit was a device of Spain on coins and medals, e. g., on a coin of Hadrian. Hispania is represented on the reverse, with a rabbit in front of her. Cf. Catullus, xxxvii. 18, "Cuniculosa Celtiberia fili."

F. ST. J. THACKERAY.

[MR. W. J. BIRCH supplies a translation from Bohn's "Classical Library" of the passage which MR. SOLLY description which follows of the use of ferrets for the quotes from Philemon Holland, and an interesting purpose of catching them. R. C. A. P. gives the required reference to Strabo, bk. iii. chap. v., and adds the passage from Pliny supplied by other correspondents. In Holland's translation, Adam Islip, 1601, Majorca and Minorca are written Majoricke and Minoricke, vol. i. P. 232. COL. MALET and W. P. H. S. supply also references to Pliny.]

TREE OF LIBERTY (6th S. ix. 320).-The answer to my query is not satisfactory. What is said in Phrase and Fable is known to me, but I deny its correctness. Dr. Brewer says: "The Americans of the United States planted poplars and other trees during the War of Independence as symbols of growing freedom." Will Dr. Brewer, or some one else, send to "N. & Q." the proof that poplars were in any case trees of liberty? The tree of liberty in Boston was an elm (Memorial Hist., vol. iii. pp. 12 and 159), in Braintree it was a button-wood (Works of J. Adams, ii. 194). in Providence it was an elm (Rhode Island Hist. Coll., vol. v. p. 222), &c. In Harper's Magazine (vol. xxiv. p. 721 et seq.) an account is given of American historical trees. Among those mentioned, besides several varieties of oak and elm, are the pear, willow, weeping-willow, white-wood, tulip, pine, balm of Gilead, apple, magnolia, sycamore, black walnut, pecan, and cypress. But the poplar is unmentioned. One reason the poplar was not planted was that few or none of the Americans had any poplars to plant—that is, none of the Lombardies, the only variety that has ever figured anywhere as the tree of liberty. Watson, in his Annals of Philadelphia (vol. i. p. 414), says the first Lombardy poplars in that city were planted in 1790 by Bingham, and the first in the suburb of Woodlands six years before, and that the plants were from England. I should be glad to find notice of any American Lombardies of an earlier period. The American trees of liberty were not usually planted as such, but trees already grown and favourably situated were christened at

will by sons of liberty. The idea of such trees may have been derived from America by the French. The choice of the Lombardy poplar, however, for the tree of liberty was not borrowed from the New World. In Carlyle's French Revolution the earliest mention of a liberty tree (vol. i. p. 345) is at the Feast of Pikes, July 14. It is said to have been sixty feet high. The nature of its wood is not mentioned. The Lombardy poplar is called the tree of liberty by Carlyle for the first time (vol. ii. p. 62) at the convocation of June 20, 1790. My question is, When, why, and how was the Lombardy poplar selected as the tree of freedom? After the French Revolution that poplar was extensively planted in the United States, in my opinion as a token of sympathy with French revolutionists. Who will show me that it was so planted before? Proof that my opinion as to the rise and progress of poplar planting in America is well or ill founded will be equally welcome to me. burgh Journal (vol. liii. p. 461) I learn that the first French "Arbre de la Liberté" was planted at Cirray, May 1, 1790, &c. But that tree was an oak. My question, when and why the poplar was adopted as, by way of eminence, the tree of liberty, remains-but I hope will not long remain-un

answered.

Madison, Wisconsin, U.S.A.

From Chambers's Edin

JAMES D. BUTLER.

GRANTLEY BERKELEY AND MAGINN (6th S. ix. 429). The following account of the duel is taken from Dr. R. Shelton Mackenzie's Memoir of William Maginn, which is prefixed to vol. v. of Noctes Ambrosiana (New York, 1863), pp. ix and x:

"An article in Fraser for August, 1836, severely personal on a novel written by the Hon. Grantley Berkeley, led to a duel between that person and Maginn. Berkeley, a large and powerful man, went to Fraser's shop, met the publisher there, closed the door, and while Craven Berkeley (his brother) kept watch, beat the unfortunate bibliopole (a small and infirm man, in bad health) with the butt end of a loaded whip, planting the blows upon the head and neck. On this Maginn informed Berkeley that it was he who had written the offensive critique, and in the duel which ensued each party fired three shots, quitting the ground without exchanging a word. For the assault upon Fraser a jury made Berkeley pay 1007. damages.'

G. F. R. B.

The duel between Dr. Maginn and the Hon. G. Berkeley was not forced on the latter on behalf of L. E. Landon, but was in consequence of one of "The Doctor's" articles, a review of a novel entitled Berkeley Castle, in the January number of Fraser's Magazine, 1836. Maginn was supposed to be deeply attached to "L. E. L.," and hardly likely, therefore, to "injure a defenceless woman," as stated in "N. & Q.," ante, p. 429; and further it may be remarked that "whatever were terms on which he stood to that gifted and

fascinating creature, certain it is the strongest
friendship existed between them, and on her
death he appeared inconsolable.” Miss Landon
died in 1838 and Dr. Maginn in 1842.—
"Barring drink and the girls, I ne'er heard a sin:
Many worse, better few, than bright broken Maginn."
John Gibson Lockhart.

Vide also Webb's Irish Biography; The Book of
Days, vol. ii.; The Maclise Portrait Gallery;
Timbs's Later Wits and Humourists.
HENRY G. HOPE.

Freegrove Road, N.

There is, I think, no room for “L. E. L.” in this story of a duel, and certainly no reason for bringing in the poor lady's name. The Hon. G. F. Berkeley in 1836 published a most absurd novel called Berkeley Castle, In the August number of Fraser, 1836, it was savagely reviewed. The whole tone of the review was bad and ruffianly. Mr. Berkeley and his brother went to the shop of other beat him literally almost to death. Fraser the publisher; one kept the door and the Maginn then avowed the authorship of the review, and the duel took place, with, I believe, no bloodshed. Mr. Fraser brought an action for damages against Grantley Berkeley, and recovered 100%. This was not much, since he died of the effect of the assault within the year. But there was a strong feeling at the time that the ferocious personalities of the press required some curb. A. H. CHRISTIE.

Dr.

CUNNINGHAME FAMILY (6th S. viii. 517; ix. 417). From the Archæological Collections, recently published, of Ayr and Wigton, I find that over a window in one of the earlier aisles of Kilbirnie Church are cut the armorial bearings of the name of Cunninghame, from which it appears that William was the seventh Earl of Glencairn. T. S. C. has it that James was the name of the seventh. Am I correct in stating that Andrew, second son of William, fourth Earl, was the first of the house of Corshill, and that Sir William Cunninghame, Bart., M.P., would, as the direct descendant of the said earl, be heir to the earldom of Glencairn? ALFRED CHS. JONAS.

DICTIONARY OF LOW LATIN (6th S. ix. 349, 411). -A very pardonable inadvertence on the part of a correspondent (p. 412) makes the Lexicon Manuale of Maigne d'Arnis appear only half as handy as it really is. The book contains not 2335 pages, but 2335 columns, each page consisting of two columns. Mus.

ECLIPSES OF THE SUN (6th S. ix. 390, 439).— I quite agree with MR. W. T. LYNN that the lines are very vague; still, there is the possibility of an eclipse that would fix the date at which the play was performed. I say performed, for MR. LYNN has taken the date of publication as his premise,

whereas that was some six or seven years after. Not having the book, might I ask him to kindly refer to the years 1591-5? From other passages I should fix upon 1593-a year given in one place by J. P. Collier, though in two others he somewhat strangely gives 1592. BR. NICHOLSON.

NOTES ON MR. A. SMYTHE PALMER'S "FOLKETYMOLOGY" (6th S. ix. 303,391,437).—Davy Jones's locker, p. 93.-At this reference I have adopted the view that the nautical phrase "gone to Davy Jones's locker" may originally have been "gone to Jonah's locker," i. e., to the belly of the whale, said of one gone to the bottom, drowned, or dead. I have since met with a passage in Bp. Andrewes's Ninety-Six Sermons, 1628, p. 515 (fol.), which seems to lend some probability to this suggestion: "Of any, that hath beene in extreme perill, we use to say; he hath beene where Ionas was; by Iona's going downe the Whales throat, by Him againe comming forth of the Whales mouth, we expresse, we even point out the greatest extremity, and the greatest deliverance that can be."

Can any instances be given of the familiar use of the expression referred to by the bishop? A. SMYTHE PALMER.

Woodford, Essex.

SOURCE OF STORY WANTED (6th S. viii. 368). -In a reply about "The Dean of Badajos" (ante, p. 352) the writer says that the story inquired for is probably from the Persian Tales of P. de la Croix, and gives a reference also to Godwin's Lives of the Necromancers, pp. 257 et seq. Perhaps some one will verify the above references. As to the alleged fact of a long series of adventures taking place in a moment or two, there is a curious passage implying the same in the letters of Philostratus:"Εχθές ξυγκλείσας τὰ βλέφαρα ὅσον ἡσυχῆ σκαρδαμύξαι, πολῦν ἡγούμην τον χρόνον. Heri quum palpebras clausissem, ita tamen ut placide nictarem tantum, longum tempus putabam præterisse" (Epist. lix., p. 483, of the Epistolographi Græci, Paris, Didot, 1873).

W. E. BUCKLEY. [The author of Histoire de la Sultane de Perse et des Vizirs, Les Mille-et-un Jours, Contes Persans, &c., is François Petis de la Croix. His father's name was François Petis. The Bibliographer's Manual mentions him under the name La Croix, and calls him Petit. This error has nothing to do with the question, but is worthy of being pointed out. We have sought for the story in so much of Les Mille-et-un Jours as is given in the Cabinet des Fées, and have failed to find it.]

RECIPROCITY (6th S. ix. 406).—It is quite true that this word made its appearance about the period alluded to. Johnson does not give the word; but George Mason, who attempted a supplement (1801) to Johnson, to correct palpable errors and supply omissions, gives it together with a quotation from Blackstone, and he defines it "reciprocal obligation," Todd (1818) follows it up

with an assertion that he has heard the introduction attributed to "Lord Shelburne when Secretary of State, which he first was in 1766." Blackstone's preface to the Commentaries is dated Nov. 2, 1765, so that he must have written the word before Lord Shelburne spoke it. J. C. calls the legitimate word reciprocation, and Webster gives it as synonymous with reciprocity. It is not; reciprocation is an act of returning. The termination ity means quality or power of returning, so that reciprocalness would be the nearer synonym. Why all this noise? The word is better, anyhow, than reciprocality. C. A. WARD.

Haverstock Hill.

THE WORLD CREATED MARCH 25 (6th S. ix. 365). In a reprint of an old calendar which I saw lately in a Roman paper a day was named for commemorating the creation, but I am not sure that it was March 25. The day that Noah came out of the ark, however, was noted as May 22. R. H. BUSK.

CAREY FAMILY (6th S. ix. 69, 329, 413).-It seems a strange coincidence that there is a place in Stirlingshire, Scotland, called Castle Cary, and in the Falkirk Roll of Arms (edited by James Greenstreet) the name of Pipard appears as Ralph, Baron Pipard, 1309, summoned to Parliament 1299-1302. Judhael de Totness, otherwise De Mayenne, a Breton noble who held the manor of Blachaton, or Blagdon-Pipard, in Devon, it would seem, adopted the name of Pipard as his surname, in accordance with the practice of the age.

T. W. C.

This family is no doubt of Norman origin. The name Kareye occurs in the Magni Rotuli Scaccarii Normanniæ. One Islarion (Hilary) Careye was present at the consecration of a church in Guernsey in 1129. This surname reappears as Querée in the island of Jersey. In a Jersey family document now in my possession, dated 1545, a Nicollas Carée fitz Collyn Carée is mentioned. In all later documents the form Querée is adopted. A branch of the Guernsey family seems to have settled in Jersey in the early part of the sixteenth century. The variation in the spelling of the British forms of the surname, viz., Carey and Cary, carries no significance. The same thing occurs in many other surnames, such as Stacy and Stacey, Amy and Amey, &c. In ecclesiastical records (of course in Latin) this name is sometimes rendered as Karite. The meaning of the name would seem to be fond or loving. C. W. ANIER.

TULL, PAINTER (6th S. ix. 389).-I procured about thirty-five years ago an excellent picture by this painter, 8 in. by 7 in., of rural character, plainly and firmly inscribed on the panel on the back, "N. T. Tull, 38, Park St, Camden Town." THOMAS WARNER,

Cirencester,