which are falsest and most impossible. And I ASHKEY (6th S. ix. 27).-The next time MR. LYNN opens his teapot, if he will look at the inside of its lid he will probably see that the knob is fastened on by a round nut with handles to turn it by; and if he will inquire of the teapot's maker, he will probably hear that this nut is called a key. This is the key which an ashkey resembles. The resemblance may not be overwhelming, but it is stronger by a good deal than between an ashkey and a lock key. C. F. S. WARREN, M.A. be had-later volumes crop up now and again. I ROYAL COSMOGRAPHERS OR GEOGRAPHERS (6th S. DELAROCHE'S "CROMWELL" (6th S. viii. 369, 398). -The original picture of Cromwell looking at the coffin of Charles I., by Delaroche, is at the Academy of Arts at St. Petersburg. The one at Nismes is perhaps a replica. E. PRIMROSE. Vienna. News for Dec. 22, says :— "The mention of Donna Lucrezia suggests to me the title of a book which, written with true knowledge and would be edifying. Scholars in search of a subject, calm impartiality, would be as intensely interesting as it what do you say to an essay on The Extent to which History has been Falsified by Poets and Painters'?" Wimbledon. GEO. L. APPERSON. Treneglos, Kenwyn, Truro. LORD BACON (6th S. viii. 517).-That Francis Bacon was never entitled to be styled "" Lord Bacon" is as certain as the fact that for more than two centuries he has generally been so designated. NEW WORKS SUGGESTED BY AUTHORS (6th S. That it was an error so to call him was well in-viii. 326).-Mr. Sala, in the Illustrated London sisted on by M. de Rémusat when he pointed out the case of Lord Chatham, and said people never speak of Lord Pitt, yet that would be just as correct as saying "Lord Bacon" (2nd S. vii. 103). It must be, however, remembered that practically all Bacon's honours were won before he became Baron Verulam or Viscount St. Albans, and that the sentence which deprived him of the Great Seal and rendered him incapable of holding any office or entering the House of Peers left him the barren titles without any of the privileges of the peerage. He was Francis Bacon, the ex-Lord Chancellor, and a nominal viscount without the honour. "Lord Bacon " is, in fact, a kind of courtesy title. It was natural to call him by the name which he had made great, and to style him "Lord" as an exChancellor, rather than to speak of him by the titles which he had disgraced, and which were, to S. viii. 428).—I remember reading this book when "MYSTERIES OF THE COURT OF LONDON" (6th the judgment of most men, set aside. So Wilson, Rushworth, and others called him Lord Chancellor a young fellow, and can only imagine one reason Bacon, which was subsequently shortened into for its suppression, viz., its immoral tendency. A Lord Bacon (see 4th S. vi. 177). few historical events were inserted in the work, but it was undoubtedly nothing but a romance. Scenes were described, and long conversations given, in which only two persons were concerned, and neither person was likely to have recounted them to Mr. Geo. Reynolds or any one else, and certainly not with such complete detail. EDWARD SOLLY. The proper method of writing Bacon's title was discussed at great length in "N. & Q.,” 4th S. vi. W. C. B. NEWCASTLE-UPON-TYNE DIRECTORY (6th S. ix. 29). The directories for this city are dated 1778, 1787, 1795, 1801, 1824, 1838, 1847, &c. WM. LYALL. There were directories of the period mentioned, bat copies of the earlier numbers are now not to The late E. H. Palmer's Desert of the Exodus: much to be wished that a new and cheaper edition might "This book is now, I believe, out of print. It is very be issued."-Life and Achievements of Edward Henry Palmer, by Walter Besant, M.A., London, 1883 (close of chap. iii.). J. MANUEL. Newcastle-upon-Tyne. H. A. ST. J. M. SIR JOHN ODINGSELLS LEEKE, BART. (6th S. viii. 448; ix. 16).-The baronetcy attributed to the John Odingsells Leeke buried at St. Stephen's, Norwich, is probably that conferred on Sir Francis Leeke, of Sutton Scarsdale, co. Derby, May 22, 9 James I., which expired in the direct line with Nicholas, fourth Earl of Scarsdale, who died in 1736. The connexion is shown in an elaborate article on "Sikes of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire," in the Herald and Genealogist for January, 1873 (vol. vii. pp. 481-502), though the pedigree therein given at p. 495 seems to imply that it was Francis, first Lord Deincourt and Earl of Scarsdale, and not his father, who was the first baronet. There seems, however, no doubt that Sir Francis Leeke, who died in 1628-9, was the gentleman who was sixth in order of seniority among the first batch of baronets created by King James in 1611. If so, a John Odingsells Leeke who was living at the time of the last Earl of Scarsdale's death in 1736 would seem to have become at that time heir male to the first baronet. There was a second baronetcy conferred on a younger branch of this family (Leeke of the Chauntry, Newark) Dec. 15, 1663, but this became extinct in 1682. J. H. CLARK, M.A. has been quoted. Moreover, MR. TANCOCK, though A CURIOUS MEDAL (6th S. ix. 29).—It is difficult The to identify the medal described by MR. WALFORD as regards the lady represented, but the artist's initials are most probably those of Christian Maler, of Nuremberg, 1604-1652. His father was Valentine Maler, a distinguished goldsmith, sculptor, and painter, of the same town, who in the latter half of the sixteenth century executed many admirable portrait - medals of his fellow which seems to have descended to his son. citizens, and who enjoyed the "imperial privilege' oval shape of the medal helps to indicate its date, and also the somewhat extravagant allusion to West Dereham, Norfolk. death, much in vogue at this period on personal YORE-ZEIT (6th S. ix. 29).—This word is, indeed, ornaments, particularly on memento mori fingerJahr-zeit. It is used in the special meaning of rings. A similar reverse may be seen on a medal "anniversary of a death." The mispronunciation of George Frederick, Marquis of Baden (1573– is not due to the cause your correspondent sug-1638), viz., a large skull between cross-bones, with gests. Many Jews, not knowing the real origin of the legend, "Pulvis et umbra sumus." "Hodie the word, treat it as Hebrew, and pronounce it as mihi cras tibi" is another cognate inscription. such. It is often written in Hebrew letters with- The medal was probably executed in memory of out vowels, and hence the pronunciation depends one who died young, or whose character attracted upon the taste of the speaker. German Jews special public admiration. T. W. GREENE, never make the mistake. I. ABRAHAMS. I TENNIS (6th S. iii. 495; iv. 90, 214; v. 56, 73; vi. 373, 410, 430, 470, 519, 543; vii. 15, 73, 134, 172, 214; viii. 118, 175, 455, 502).-MR. O. W. TANCOCK objects to my saying that I had "exposed the fallacy that in old English the accent was always on the second syllable of tennis. am sorry if I offended him by saying this, but I did not mean to do so; I was not thinking of him when I wrote. That it was a fallacy, I thought I had shown by quoting a fifteenth century ballad, in which the word occurs twice with the accent on the first syllable, and never on the second. MR. TANCOCK, relying on spelling, says "it is not a fifteenth century ballad in its present spelling, and therefore its heavy ending (tenisse) and single n" go to prove his case, and not mine. But I rely on the rhythm, not on the spelling, which, as he says, may be corrupt; and I submit that the rhythm proves my case, not that of MR. TANCOCK. It seems to me that spelling is all very well to prove accent, where no other proof can be had; but when rhythm can be adduced as evidence of accent it is better. And I venture to say that my two examples, from the ballad of The Turke and Gowin, are at least twice as good as the one line, a very rough one, from Gower, which Winchester. DR. GUY CARLETON (6th S. ix. 29).-Two accounts of this incident, one by Bp. Kennet, the other by Mr. Macro, are given in Wood's Ath. Oxon., by Bliss, iv. 868. Observe the learned editor's note at the foot of the same column. J. INGLE DREDGE. HENRY MORTLOCK THE PUBLISHER (6th S. viii. 468).-Henry Mortlock, son of Richard Mortlock, the Stationers' Company in 1696-7. The parish of Stanton, Derbyshire, gentleman, was Master of register of Stanton, by Dale, records his baptism left an orphan when scarcely five years old. on June 30, 1633. It seems probable that he was W. T. C. BARCLAY'S "6 APOLOGY" IN SPANISH (6th S. viii. 347, 416).-The sixth edition of Barclay's Apology of 1736 states that it was translated into High Dutch, Low Dutch, French, and Spanish. The Spanish propagandism of the Quakers is little known. This Apology was published by T. Sowle Railton and Luke Hinde, at the Bible in George Yard, Lombard Street, and they appear to have been Quakers. At the end are several pages of Quaker books published by them, which appear to have been still in demand, some at high prices. There are only two poems and very little useful knowledge. One book by F. Bockett, The Diurnal Speculum, refers to short descriptions of the English counties. There is The Voyage of Katherine Evans and Sarah Cheevers to Malta, and of George Robinson to Jerusalem; also God's Protecting Providence: the Deliverance of Robert Barrow, &c., from the Inhumane Canibals of Florida. This is possibly a desideratum for our American collectors. New England Judged also belongs to the Americans. There are few books against the Church except for tithes, but the Papists were the great objects of attack. HYDE CLARKE, According to Smith's Catal. of Friends' Books, 1867, vol. i. p. 25, Antonio de Alvarado of Seville is spoken of in 1709 as "lately convinced," and was agreed with, by the Friends in England, to translate Barclay, of which translation one thousand copies were to be printed. For a further account of "this Friend" and his translation a reference is given to The Friend, vol. iii. p. 110. The work itself is properly entered by Mr. Smith at p. 183. W. C. B. AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANTED (6th S. viii. 269). "Houses, churches mixed together," &c. From A Description of London, written more than fifty years ago. I will furnish MR. RUSSELL STURGIS with a copy if he should require it. EVERARD HOME COLEMAN. "Choosing rather to record," &c. "A Soul's Loss," xxviii., Clytemnestra and Other Poems, Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. Henrici de Bracton de Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliæ. Libri Quinque in Varios Tractatus Distincti. Edited by Sir Travers Twiss, Q.C., D.C.L., for the Master of the Rolls. Vol. VI. (Longmans & Co.) SIR TRAVERS TWISS has completed in this volume his edition and translation of Bracton's famous treatise on the laws and customs of England, of which the first volume appeared in 1878. It must be no small compensation to the editor for his protracted labours to know that his name will in future generations be honourably associated with one of the classics of early English jurisprudence. We are, in fact, mainly indebted to his researches for our present knowledge of Bracton's origin and career. It is scanty and imperfect enough; but when Lord Campbell wrote his Lives of the Chief Justices of England he deplored the fact that literally nothing was known about Bracton personally, notwithstanding his fame and merits as a writer. Law books are proverbially dreary reading to every one except legal antiquaries, and Bracton's treatise is no exception to the rule. But a thorough knowledge of its contents is absolutely indispensable to students of constitutional history, who wish to understand the foundations on which the common law in England has been built up. Bracton wrote at a period when the strictness of the feudal system was being gradually relaxed by the introduction of those equitable defences which were allowed by the procedure of the civil law. This volume contains two classes of defences which could be pleaded in answer to a Writ of Right (de recto). The first was for the defendant to shift the burden of proof to the person from whom he acquired the property in dispute by calling on him to warrant the title. The other class of defence was to plead that the plaintiff was in some way disqualified from maintaining his claim; such as, for example, by bastardy, in being born before the marriage of his parents. By the canon law children were legitimated by the subsequent marriage of their parents; and, if we may believe Bishop Grosteste, this was formerly the law in England, as it is still in Scotland. But in the reign of Henry II., Richard de Luci, the Chief Justice, decided that children so born were illegitimate; and when the bishops appealed to the barons to alter the law of the King's Court of Justice, and to make it conform with the law of the Church, they received the famous answer. "Nolumus leges Angliæ mutare." It was a curious element in this legitimation that when the parents were married the children stood during the ceremony under their mother's mantle. This was the universal practice north of the Alps, and such children were called in Germany "mantle children." The introduction to this volume is, as usual, more readable than the text, from the variety of curious learning displayed origin of the legal phrase," tenant by curtesy." It is the by the editor. For example,-few readers will know the English rendering of "tenens per curialitatem." The husband of an heiress was not accepted as a member of the curia of the lord of the fee as his wife's representative until issue was born of the marriage, when he became tenant for life of his wife's estate. It is a minor blemish that the editor persists in refusing to recognize the fact that vicecomes is the Latin for sheriff, not for viscount, although to address precepts to issue execution to the Viscounts of Essex and Hertfordshire is absurd on the face of it. Hertford, by the way, is misprinted "Hereford" at p. 271. These smaller matters are not mentioned in any spirit of caviling, but rather to prove that the book has received the careful consideration which it deserves. THE North Riding Record Society starts its series of publications with a first instalment of Quarter Sessions Records, temp. Jac. I., under the able editorship of Rev. J. C. Atkinson, who, as might be expected, contributes not a few valuable notes on points of philological interest. The Christian names and surnames both afford ample matter for discussion, and traces of various influences may be argued as shadowed forth thereby. Taking into consideration the unquestionably Scottish origin of the Maxwells, Threaplands, and others who appear in the Records, we are of opinion that the Christian name Gawin, occurring, indeed, at p. 90, in connexion with the almost certainly Scottish surname of Spence (merely a variant of Spens), is not really "Gawdwin," whatever that may be or mean, but, as Mr. Atkinson suggests, the "Gawain" of classic fame in Scottish literature. We must await the index and preface promised in part ii. before we can give an adequate account of the many valuable features which should attract the genealogist, the philologist, and the student of history generally, to the work of the North Riding Record Society. Two parts of Mr. Walter Hamilton's collection of Parodies have appeared. These deal wholly with the Poet Laureate, of whom some spirited travesties, with, of course, others of less merit, are furnished. We fail to see, however, the best parody of a portion of the In Memoriam that ever appeared, the advertisement of Ozokerit. This we recall in Punch. So far as our memory can be trusted, it commenced thus:"Wild rumours through the air did flit, Wild rumours shaped to mystic hints, When bright through breadth of public prints Flamed that great word Ozokerit. And much the peoples marvelled when That mystic thing should come to view; Rung frequent in the mouths of men." the number of days she is making the voyage. And as Sydney time is reckoned nearly twelve hours ahead of London time (e.g., it is noon on January 1 at Sydney at the actual time that it is midnight on December 31 at London) it will seem to be a day later when the ship reaches London than the count of days on board would make it. But if the ship sails westerly, or in the reverse direction to the earth's rotation, the ship's motion will just make up for the difference of reckoning of time at the two places, and the date will seem to be the same by the count kept on board and as found at London. Two ships starting together in reverse directions and arriving anywhere together will, of course, find their separate reckonings of date differ by one day. HERBERT NASH ("Lecky's History of European Morals").-The quotation you supply merely turns into Mr. Hamilton will do well to include this in the next prose the portion of the Adonais of Shelley commencing section of his work. THAT amusing compilation Don't, in its unabridged form, has been issued by Messrs. Field & Tuer in a sixpenny edition. UNDER the title the Hull Quarterly and East Riding Portfolio will be published this month a new magazine, edited by Mr. W. G. B. Page, of Hull, which will deal with subjects of a general literary character; also of the antiquities, archæology, bibliography, memoirs of local worthies, folk-lore, meteorology, natural history, &c., of| Hull, the East Riding, and of North Lincolnshire. It will be crown quarto in size, printed on toned paper, and contain forty-eight pages of letterpress and illustrations. The contents of the first number are: "The Hull Corporation Plate," by Dr. Kelburne King, illustrated; "The Folk-lore of Holderness, some Scraps of," by Rev. W. H. Jones; "The Meteorology of Hull," by William Lawton; "The Influence of the Northmen on our Language," by John Nicholson; "The Johnson MS. Correspondence," &c. To the list of periodicals which furnish a column of local notes and queries must be added the Banbury Guardian. The first instalment of this will appear on the 31st inst. WITHIN the last five years various old documents and manuscripts have been discovered in Egypt, and fragments of them have found their way to Berlin, Paris, Vienna, &c. Among them are portions of a parchment code of the fourth or fifth century, comprising the Respons of Papinianus, the most renowned of the classical Roman lawyers, with notes of his disciples Ulpianus and Paullus. The fragments at Berlin have been edited by Krüger; those at Paris by Daresk. It is quite within the range of probability that similar documents have been purchased as curiosities by tourists in Egypt. Should this be so, the possessors of such are invited, in the interest of scholarship, to communicate their addresses to Messrs. Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill. Notices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. W. BECKETT ("Loss or Gain of Time in Circumnavigating the Globe").-This will depend entirely on whether the ship sails in an easterly or westerly direction. If she sails easterly, that is, in the direction of the earth's rotation, she will have made half a revolution round the earth on her own account, to be added to with stanza xlii, :— "He is made one with Nature: there is heard Shelley, Works, iii. 25, ed. H. B. Forman. BELSHAZZAR ("Château Yquem ").-Château Yquem is an estate, with a handsome château, in the district of Sauternes, Canton de Langon, Department of the Gironde. It belongs to the heirs of the Marquis Bertrand de LurSaluces, or did a few years ago. It produces annually one hundred to one hundred and thirty tonneaux of a wine held in highest estimation by connoisseurs. LIEUT. COL. FERGUSSON ("Yankee Ensign ").-We are authorized by Admiral Sir G. Broke Middleton, Bart., to state that the flag taken with the Chesapeake by his father, Sir Philip B. V. Broke, "was given by the gallant middy of the Shannon to his kind friend and patron the second Earl Grey, and was therefore never in his (Sir G. Broke Middleton's) possession." W. B. ("Emblematic Design and Designer").-This is Retzsch's well-known engraving of The Chess Players." See "N. & Q.," 6th S. vii. 506; viii. 40. the second edition of which has just appeared, you will W. M. C. ("London").-In Loftie's History of London, find information of the kind you seek. T. C. H. ("Royal Horse Guards Blue").-The story told you is a mere variation of a joke formerly applied to the officers of the 10th Regiment. shire Press at Stamford, and by Reeves of London. W.-Old Lincolnshire is published at the Old Lincoln W. D. PARISH.-Your note upon Fox's Book of Martyrs is not overlooked or dismissed. It will appear in due course. J. CANN HUGHES, B.A. (" Old Curiosity Shop").-The idea that the house in Portsmouth Street is the Old Curiosity Shop of Dickens finds no serious acceptance. W. H. D. HERVEY is anxious to know if there is in England any tunnel longer than the Box Tunnel, at Dunnon Hill. NOTICE. Editorial Communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries'"-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, 20, Wellington Street, Strand, London, W.C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. Each Half-yearly Volume complete in itself, with Title-Page and Index. Every SATURDAY, of any Bookseller or News-agent, Price THREEPENCE. THE ATHENEUM JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, REVIEWS of every important New Book, English and Foreign, and of every New English Novel. REPORTS of the LEARNED SOCIETIES. 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