the passage. Humazo (pronounced umatho, but anciently fumatho) means a thick smoke, but darhumazo means to smoke out, and, figuratively, to get rid of, or eject, an unwelcome occupant of any place. So then "to eat a fumatho " (a phrase like the Eastern one "to eat dirt") means to have been the subject of some such humiliating ejection. HENRY H. GIBBS. St. Dunstan's, Regent's Park. Fumatho.-Tregellas (Tourist's Guide to Cornwall, p. 36, note) says that the pressed pilchards, which are sent chiefly to the towns along the Mediterranean shores, are called fumadoes (locally "fair maids"). G. F. B. Bailey's Dictionary has :-"Fumadoes, Fumathoes our pilchards, garbaged, salted, and dried in the smoak. Ital. and Span." EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. nelius Brown, who was on the literary staff of the paper, and he conducted it, and made selections, which he published towards the close of that year under the title of Notes about Notts, and I issued a similar selection from my "Local Notes and Queries," under the title of Old Nottinghamshire, and am now preparing a second series. A paper on the subject of "Local Notes and Queries " will, I understand, shortly appear in one of the antiJ. POTTER BRISCOE. quarian periodicals. Nottingham Literary Club. QUOTATIONS IN GREEN'S "SHORT HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH PEOPLE" (6th S. ix. 28). — The author alluded to in the second quotation is John de Trevisa, Vicar of Berkley, Gloucestershire, A.D. 1385. It occurs in his translation of Higden's Polycronicon. It is to be found in a longer quotation in Specimens of English Prose Writers, by George Burnet (an old work), and also in Studies of English Prose, by Joseph Payne, pub St. Saviour's, Southwark. CHARLOTTE G. BOGER. THE UNIVERSITY OR "TRENCHER" CAP (6th S. viii. 469; ix. 18).-At Cambridge the trencher cap was not introduced until the end of the eighteenth century. Under the year 1769 Cooper, in his Annals of Cambridge, has the following note: BLACK-LETTER INSCRIPTIONS ON BELLS (6th S. viii. 494).-With regard to the use of black-lished by Virtue. letter, or Gothic smalls, on English church bells, I incline to think the period mentioned by J. C. L. S. to be correct; but ancient bells being seldom dated, it is more difficult to determine the time of its introduction upon them than upon dated tombs and monumental brasses. The dated bells at Claughton, Lancashire (A.D. 1296); Cold Ashby, Northants (A.D. 1317); South Somercotes, "The undergraduates had hitherto worn round cap3 Lincolnshire (A.D. 1423); and at Somerby, in the or bonnets of black cloth lined with black silk or canvas, same county (A.D. 1431), all bear inscriptions in prunella or silk for the sizars. They, however, in June with a brim of black velvet for the pensioners and of Gothic capitals. There is a bell hanging in the this year, petitioned the Duke of Grafton, the Chancellor clock house at St. Albans (about which I shall of the University, to obtain the consent of the governhave something to say in my Church Bells of ment to their adopting square caps, stating that they Herts, now in progress) which may help to eluci-wished to attend his grace's approaching installation in a date this question. The tower was built some dress more decent and becoming, and that the heads of time between the years 1402 and 1427. In it This the chancellor did, and the square cap was houses were not averse to the change." hangs a bell, inscribed in Gothic smalls, with substituted for the round. CHARLES L. BELL. initials in Gothic capitals, "MISSI DE CELIS HABEO NOMEN GABRIELIS." Presuming this to be the original bell-and the presumption is a fair one, supported by many surroundings-we have here the use of black-letter in the first quarter of the fifteenth century, the date mentioned by J. C. L. S. THOMAS NORTH. Llanfairfechan. CAMPE'S EDITION OF "QUEEN MAB" (6th S. ix. 32).-Will MR. PEET oblige me by stating whether his copy of this book is on a bluish-tinted paper, whether the edges are trimmed or rough, and whether he has any means, exterior to the book, of judging about what year the publication took place? My copy looks as if it had really been printed in Germany, perhaps about 1840, or even earlier; but imprints on Queen Mab piracies are not always to be trusted. H. BUXTON FORMAN. 46, Marlborough Hill, St. John's Wood. FOLLOWERS OF "NOTES AND QUERIES" (6th S. viii. 514).-Every week (with one or two exceptions) since Dec. 20, 1879, a column (more or less) of the Nottingham Daily Guardian has been devoted to the publication of "Local Notes and Queries." I shall be glad to learn what papers (if any) have continuously devoted space for so long a period and for such a purpose. I may add that I have conducted this feature in the Nottingham paper alluded to during the whole of the period I have mentioned. "Local Notes and Queries were published in the same paper during 1874. I in the Sks. [Konungs Skugg-sjá], ch. xix. (by a Nor"An ancient description of the northern lights is given suggested its introduction to my friend, Mr. Cor-wegian writer). From the words, eða þat er Grænlen " THE AURORA BOREALIS (6th S. vii. 125, 415; viii. 133, 357).-Under the word "Norðrljós," in Cleasby and Vigfusson's Icelandic-English Dict., will be found the following account of the aurora borealis: dingar kalla norðrljós,' Sks. 74, it appears the Icelandic In his account of Siberia and the "Tey Sea" aurora: "One species regularly appears between the northeast and east like a luminous rainbow, with numbers of columns of light radiating from it: beneath the arch is a darkness, through which the stars appear with some brilliancy. This species is thought by the natives to be a forerunner of storms. There is another kind, which begins with certain insulated rays from the north, and others from the north east. They augment little by little, till they fill the whole eky, and form a splendour of colours rich as gold, rubies, and emeralds: but the attendant phoenomena strike the beholders with horror, for they crackle, sparkle, hiss, make a whistling sound, and a noise even equal to artificial fire-works...... The inhabitants say on this occasion it is a troop of men furiously mad which are passing by."-Pennant's Arctic Zoology, second edit., Introduc., p. clxxiii. In the Shetlands the same author informs us that when the rustic sages see the aurora they "become prophetic, and terrify the gazing spectators with the dread of war, pestilence, and famine" (p. xxxvii). "In the days of superstition," writes Henderson, "these celestial wonders were viewed as portending certain destruction to nations and armies, and filled the minds even of the more enlightened with terror and dismay. At the present day, the Icelander is entirely free from such silly apprehensions."- Iceland; or, the Journal of a Residence in that Island during the Years 1814 and 1815, by Ebenezer Henderson, vol. i. p. 358. The following quotations are from a book called The Arctic World, its Plants, Animals, and Natural Phenomena, Lond., Nelson & Son, 1876: "The arc varies in elevation, but is seldom more than ninety miles above the terrestrial surface. Its diameter, however, must be enormous, for it has been known to extend southward to Italy, and has been simultaneously visible in Sardinia, Connecticut, and at New Orleans." -P. 30. "The aurora exercises a remarkable influence on the magnetic needle, even in places where the display is not visible. Its vibrations seem to be slower or quicker according as the auroral light is quiescent or in motion, and the variations of the compass during the day show that the aurora is not peculiar to night. It has been ascertained by careful observations that the disturbances of the magnetic needle and the auroral displays were simultaneous at Toronto, in Canada, on thirteen days out of twenty-four, the remaining days having been clouded; and contemporaneous observations show that in these thirteen days there were also magnetic disturb ances at Prague and Tasmania; eo that the occurrence of auroral phenomena at Toronto on these occasions may be viewed as a local manifestation connected with magnetic effects, which, whatever may have been their origin, probably prevailed on the same day over the whole surface of the globe."-Pp. 30 and 31. An interesting account of the aurora will be found at the end of the first volume of New Lands within the Arctic Circle, by Julius Payer. Blakesware, Ware, Herts. HELLIER GOSSELIN. old story or fable of a hunter who sold the skin of This seems to be a form of speech taken from The following is from Bailey's Dictionary:"To sell the Bear's skin before he is caught. Ital. Vender la pelle del Orso inanzi che sia presi. H. G. Die Baren-haut verkaufen ehe der Bær gefstochen. The To reckon the chickens before they are hatcht. The Fr. Lat. say, Ante lentem auges ollam. We say likewise : say, Vendre le peau de l'Ours avant qu'il soit pris; or Conter tans l'Hôte (To reckon without the host). These proverbs are all designed to expose the folly of building which nothing is more deceiving." upon, or bragging of, uncertain things to come, than EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. Every one has heard the stockjobbers' slang about bulls and bears, bulling the market and bearing it. came from the proverb of "Selling the skin before Dr. Warton says the latter terms you have caught the bear." Without endorsing this explanation of the Stock Exchange argot, probably the proverb to which Dr. Warton alludes will explain the query of MR. JAMES HOOPER. E. COBHAM BREWER. WHEALE OR WHEAL SANIES (1st S. vi. 579; vii. 96; viii. 208, 302; 6th S. viii. 470).-Dr. CHANCE writes (6th S. viii. 470), "So soon as I discovered that wheale (for so it is written in the early editions of the A.V.) had had this meaning in the days of Shakespere," &c.; but he does not say which editions. What will he say when I inform him that I have just referred to my copy of the first edition of the A.V., 1611, and I find neither wheal nor wheale, but whey? Now, whey gives a good sense, “understandable of ALDINE ANCHOR (6th S. viii. 426).—On what authority is it stated that the Aldine anchor was first used for the Dante of 1502? Lot 7032, Sunderland sale, Juvenalis et Persius, second edit., of the same date as first edit., was sold to Mr. Quaritch for 91. It had the anchor. I have a copy of the same work, same date, "Mense Augusto, MDI.," without the anchor. JOHN E. T. LOVEDAY. FIELDING'S "TOM JONES" (6th S. viii. 288, 314). The authority for the statement contained in my first note on this subject is an editorial paragraph in the Athenæum for July 26, 1851, No. 1239, p. 806, and I presume that the information regarding the price which Fielding received for Tom Jones was based upon the assignment itself, which the writer of the paragraph had evidently seen. Mr. Sketchley, the Keeper of the Dyce and Forster Collection at South Kensington, to whose courtesy I am indebted for a copy of the Joseph Andrews assignment, informs me that the assignment of Tom Jones was purchased by Mr. Forster at the sale of the late George Daniel, of Canonbury, for the sum of nine guineas. Mr. Daniel probably bought it at Jolley's sale. A reference to Mr. Daniel's catalogue might possibly show whether he also became the possessor of the other assignment, and might afford a clue to its present whereabouts. While on this subject, may I be permitted to correct an errer in Lowndes with regard to Miss Sarah Fielding's highly moral and instructive work, the Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia? It is described as in 12mo., and the date is left blank. The book is really a quarto, and it was printed in 1757 "for the Author, and sold by Andrew Millar, in the Strand; R. and J. Dodsley, in Pall Mall; and J. Leake, at Bath." There is a long list of subscribers at the beginning, in which, amidst a cloud of aristocratic and fashionable acquaintances of the authoress, we discern the familiar names of "D. Garrick, Esq.; Mr. Hogarth; Lord Lyttleton," and last, not least, that of the stanch old GREEN APRONS (6th S. viii. 348, 478).-It would seem that formerly green was not regarded as a fashionable colour. Massinger, in The City Madam, IV. iv., has :- "Enter Lady Frugal, Anne and Mary, in coarse Milliscent. What witch has transform'd you? In buffin gowns and green aprons! Tear them off." It may be very well seen, He buys to you the damask gowns, Then there is the saying, "Green, forsaken clean." PRINTED PARISH REGISTERS (6th S. viii. 249, "VIRTUE IS ITS OWN REWARD" (6th S. viii. 427). Silius Italicus (A. D. 25-101) says, "Ipsa quidem virtus sibimet pulcherrima merces " (Punica, lib. xiii. 1. 663), which idea appears in Plato's Republic: "Guilt ever carries his own scourge along ; Virtue, her own reward." Henry More, in Cupid's Conflict, makes use of the phrase, "Virtue is to herself the best reward," and in Walton's Angler, pt. i. ch. i., we find, "Virtue a reward to itself." The precise wording, "Virtue is its own reward," occurs in Prior's Imitation of Horace, bk. iii. ode ii., in Home's Douglas, III. i., and in Gay's Epistle to Methuen. Dryden, in his Tyrannic Love, III. i., expresses it, 66 Virtue is her own reward." Astor Library, N.Y. A. R. FREY. met with the following passage in Sir Thomas variable resolutions in a constant and setled way This proverb will be found in Prior's Imitation EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. L'INFLUENZA (6th S. viii. 407, 478).-Might I add to LADY RUSSELL'S quotation, that in the bibliography following Dr. Jas. Copland's article on this disease in his Dict. of Practical Medicine, are given : W. Falconer, Account of the Influenza at Bath. Bath, 1731; in Mem. of the Med. Soc. of London, vol. iii., No. 3. W. Watson, Remarks on the Influenza of London in 1762 (in Phil. Trans.). W. Heberden, On the Influenza in 1767 (and in Med. Trans., vol. i.). My not having been able to get a sight of these has been the cause of my delay in replying. BR. NICHOLSON. militum in solitudine Ripaliæ in humilitatis spiritu Deo famulantium." Canon Robertson, in his History of the Christian Church (London, 1875), viii. 82-3, speaks of the Ripaille fraternity as a "brotherhood of aged knights," founded by Amadeus VIII., and, in alluding to the rumoured luxuriousness of the society, observes that the charges "appear to be exaggerations, unsupported by contemporary authority, and swollen by hatred of him [Felix V.], as an anti-pope before they were eagerly turned to account by sceptical writers." A citation is given by Canon Robertson from Monstrelet, "the most respectable authority" for the idea of the luxuriousness of Ripaille, but who, as he remarks, carries it only a very little way, "Et se faisoient, lui et ses gens, servir au lieu de racines et d'eau fontaine du meilleur vin et des meilleures viandes qu'on pouvoit rencontrer." Æneas Sylvius, on the other hand, speaks highly of Amadeus, alike as prince and as hermit. For the later accretions Voltaire may be consulted. C. H. E. CARMICHAEL. New University Club, S. W. CINCHRIM (6th S. viii. 408).-It seems that in Milan there is preserved a very old manuscript, In it there is a prayer THE REV. HUMPHREY FOX OF TEWKESBURY (6th mostly in Irish or Gaelic. S. vi. 382).-In my account of the Fox family, I with reference to the Song of Moses (Exodus xv.) omitted to introduce a fact which I noted from Sir after the clan Israel, or the children of Israel, had Henry Yelverton's preface (p. lxvii) to Bp. Mor-walked over the bottom of the Red Sea. The ton's Episcopacy of the Church of England, 8vo., 1670, where, in reference to the silencing of Mr. John Dod, and his refusal to preach when so deprived, it is said : "When Mr. Fox, I think I mistake not his name, a minister in Teukesbury, he [Dod] was pressed to it by that argument, that he was a minister not of man, but of Jesus Christ, he replied, 'tis true he was a minister of Jesus Christ, but by man, and not from Christ, as the apostles only were; and therefore if by the laws of man he was prohibited preaching, he ought to obey; and never did preach till Mr. Knightly, his patron, procured him a licence from Archbishop Abbot." J. E. BAILEY. RIPAILLE (6th S. viii. 428).—The earliest authority which appears to be cited by Littré for the use of this word is a seventeenth-century writer, Maitre Adam Billaut, a pensioner of Cardinal Richelieu. The real sense of the term is luxury, or luxurious living, and it is quite unnecessary to import the sense given by MR. EDGCUMBE. As a matter of fact, the place of retirement of the exanti-pope and ex-duke was not an Augustinian monastery, but a military-religious congregation of his own foundation, somewhat after the fashion of the Templars and Hospitallers, which did not profess to follow an ascetic rule. No evidence of anything more than this has ever, to my knowledge, been brought against Ripaille, for the repetition of vague aspersions is not evidence. The title chosen by the founder was "Decanus prayer begins thus, "Domine qui cinchrim fugientes tueris." It is asked, What is the meaning of cinchrim? Perhaps cin is the Gaelic cinneadh Is (c hard; dh silent), a clan, a tribe, a race. chrim the Gaelic crom, to bend, to cause to bend (suppose to oppress). If this idea is correct, cinchrim ought to have been written as two words. The Israelites were fleeing from a nation of oppressors. Cinneadh is akin to the Greek genos, the Latin gens and the English kin. Perhaps the writer, from absence of mind, wrote two words in Gaelic instead of in Latin. The word referring to the fugitives is in the plural; of course it refers to the Hebrews, not as a nation, but as the tribes or singular it cannot apply to the Hebrews; if it as individuals. As cin (pronounced kin) is in the refers to people at all it probably refers to the Egyptian nation. I do not pretend to have untied this Gaelic knot (if it is Gaelic). I timidly offer this guess for the consideration of the reader. Devonport, Devon, THOMAS STRATTON, M.D. BISHOPS' BIBLE (6th S. viii. 449).-My folio. Bishops' Bible, 1572, has: "29. The righteous shall be pounished: as for the seede of the vngodly, it shall be rooted out." In the Great Bible, May, 1541 (which is the only edition of it I possess), verse 28 is thus given: "For the lorde loueth the thynge that is ryghte, he forsaketh not his that be godly, but they are preserued for euer more [the vnrighteous shalbe punysshed ] as for the seed of the vngodly, it shalbe rooted out." The words in brackets are printed in a smaller type, and have the mark signifying they do not belong to the text, but are a gloss. In the Bishops' Version this verse has been wrongly divided into two, and the gloss has been incorporated with the text, thus making the psalm consist of forty-one verses, instead of forty. What stands in the Bishops' Version for verse 30 is really verse 31, and so on to the end. R. R. Boston, Lincolnshire. 66 to particular events in his life and history. Several Crux Christi Nostra Salus,' shortened into 'C.C.N.S.' "In 1617, when the first Centenary Celebration was held, the old mottoes were revived and new ones added, slavery thus has Martin Luther led us out of the darkness such as this: As Moses led Israel out of Egyptian of Popery. In the year of Jubilee 1617.' "There are medals also which commemorate the good CELER ET AUDAX. I have a black-letter Prayer Book in quarto, without title and date. In the "Psalmes of Dauid, of that Translation, which is commonly vsed in the Church," the misprint occurs, as mentioned by MR. DORE; the reading of Psalm xxxvii. 29 being, "The righteous shall be punished: as for the seed of the vngodly, it shall be rooted out." The Prayer Book in question dates probably from about 1615, the prayer for the sovereign in the Litany mentioning King James, Queen Anne, Prince Charles Fredericke the Prince Elector Palatine, and the Lady Elizabeth, his wife." A version of the-In reply to MR. JAMES, the coin is more proNew Testament of an earlier date than that of King perly a token of the minor currency of the sevenJames is bound up with the Prayer Book. It is teenth century, and is thus described by Boyne in printed in Roman, has no title nor date, each page his standard work on tokens, 8vo. 1858: "Obv. being surrounded by notes in a small italic type, IOHN WRAIGHTE=HIS HALFE PENNY. Rev. IN which notes partake of the character of a com- WESTEGATE 1668 I.R.W. conjoined." It is not a mentary. E. MENKEN. very scarce token, and now worth to a collector about two shillings. Mr. John E. Hodgkin, of Richmond, Surrey, is a well-known collector of Kentish tokens, and might purchase it. MR. DORE must have given a wrong reference, I suppose. Psalm xxxvii. 29, in the Bishops' Bible, 1568, runs, "The righteous shall inherite the land and dwell therein for euer." And there is no material difference in any edition that I have consulted. HENRY H. GIBBS. A BURIED HOUSE (6th S. viii. 386, 477).-1 think the account given to John Wesley is very likely to be correct, for a few years ago I was told that some men digging gravel had discovered a Roman cemetery about a couple of miles from Pocklington. I went to see it, and myself got morsels of bone from the gravel banks. I said if there was a cemetery, an abode of the dead, there, there must have been a town somewhere near, where they abode when alive; but I could get no distinct information on that point. Blairhill. J. R. HAIG. A MARTIN LUTHER MEDAL (6th S. viii. 447). -A similar question to that of R. A. U. has appeared in the Oracle, No. 240, p. 769, to which the following is the reply: "Before the close of the seventeenth century upwards of 200 medals or other memorials, in gold, silver, and bronze, had been struck in commemoration of Luther and his work. A detailed description of them will be found in a work by Herr Juncker. Most of them refer GEORGE C. WILLIAMSON. BASO (6th S. viii. 515).—Baso or basu is duly |