Mollusca, living and extinct, 740.

Molluscs, composition of the shells of,
624; fossil, 637.

Molucca isles, dispersion of the nutmeg
seeds through the, 567.

Monge, M., his account of a mirage in
Egypt, 536.

Mongolian race of men, 602, 603.
Monkeys, 590. 595.

Monocotyledonous plants, 563.

Monotrama animals peculiar to Austra-
lia, 591.

Monsoons, 442; illustration of their
commencement, 443; causes of not
well understood, 444.

Mont Blanc, granite of, 644, 645.
Montanari, 131.

Monte Nuovo, near Naples, 403.

Rossi, its origin, 426.

Monte Rotondo lake, 312.
Monteith, Colonel, 324.

Montmartre, spring at, 265; granite of,
644, 645; quarries of, 743-745.
Montoire, bog of, 769.

Monument Mountain, U. S. view of,
752

Monvoisin, Mont, 414.

Moon, the, causes of her acceleration, 3;
peculiar eclipse of, 3; savages worship
the, 3; lunar phenomena, 76; has serv
ed as a measurer of time, 76; diagram
of her phases, 77; is evidently not self-
luminous, 77; its ashy light, or earth-
shine, 78 her distance from the earth,
diameter, motions, and tour round the
earth, 78; luni-solar period of Meton,
79; how her eclipses are caused. 79;
remarkable eclipse of, as seen in
Africa, 79, 80; turns always the same
face to the earth, 80; librations of the,
80; earth is invisible to a moiety of
the fuhabitants of the, 80; equality of
day and night, on the, 81; uncertainty
as to there being any atmosphere
around the, 81; superficial appearances
of the, 81, 82, 83; phenomena attend-
ing the occultation of, 81; maps of the,
83; supposed mountains and seas in
the, 83, 84; imagined volcanoes in the,
84; delusions as to the appearances of
the, 85, 86; occultations of the, 86;
tides are caused by the, 86; imputed
lunar influences examined, 86, 87;
light of the, its peculiarities, utility,
and amount of, 87, 88; the earth reci-
procates reflected light with the, 88;
the great causer of tides, 352, 353;
alleged malign influence of the, 482.
Moon-beams, supposed malign effect of,
87.

Moore, Thomas, his Canadian Boat-song,

284; his account of the Bahamas, 333;
lines on the acacia, 563.
Morasses, 768.

Morat, lake of, 331; view of the, 417.
Morayshire floods, 416-420. 592, 593.
Moselie, course of the river, 282; colour
of its waters, 285.

Moskwa, prince of the, his ascent of the
Pyrenees, 161.
Mososaurus, the, 736.

Moss plants, 551, 552; botanical regions
of, 560.

Mountain slips. See Land slips.
Mountains, definition of the term, 200;
length of the principal chains of, 202;
heights of the chief, in Europe, Asia,
Africa, America, and the Antarctic
continent, 205; land changes among,
421-123; rich flora of, 557; table of
the vegetation on, 557; some wholly
composed of animal remains, 635;
unstratified, 408; stratified, 409; plants
of, 550. Mountain limestone in the coal
formation, 691, 692.
Moutiers, springs of, 270.

Mowna mountain, in the Sandwich
islands, 206.
Mudstone, 669.

Mulgrave, Lord, 326.

Multiple or compound stars. See Stars.
Muncaster Fell, Cumberland, 644.
Murad IV., sultan, 312.
Murchison, Mr., observations of, 627,
628; his geological researches, 666.
670. 678. 680, 681. 684. 687.689. 694.
731.

Myans, Abymes de, 412.

Mycene, view of cyclopean remains at,
766.

Mysore, sheep of the, 600.

Napier, his invention of logarithms, 33.
Naphtha springs at Baku, 275.
Naples, bay of, 403.

Naseby, battle-field of, 279.
Nativities, calculation of, 4.
Nature always is changing, though man
is slow to perceive it, 370.
Nautical Almanack, its uses, 144.
Nebulæ, the, examined by Sir William
Herschel, 46; appearances and proba-
ble nature of, 47; chapter on the, 178
-192; their immense distance from
us, 178; catalogue of, by Sir J. Her-
schel, 179, 180; their aspects 179- |
182; nebulæ in Perseus and Canes
Venatici, 179; in Pegasus and Hercu-
les, 180; in Doradus, Pollux, and Sobi-
eski's Shield, 181; dumb-bell nebula,
halo nebula, 183; elongated nebula,
184; nebula in the constellation of
Orion, 185; horse-shoe nebula, planet-
ary nebula, 186; stellar nebulæ, 187.
Inquiry, "What are the nebulæ ?"
188; Herschel's estimation of the dis-
tances in space, 184; nebular theory
not based on atheistical principles,
191, 192.

Needle rocks, the, Isle of Wight, 393;
views of, 394. 656.

Negroes, complexions of, 599; heads of,
603; skulls of, 604, 605; longevity of,
607, 608; natural equality of the race
of, 609.

Neocomium, 732.

Neptunists, the disciples of Werner, 618.
Nereidina, the, 666.

Nettle, the English, now rife in North
America, 569.

Neva, the river, 293, 294.

New, variable, and compound stars, 166
-178.

New red sandstone system, the, 707-716.
Newcastle coal fields, 696, 697.

New Holland, the plants of, 558. 563,
564; animals of, 591,'592. 594.
New Zealand, flora of, 562.
Newfoundland, 384.

Newton, Sir Isaac, 10. 34; was much in-
debted to Flamstead's labours, 37; his
birth-place, 38; was the architect of
physical astronomy, though his reputa-
tion was not much extended till long
after his death, 38; popular tradition
concerning the manifestation of gravi-
tation, 38; rationale of that great law,
39; Newton left a more thorough in-
vestigation of the subject to his succes-
sors, 40; his house at Woolsthorpe,
description of, 40, was associated with
Halley in his labours, 41; was the
founder of physical astronomy, 189; his
tidal theory, 351, 352.

Niagara, falls of, 287-290; river of,
324.

Nichol, Dr., his illustration of double
motions, 13; his reasoning on the
multiple stars, 174.

Niebuhr, 266.

Nile, source of the river, 278, 279. 283;
its inundations, 294-296. 307, 308;
breadth, 302; ancient and present con-
dition of, 397. 400. 421, 422; alluvium
of the, 777; crocodiles of the, 579.
Nilgherry district in Hindostan, the, 222.
Nimbus, or rain-cloud, 468.
Nitrogen, with oxygen, forms air, 622.
Noah, ark of, 593, 594.

Non-fossiliferous rocks, division of, 635,
et al.

North Cape, sun at midnight at the, 49.
Cape, the, 650.773.

Sea, the, 326.

Northern lights. See Aurora Borealis.
Northampton, Marquis of, 721.
Northwich, brine springs at, 712.
Norway, fiords of, 332; 650; shores of,

773.

Norwegian lakes, transparency of the
waters in the, 322; fiords, 332; pines,
552.

Norwich, altered position of the city of,
396, 397.

Nottingham Castle, views of, 707. 710.
Nova Zembla, 588, 596.

Numa, said to have brought fire from
heaven, 521.

Number, distance, and magnitude of the
stars, 156-158.

Nyöe, or New Island, near Iceland, its
volcanic appearance and disappearance,
376.

Oak-trees, boundary of the growth of
552, 553.

Oases of Egypt, 226.

Obsidian, or volcanic glass, 653. 780.
Observatory, National, of England. See
Greenwich Observatory, Tycho Bra-
he's at Uraniberg, 25, 26; at Green-
wich, (See Greenwich Observatory);
one at Paramatta, maintained by go-
vernment, 156; of Paris, rain-gauge
kept at the, 469; temperature in the
substructions of the latter, 477.
Occultations of the stars and planets, 14;
of Mars and Saturn, 14; of Jupiter and
Saturn, 81; explanation of the term,
86; occultations of fixed stars, 164,
Ochill hills, 683.
Odin's Mine Tor, Derbyshire, descrip-
tion and view of entrance to. 258.
Odours of human races, 605, 606.
Ocean, the, is continuous, but divides
into three grand divisions, 197 (See Ba-
sins); Arctic, Atlantic, Pacific, South-
ern Oceans, their several limits, 197;
influences, by its temperature, the cli-
mates of the earth, 486; general chap.
ter on the, 325-348; its extent and
influences, 325; our knowledge of its
boundaries, 325, 326; its unequal depths,
321; composition, 327-330; specific
gravity, 329; bitterness, 329; colour,
330, 331; transparency, 331-333; phos-
phorescence, 333, 334; calms and storms,
334, 335; temperature, 335-337; ice,
337-345; its geographical outlines,
345, 346; the Mediterranean portion,
346--348; its weeds, 348; effects of
typhoons in the Indian, 593; muriate
of lime in the waters of the, 624.
Oceanic highways, See Tides.
Oceanía, or Australasia, animals of, 591,
592; population of, 596.

Ohio, river, its scenery, 306; prevailing
winds in the valley of the, 450.
Oil, effect of, in stilling waves, 351, 352.
Olafsen, 592.

Olbers, Professor, 47. 137.
Olive-tree, the, 568.
Olivine, 652.

Olmstead, Professor, 141, 142.
Oolite system, 641, 642.
Oolites, 620.

Oolitic period, the, 638.

system, chapter on the, 717-731;
development of, in England, 718;
shells of the, 719-721; saurians in,
721-724. 729, 730; lithic and other ma-
terials of, 725-727; distribution of, in
England, 727-729; speculations on
the, 730, 731.
Opossum, the, 589.

Optical phenomena, chapter on, 516-
545; lightning, 516, 517; electricity in
southern latitudes, 518; different kinds
of lightning, 519; meteoric lights, 520;
lightning strokes, 520-522; magnet-
ism and electricity congeneric, 522;
aurora borealis and aurora australis,
523-529; halos, 530; parhelia, 530
532; paraselenæ, 532; rainbows, solar
and lunar, 532-535; spectral illusions,
535; the mirage, 536; illusions by re-
fraction, 537, 538; the Fata Morgana,
538-540; illusions by reflection, 541,
542; by reflection and refraction com-
bined, 542, 543; ignis fatuus, 543–545.
Oran-outang, the, 595.
Orange-trees, prolific, 570.

Orbits of the planets, 64; orbit of the
earth, 163.

Order of successive strata fixed and uni-
versal, 642.

Organic alluvium, 766.

Origin of springs, inquiry into the, 262,
263; of lakes, 308, 309; of plants, 563,

et seq.; of animals, 571, et seq.; of
man, 595, et seq.
Orinoco river, 230. 280. 292. 297, 298. 439;
climate of plains of the, 492; wooded
banks of the, 555; confluents of the,
576; manatus americanus of the, 578;
floods of the, 584; wild horses on the
plains of the, 587; raft islands at mouth
of the, 593; Otomacs of, 597.
Orion, constellation of, is visible all over
the habitable globe, 154; its position in
the heavens, 154; was known to and
dreaded by the ancients, 154; number
of stars in the trapezium of, 158; dia-
gram of nebulosities in, 135.
Ornithichnites, or stony bird tracks, il-
lustrated, 715.

Ortler Spitz Mountain, ascent of the,
203; view of, 547.
Osteolepis, the, 689.

Otaheite, coral reef near, 385.
Otomacs, an earth-eating tribe of South
America, 597, 598.

Ovid's Metamorphoses show much obser-
vation of nature and superior philoso-
phy, 615, 616; his Epistles from Pontus,
508.

Owen, Captain, his surveying voyage,

472.

Ox, the, 587. 598. 600, 601. 605, 606.
Oxford stone, the, 620.
Oxidation, hypothesis of subterranean,

433.

Oxus, the river, 423.

Oxygen, with nitrogen, composes the
principal part of the atmosphere, 622;
with hydrogen composes water, 622;
combines largely with earth and me-
tals, 622.

Owen, Professor, 713. 722. 726. 730.757.
Oxford clay, 726, 727; stone, 726.
Oxide of iron, found in basalt, 652.

Pachydermata, tribes of the, 592.
Pacific Ocean, 353. 356. 361; gale in the,
illustration of a, 335; winds in the,
439, 440; isles of the, 592, 593.
Paderborn, spring at, 268.
Palæotherium, the, 744, 745.
Paley, Archdeacon, his question regard-
ing the laws of nature, 182.
Palitzen, the Saxon astronomical farmer,
170.

Pallas, the planet or asteroid, 91.

-, Professor, 137. 605. 753. 755.
Palma, volcanic isle of, illustrated, 778,
779.
Palmæ, or palm tribe, the, 556, 557; view
of a forest of, 556; description of a
palm-grove, 557; luxuriance and fer-
tility of different species, 557.
Palmer's Cairns, view of, 680.
Palmyra, or Tadmor in the desert, 228.
Paludina, 746.

Pampas of South America, account of
the, 233; pamperos, or hurricanes in
the, 451; of Buenos Ayres, 450; bones
in the, 472.

Panama, isthmus of, 441.
Paraguay, animals of, 600.

river, descent of the, 281.
Parallax, 1. 9, 10; what it is defined,
with a diagram, 162; annual of the
fixed stars long a desideratum, 163;
now ascertained by Professor Bessel,

163.

Parhelia, or mock suns, 530-532; views
of, 531.

Paris, climate of, 492; temperature in
the substructions of its Observatory,
497. 501 built on tertiary strata, 739;
basin, 743; animals of the, illustrated,
745.

Matthew, citation from his history,
531, 532.

Parish, Sir Woodbine, 472. 757.
Parkinson, observation on fossils of Mr.,
640.

Parliament, stone of the new houses of,
620.

Parnassus, Mount, 260; view of, 737.

Parrot, Dr., the Russian traveller, 488.
Parry, researches of Captain, 341.344.
361.450.506.525. 528, 529. 531, 532. 534.
547. 588, 589.

Patagonians, stature of the, 605.
Paul's, St., stone of the cathedral of, 724.
Peach, introduction of the, 568.
Peat, formation of, 768, 769.
Pendulum, the, of clocks, an important
acquisition to practical astronomy, 32.
Pennant, Mr., 593. 606. 661, 664, 665.
Pennsylvania, State of, rich in coal, 620.
Pennsylvanian and other American coal
districts, 702; manner of working, 699,
700.

Pentacrinites, 677; Caput Medusæ, 678.
Perca scandens, the climbing-fish, 578.
Perfection, gradual, of the same animal
and vegetable species, an illusive the-
ory, 637.

Peripatetics held the earth to be the

centre of the universe, 7. See Aristotle.
Periods of appearance, the successive, of
past and present animal and vegetable
races, 638, 639.

Peroul, ebullient spring at, 274.
Perturbations of the planets, 40.
Peru, mountain districts of, 645.
Petcheres, miserable race of the, 597.
Peter Botte Mountain, in the Mauritius,
view and description of, 202.
Petersburg, city of St., its perilous site,
293; falls of rain at, 470; snow of, 474.
Petrifactions, how formed, 277. 399.
Petroleum springs, 275.

Peveril of the Peak's castle and cavern,
view of, 243.

Peyronnel, M. de, his researches on
corals, 380.

Phascolotherium, the, 726.
Phænogamic plants, 550.

Phenicians, the reputed inventors of nau-
tical astronomy, 144.
Philippine Islands, 610.

Phillips, Professor, his table of British
fossiliferous rocks, 637; notices by, 658.
663.666.681. 719. 735. 772. 777.
Philolaus, 7, 8.

Phlegræan fields, the, 401, 402.
Phocæ, the, or seal tribe, 578.
Phoenicians, the, 348.

Phormium tenax, or New Zealand flax,
562.

Phosphorescence of th sea, its cause, 575.
Physical nature, general analogies of,
103; diversities of, 104, 105.

Piazzi's catalogue of the stars, Sir J.
Herschel's observations on, 143, 144.
Pichincha, Mount, 645.
Pickering, Vale of, 727.

Pigeons, enormous flock of passenger,
584.

Pike, longevity of the, 575.

Pillars of Hercules, 311. See Gibraltar.
Pindar mentions the eruptions of Etna,

212, 213.

Pine tribe, the, 552.

Pinna marina, the, 372.

Pisces, or constellation of the Fishes, 152.
Pitchstone, a bituminous basalt, 653;
porphyry, 654.

Pits of coal, British and foreign, 696,
et seq.

Plains, great, list of, 221; of the Cau.
casus, 224, 225; of northern Europe
and Asia, 224; of Peru, 225; of South
America, including the llanos, selvas,
and pampas, 230-233; of North Ame-
rica, 233-235; of Thebes, view of, 422;
of the Himalayas, 487; of Africa, 590.
Planets, what they are, 63; are primary
and secondary, 63; their courses, 63;
are superior and inferior, 63; have
symbols, 64; their paths are elliptical,
64; their distances from the sun, 64;
orbits of the different, 64; those tech-

nically called superior (properly
exterior), the phenomena they present,
89; contents and area of the Earth,
Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus, 102; ex-
tent of combine surface of, 102, 103;
orbits of, 103; analogies between the
planets, 104; relative distances from
the sun, and size of, 105; length of day
and year of each, 105; form and mag-
nitudes of, 105; density of the various,
106; general observations on the, 107.

Plants, chapter on the geographical dis-
tribution of, 546-571; their wide dis-
persion, 546; their aggregate numbers
and general division, 548-550; their
relative numbers and respective locali-
ties, 550, 551; in northern latitudes,
55), 552; in temperate regions, 552,
553; in torrid, 553-555; in America,
555--557; elevation of places of growth,
557; marine plants, 558; local species,
555-560; reg ons of the various, 560
563;
sources whence all varieties
sprang, also their means of dispersion
and reproduction, 569, ad finem; fossil,
1st of successive, 638, 639; sometimes
perfect in form, and sometimes bitu-
minised, 640.

Plantain, or banana, the, 557.
Plastic clay formation, 739. 741.
Plata, La, or Plate River, 230. 518, 519.
588. 601.

Plateans, or table-land, 221-223.
Plato, 6. 8.

Playfair, Professor, 656.

Pleiades, the, or starry group in the neck
of the Bull, 5, 6; ancient fable con-
cerning, 32; supposed derivation of the
term, 144; constituents of the group
of, 159.

Plesiosauri, 723, 724. 729. 731.
Pica polonica, the disease of, 609.
Plinlimmon, 642. 662.

Pliny, 11 his description of the Cau-
casian defiles, 216; of the Grotto del
Cane, 256; of the Larian spring, 266;
and of a river in Judea, 267; fount of
Ammon, 271; strange omission of, 273;
his notices of Dodona fountain, 275;
his relation regarding Claudius, 313;
his letter to Gallus, 318, 319; observa-
tion of oil stilling waves, 351; on tides,
352; on the Anio floods, 416; of the
eruption of Vesuvius, 423, 424; hie as-
sertion regarding Tullus Hostilius,
521; and spectral illusions in Scythia,
535; of the introduction of cherries,
568.

Pliocene, period, the, 639; strata, 641.
749, 750.

Plot, Dr., his History of Oxfordshire, 535.
Plumbago, or graphite, a carburet of iron,

624.

Plutonic, or ign ous rocks, chapter on
the, 643; their nature and how clas-
sified, 643, 644; granitic, 644-649;
foreign bodies found in granite, 649—
651; trappean rocks, 651-655; vol-
canic rocks, 651-656.

Po, the river, 400.
Poikilitic system, 708.
Pole, the, magnetic, 523.

Polirschiefer, composition of, 749.

Polistena, effects of volcanic action at,
432, 433; view of fissures at, 432; view
of circular hollows at, 433.

Polypi, tribes of, 572.

Pompeii, city, 423-425. 781.
Pompey's pillar, 644.

Pomponius Mela, 535.

Pont-Royal at Paris, quantity of water
passing through the, 263.

Pools, wherein they differ from lakes,
308.

Population of the five regions of the
globe, 596.

Porphyry, 651; composition of the por-
phyries, 654, 655.

Portici, city of, 410.

Portland, stone of the Isle of, 726, 727,
728.

Port Royal in Jamaica, earthquake at,
and its effects, 386, 387.
Portsoy, Banffshire, 644. 649. 651.
Potato, the, imported from the New
World to the Old, 567; this fact
doubted by Humboldt, 567; but con-
firmed by later authorities, 568.
Potosi, silver mine of, 634.
Pottery-ware, felspar used in compound-
ing, 623.

Powis Castle rock illustrated, 627.
Pozzuoli, view of, 404; earthquakes at,
404.

Prairies of North America, 589
Presepe, constellation of, 159.
President steamer, presumed cause of its
loss, 340.

Prichard, Dr., his hypothesis of the dis-
tribution of plants, 564, 565, 569, 570.
572. 592; of the varieties of man, 599,
et seq.

Priestley, Dr., 519.

Primary formations, composition of, 640.
limestone, 660, 661.

or metamorphic system, 641.
Primitive man, place of the creation of,
609, 610.

Principia, the, of Newton, 37; its estima-
tion by Laplace, 38.

Produce, abundant, of the cocoa-palm,
the date-palm, the sago-palm, and the
banana, or plantain, 557; of the orange,
potato, wheat, &c., 570.

Progress is a law of universal nature,
189, 190.

Proteus anguineus, the, 571.

Prout, Mr., his felicitous remark on rain-
bows, 533; on tropical animals, 584.
Pryme, Mr., 771, 772.

Pterichthys, the, illustrated, 688, 689.
Pterodactyle, the, 723, 724. 729.
Ptolemies, the, 10.

Ptolemy, the geographer, 3, 4 11; was a
learned man, and made the Great Col-
lection, or Almagest, 11; diagram of
the Ptolemean system, 12; theory of
epicycles, 13; his later followers tried
to amend his scheme, 14; was a prac-
tical astronomer, 14; speaks of vessels
of oil being used to observe eclipses,
16; mentions the rarefaction of the
atmosphere in his treatise on optics,

25.

Pumice-stone, its porousness, 624.
Puy de Dôme, 438; de Pariou, 428.
Pyrenees, valleys of the, 219; hot springs

of the, 270; line of snow on the, 488;
survey of the, 517; geology of the, 634,
635. 649, 650.

Pythagoras, 7; his disciples had just no-
tions of the solar scheine, 7, 8.
Pythus, the, oriental, 579.

Quadrumana, order of. 595.
Quadrupeds, class of, 584; notices of
several individuals, 584-588; topogra-
phical distribution of, into-1. the Arc-
tic region, 588, 589; 2. north temperate
region, 589; 3. region of intertropical
and South America, 589, 590; 4. ditto
of Africa, 590; 5. region of India, 590,
591; 6. region of Australia, 591, 592;
animals which have strayed out of
bounds, 592, 593; flying, 591; of the
isles in the Pacific, 593.
Quartz, what it is, and where found, 623;
a component of granite, 644.
Quarry, view of Old Lincoln, 675.
Quito, genial climate of the city of, 492;
European corn when first taken to,
567.

Races, mixed human, of America, 604.
Raffles, Sir Stamford, his account of the
volcano of Sumbawa, 210.

Rafts of wood originate floating islands,
593.

Rain, is the probable source of springs,

263, 264; is all-important in fertilising
the earth, 462; amount of rain, 468;
distribution of, 469; in the tropics, 470,
471; regions unvisited by, 471; or
overwhelmed with, 471, 472; annual
falls of, in Britain, 473; in various
countries, 473, 474.

Rainbow, the solar, how formed, 533;
view and description of the lunar, 534,

535.

Ramsgate, singular phenomena seen at,
537, 538.

Rapids, how produced, 283; of St. Anne,
on the river St. Lawrence, 284. 294.
Raratonga island, hurricane in, 455,
456.

Rats, 592.

Rattle-snake, the, 579.
Ravenspur, port of, 395.
Ray, the naturalist, 367.
Reciprocating springs, 266-268.

Red men, or copper-coloured races, 599.
603.

Red Sea, 317. 327; its colour, 331; pre-
valent winds in the, 450.
Redfield, Mr., 455.

Refraction in the Polar Sea, view of the

effects of, 543; of the atmosphere, 52.
Regions of the globe, climates of the
various, 504-509. 597, 598; had special
races of animals and plants assigned to
them, 598; botanical, of plants, 560—
564.

Reid, Colonel, 453-455.
Reindeer, the, all-important to the Lap-
landers, 551; native region of the, 588.
594.

Relugas, torrential ravages at, 418-420.
Remains, organic, regular distribution
of, 619; found in unstratified layers,
635, et al.; prodigious masses of animal,
in the earth's crust, 635, 636; of vege-
table, 637.638; of South America, 590;
view of the earliest human, 759.
Rennell, Major, 360. 370.
Reptiles, varieties of, 579, 580; preceded
mammalia, 537; list of successive fossil,
638, 639.

Resina, city of, 410.

Rhamni, region of the, 561.

Rhine, descent of the river, 281; colour
of its waters, 283; basin of the,
750.

Rhinoceros, the, 598.

-, the fossil, 755.
Rhône, glacier of the river, description
and view, 218; bise in the valley of
the, 456; alluvium of, 776; source of
the, 278; under-ground course of the,
291; passes through Lake Leman, 320;
colour of its water, 331; its embou-
chure, 398.

Rice-plant, locality of the, 553.
Richard, Abbé, 517.

Richardson, Dr., 528. 559. 584.
Rickman, Professor, his death, 522.
Righi, Mont, 409, 410; pass, view of the,
409.

Rio Negro river, its course and dark
colour, 283; singularity of the, 280.
Ripple-marks in strata, 625. 631; of the
old world waters, 683. 716.
Rivers, chapter on, 278-304

sources of

various, 278; of the Nile, 279; courses
of, 279, 280; islands in, 280, 281; cur-
rents of, 281, 282; nature and colour of
waters of, 282, 283; falls and rapids of,
283, 284; of the St. Lawrence, 284; of
the Kaaterskill, 284; of Tralhetta, 285;
of Foyers, 286; of Schaffhausen, 280;
of Terni, 286; of Staubbach, 286; of
Tequendama, 286, 287; of Niagara,
287-290; rivers change their levels,
292, 293; many rise periodically, 293
295; as the Amazon, Tigris, Ganges,
Indus, Euphrates, and Nile, 294; an-
nual overflow of the latter, 295, 296;
notices of tropical floods in America,
296, 297; of the Orinoco, 297, 298; bifur-
cation of rivers, 298, 299; classification
of streams, 299: the Angitas, 299, 300;
the Jordan, &c., 300, 301; mouths of
rivers, 302, 303. 593; table of the great
streams of the globe, 303, 304; courses
of the Amazon, 304, 305; of the Missis-
sippi, 305 307; of the Nile, 307; de-
nudation of the land by rivers, 370
373; rivers disseminate plant-seeds,
565, 566 raft islands formed at the
mouths of, 593; hold petrifying matter
in solution, 640.
Robinson, Dr., his researches in the
East, 262, 267. 274. 300. 315, 316.
Robur Carolinum, constellation of, 148.
Rochfort, aspect and topography of,

238.

Rocher d'Héricourt, M., his theory,
317.

Rock or wall plants, 549.

Rockall, remarkable island of, 199.
Rocks torn asunder by frozen water,
408; unstratified, 408; chapter on the
structure and classification of, 622;
true nature of rocks, 622; component
parts of, 623, 624; structure of, 624,
625; stratified and unstratified, 625;
basalts, 626; stratified one of aqueous
origin, 627; varieties of, 627-630; pe-
culiarities of structure, 630-632; Glen
Tilt strata, 632, 633; metallic veins,
633-635; fossiliferous and non-fossil-
iferous rocks, 635; list of strata by Dr.
Mantell, 636; table of, by Professor

Phillips, 637; arrangement by Leh-
man, 637; manifestations of past or-
ganic life in rocks, 637-639; order of
fossil remains in strata, 639, 640; gra-
nitic, 644-651; volcanic, 655, 656;
silurian, 669.

Rock-salt, 711; mines of, 712, 713.
Rocky Mountains, 552. 558. 589. 626.
Roemar, inventor of the transit instru-
ment, 34.

Romans, the ancient, adverse to the cul-
tivation of the physical sciences, 16;
their partiality for Baiæ 403; received
the vine from the Greeks, 568.
Rome, city of, its volcanic site, 427.
Rosa, Mont, 650.

Rosiano, volcanic chasm in the district
of, 433.

Rosenberg, or Mount Ruff, fall of the,
408-410.

Rose-tree, the, unknown in South
America, 558.

Ross, Captains, their discoveries and
observations, 196. 331. 337. 339, 340,
341.523.

Rosse, Earl of, his great telescope, 45.
183.

Royal Academy of Science of Paris, its
foundation and first members, 34.

Society of London, its foundation
and early members, 34.

Rubbish, plants found on, 549.

Russegger and Berton, Messrs., 316.

Saas, valley of, 650.

Sabine, Captain, 360, 525, 568.

Sabrina island, its appearance and disap.
pearance, 375.

Saddleback moutain, 663.
Sagittarius, or constellation

Archer, 151.

of the

Sandstone, period of the red, 638; its com-
position and where found, 710; imprints
in, 716; systems, old and new, 641, 642;
chapter on the old red, 681-690; gene-
ral composition of, 681-684; vegetable
remains in, 684; fossil fishes of, 684-
686; the cephalaspis, &c., 686—690;
the new red, chapter on, 707–716;
series of its beds, 708; illustration of
fossil remains in, 709; localities, 709,
710; magnesian limestone, gypsum,
rock-salt, 711; saliferous strata, 712;
organic fossils, 713-716.

Santa Fé de Bogota, city of, its lofty site,

222.

Santorin, Gulf of, 374.

Saratoga, lake, description and view of,
320, 321.

Satellites, those of Jupiter and Saturn
conceived by some to have been known
to the ancients, 16; Jupiter's disco-
vered by Galileo, 29, 30; the number
allotted to the various known planets,
89.
Saturn, the planet, his fourth satellite
discovered by Huygens, 34; and four
others by Cassini, 34; mean distance
of this planet from the sun, 97; time
occupied in his circuit round the sun,
97; length of his day, 97; diameter of,
97; form and rings of, 98; belts of, 99;
days and seasons of, 99; satellites of,
99; general system, his, 99; orbital
schemes of, 100; his satellites, the
various phases of, 101; area and solid
contents of, 102; inclination of, to the
earth, 104; density of, 106; is 900,000,000
miles distant from the earth, 164.
Sauroidichnites, 714.

Saurians, the great fossil tribes of, 592;
where found, 640.
Savoy, Alps of, their geological charac-
teristics, 645.

Saussure, M. de, his observations on the
Alps, 208. 331. 517; on the Pyrenees,
450, 451; on crétinism, 459; his geolo-
gical creed, 619; his ascent of Mont
Blanc, 645, 646.

Savages worship sun and moon, 3.
Savannah la-mar destroyed by an earth-
quake, 386.

Saxifrages, botanical region of the, 560.
Saxon Chronicle, the, 387.

Saxony, school of, 649; tin of, 649;
Weinbohla in, 650.

Scales of fishes important in classifica.
tion, 681; illustrated, 685.

Scamander, the river, 269; its source,
279.

Scelidotherium, the, 758.
Scheuchzer, Dr., 760.

Schouw, Professor, 473. 560.

Schroeter of Lilienthal examines the
telescopic stars, 46; his exclamation
on viewing the Milky Way, 160.
Schubert, Professor, 316.

Scilly Islands, the, 387.

Scirocco, account of the, 449.
Scenery of the Heavens, 49-192.
Scitamineæ, botanical region of the, 562,
463.

Scoresby, Captain, 326. 330. 340, 341.
343. 345. 348. 474. 542. 588.
Scorpio, or constellation of the Scorpion,

151.

Scotland, lakes of, 311. 318; severe

winters in, 477; predominance of gneiss
formations in, 658; sandstone of, illus-
trated, 682; granitic isles of, 648; ig-
neous formations of, 656.
Scott, Sir Walter, citation from his
"Talisman," 261, 262; from his "Lady
of the Lake," 465; "Marmion," 614.
617.

Scripture, rightly interpreted, not in-
compatible with science, 593, 594. 598.
783-787.

Scrope, Mr., 643. 714.

Scylla and Charybdis, 367-369.
Sea, the, beneficial to mankind, 325;
saltness of, 327; tides of, 352; struggles
between it and the land, 386; tempera-
ture of the, 492. 503.

Sea-beaches, 773.

Sea-cow, the, 578, 579.
Sea-urchin, shell of the, 572.

Sea-weeds in the Atlantic, 318. 558.
Seams of coal, 696, et seq.
Secondary formations, 640; systems, 641.
Sedgeley rocks, 678.

Sedgewick, Professor, geological obser-

vations of, 619. 621. 630, 631. 633. G62.
689.708. 762.

Sedimentary formations, the, 657. 661.
Seeds of plants, various means of dis-
persing the, 565.

Seine, the river, amount of its waters,
263; descent of the, 281.

Seitzen, his account of the Dead Sea,
316.

Selinga, the river, 318.

Selvas, or central levels of South America,
232, 233.

Seminaria, singular land-slip at, 433.
Seneca, the Roman philosopher, men-
tions smoked glass as being used to
observe eclipses, 16; prophetical pas-
sage from his tragedy of Medea, 16.
Senegal, heat on the banks of the river,
597.

Serapis, antique pillars of the temple of,
405. 773.

Séron and Lesceur, Messrs., 377.
Serpentine is similar to hornblende, 623.
rocks, illustrated, 651.
Severn, the river, 283. 668; and Clyde,
how differing from other British
streams, 280.

Shannon, source of the river, 278; its
descent, 281. 283.

of the Pyrenees and Andes, 380; fossil,
638-640.

Sheppey, Isle of, 742.

Sheringham, coast changes at, 395.
Shetland Isles, action of the sea on the,

392.

Shipping at sea, annual loss of, 373, 374.
Shooting stars, 130, 131.

Siberia, fossil mammoths of, 753.
Sicily, geology of, 750,

Sickler, his account of cultivated vege-
tables, 568.

Sienitic granite, 644.
Sierra Leone, 330.
Sigillariæ, fossil, 704.
Silesia, mountains of, 648.
Silius Italicus, 416.

Silliman, Professor, 424.

Siloam, pool and spring of, 267, 268.
Silures, region of the ancient, 667,
GGS.

Siluria, geological boundaries of, 668.
Silurian rocks, 620.

system, 636,637.641, 642; period,
638; chapter on the, 667-680; general
scheme of the, 669, et seq.
Siluridan family, the, 578.
Silurus electricus, the, 575.
Silver ore, where located, 634; masses
of, found, 634.

mine, view of the interior of a,
634; of Potosi, 634.
Simeto, the river, in Sicily, 290.
Simoom wind, or Samiel, 447-419.
Simple or uncompounded rocks, 624.
Simplicity, one of the Creator's laws,
622.

Sinai, Mount, 644.

Singing-birds, local to the temperate
zones, 582; catalogue of the principal,
with their seasons and powers of song,
582.

Sinkings of the earth, at Malpais, in
Sicily, at Marseilles, &c., 240.
Sinope, view of, 365.

Sirius, the star, 6; the brightest in the
heavens, 146. 164; is immeasurably
larger than the sun, 165.
Sivatherium, the, 758.
Skaptar volcano in Iceland, 376.
Skeletons, fossil, perfect preservation
of, 639.

Skiddaw mountain, atmosphere of, 463;
illustrated, 663.

Skin, varieties of the human, 599–601.
605.

Skull, shapes of the human, 601-605.
Skye, isle of, trap rocks in, illustrated,
652; limestone of, 661.

Slate, 659, et seq.; view of broken ledges
of, 763

Slate rocks of Devon, 629; of Wales, il-
lustrated, 630.

Slikensides, an explosive mineral, 258.
Sloane, Sir Hans, 131.

Sloth, peculiarities of the, 590.
Slough, view of Herschel's great tele-
scope at, 160.

Smith, Dr. Pye, his optics, 185; his ob-
servations on the nebular hypothesis,
191, 192.

-, William, on volcanoes, 429; his
geological researches, 619, 620.

Mr., 774.
Smoke of Vesuvius, an indicator of daily
air currents. 445.
Snakes, varieties of, 579, 580; English,
579; none in Ireland, 579; oriental
and occidental, 579, 580; general spe-
cies of, 592.

Snow, red, 331; origin and beauty of
snow, 474: its crystals, various forms
of, 475; localities of, 475; unwonted
fall of, at Canton, 475, 476; Alpine,
476, 477; individuals buried under,
477, 478; in Scotland, 477, 478; view
of a snow-storm, 478.
Snow-line, is variable on mountains,
486, 487.

Snowdon, ascent of, by Pennant, 664,
665; observations on its geology, by
Phillips, 665, 666.

Snowdonia, geological region of, 663-.
666.

Sobieski's Shield, constellation of, 181.
Social plants, localities of the, 551.
Society, Royal. See Royal Society.

Soils influence climate, 495.

Solar system included eighteen bodies
only before the elder Herschel's time,
but he increased the number to twenty-
seven, 45; remarks on the, 102; stu-
pendous area of the, 103; yet insignifi-
cant compared with that of the universe,
103; familiar illustration of the relation
of the sun and its attendants, 105, 106;
composition and density of the solar
and planetary orbs, 106.

Solfatara, lake of, 399.

Solidagas, botanical region of the, 561.
Solway Frith, 359; sands, view of, 359;
floods of the river, 477.

Solway Moss, accounts of, 768. 770.
Somerville, Mrs., 333.

Sorques, source of the river, 279.
South, Sir James, 47.

South Georgia, island of, 504.

Sea Islands, plants of the, 563.
Southey, Robert, citation from, 554, 555.
Spain, central elevated plain of, 347, 348.
Spar, calcareous, or green earth, 655;
white, 677.

Spatangus cor-anguinum, shell of the fos-
sil, 735.

Species, definition of the word, 598; of
plants, ascertained and presumed num-
bers of the different, 548; of animals,
fossiliferous, their analogous distribu-
tion with the existent, 635; number of
organic fossils, 635, et al.

Spey river, rise of the, 292; floods in, 416
-420.

Sperifera, 672.

Spezzia, gulf of, jet of fresh water in,

259.

Sphænopteris Hæninghausi, the fossil
plant, 638.

Spitzbergen, notices of, 342. 345.361. 588.
596.

Squirrel, reference to the habits of the,
567; flying nocturnal, 591.
Springs, chapter on, 237-278; oceanic,
259; of Arethusa, 259, 260; of Castaly,
260; of the deserts, 261, 262; Eastern,
262; origin of, 262-264; perennial, 264;
intermittent, 265; Artesian, 265, 266;
reciprocating, 260, 267; of Siloam and
others, 267, 268; thermal, 268-271;
ebullient, 271; of the Iceland Gey-
sers, 271-273; origin of ebullient, 273,
274; hot of Turbaco, 274; inflammable,
275, 276; mineralized, list of principal,
and their qualities, 276, 277; dripping,
at Knaresborough, 277; uses of springs
and the regard they have been held in,
277, 278; oceanic, 328; hot, at Mont
d'Or and Vichy, 429; petrifying quality
of, 640.

Stars, table of the most remarkable, with
their position, &c., in the heavens,
serving as an index to the constella-
tions, 156-158; magnitude of the, 164;
the fixed, are suns, 165; many have
disappeared, 166; some are but recently
visible, 166; others appear and disap-
pear, 166; remarkable instances of this,
167, 168; speculations regarding, and
illustrative diagram, 169; examples and
list of variable stars, 170, 171; specula-
tions regarding these, 172; examples
and list of multiple stars, 173, 174;
their colours, 176.

falling, or meteoric showers, some
notices of, 137-141; as seen during the
middle ages, 137; in modern times in
Greenland by the Moravian mission-
aries, 138; by Humboldt, Bonpland,
and Ellicott, în America, 138; observed
in other regions near and remote, 139;
remarkable one at the Falls of Niagara,
&c., 140, 141; observations of M. Arago
regarding, 142; Professor Olmstead's
theory on, 142; their conjoint theories
substantially the Chladnian hypothesis
regarding aerolites, 142; but the truth
beyond the reach of the human under-
standing, 142, 143; fixed, are of im-
mense use in science by their apparent
immobility, 143; yet which attribute is
not real, 177.

Stalactites, how formed, 246, 247; how
coloured, 248.

Staulorite, 639.

Staubbach, waterfall of, 286.

Staunton, Sir George, 371.

Stella Mira, account of, with a diagram,
170.

Sternberg, Count, 707.

Stephens, Mr., the American traveller,
his account of the steppes of Russia,
224, 225; of the Dead Sea, 315.
Stephenson, Mr., 558. 772.

Stewart, Dugald, his insensibility to
colour. 176.

Stigmariæ, view of fossil, 705.

Stiper stones, 674; view of the, 673.
Stirlingshire, vitality of plant seeds dis-
interred in, 570.

Stocke, Dr., on dews, 481.

Stone, crumbling, of Bath and Oxford,
620; for building, importance of a judi-
cious choice of, 620.
Stonesfield slate, 725, 726.
Storeton hill quarries, 714, 715.
Storm, great, in England, of 1703, par-
ticulars of, by Derham, 452, 453.
Stow's Annals, citation from, 527.
Strabo, 226. 368. 397. 423. 429; was a
geologist, 615.

Strata, list of, and their animal remains,

635; of the new red sandstone system,
in England, France, and Germany,
708; its prevalence in England, 709;
scanty in Scotland, 710.
Stratified rocks, 625; era of aqueous form-

ation, 627; views of inclined, 627; com-
poses nearly all the surface of Great
Britain, 635; but only three-fourths of
Massachusetts, 635.

Stratus, or falicloud, 464.
Stromboli, volcano of, 210.
Strontian, 658.

Structure of rocks, 622, et seq. See
Rocks.

Struggles between the sea and land, 386.
Struve's catalogue of the stars, 158.
Submarine forests, 772.
Substances, elementary, their paucity,

622.

Subterranean plants, 550.
Sumatra, island of, 590.

Sumbawa, awful volcanic eruption at,

210.

Summer, hot, in England, 498; in France,
499; excessive, chronological list of,
513, 511.

Sun, transmission of light and heat from
the, to the earth, 35; action of the,
upon the earth, 49. 54; is con-tantly
above the horizon for six months at the
pole, 51; seems larger a: setting, why,
52; apparent diameter of, 53; mean
distance of from the earth, 54; direct
light, amount of, 54; calorific power
of, 54.58; real diameter of, 54; den-
sity of, 54; spots on the disc of, 55–57;
rotation of, 55; setting of the, 63; den-
sity of, 106; its diameter and compo-
sition, 191.

-, savages prostrate themselves before
the rising. 3; worship of the, plausible
reasons for, 3; supposed to have a
movement of translation in the uni-
vcrse, 177; aids in causing tides, 353,

351.

Sunrise, description of a, 50.
Suns, mock, or parhelia, 52.
Superficial formations, 640; accumula-
tions over strata, 641.
Superior, Lake, 318. 321.

Susianic streams, the, 308.
Susquehanna river, description and view
of the, 280, 281.

Sussex marble, 728; chalk, 731.
Sutherlandshire, limestone of. 661.
Swarthfell in Cumberland, 653.
Sweden, aurora borealis in, 527; shores
of, 773.

Swine, varieties of, 601. 605, 606.
Swiss Alps, geological characteristics of
the, 645.

lakes, characteristics of the, 320.
Switzerland, variety of climates in, 489.
Sword-fish, the, 575.

Syene in Upper Egypt, 9. 644.
Symonds, Lieut., 316.
Systems: Silurian, 636, 637; Cambrian,
637; carboniferous, 636; on groups of
strata, the several, 641. 657; chapter
on the geological, 657-666; gneiss
system, 657-659; mica system. 659-
661; clay slate system, 662, 663; Snow-
donian, 663-666.

Table-land, 221–223.
Tacitus, 600.

Tagua-caga, lake of, its floating islands,
593.

Tahiti, island of, 610.

Talc, its qualities, 623.

Tale, a component of granite, 644; inter-
mixed with schist, 659.

Tameness of terrestrial birds, 581, 582.
Tapir, the, 590, 591.

Taurus, Mount, 203. 312; view of cascade
in, 313.

Tchad, Lake, 311, 312.

Telescope, the, a knowledge of, assigned
by Sir W. Drummond to the Greeks,
Chaldeans, and Hindùs, 16; that of
Galileo imperfect, 30; was in use be-
fore his death for measuring angular
distances, 32; and first applied to the
quadrant by Gascoyne, 32; is the chief
glory of the 17th century in mechanical
constructions, though at first very rude,
32; Herschel's great, 44; greater, of
Lord Rosse, 45. 183.

Temperate regions, climate of, 505.
Temperature of the ocean, 335 338; of
the earth, causes and operation of the
various, 485-515; mean, how ascer-
tained, 496, 497; uniformity in, 499;
relative, of hemisphere, 502.
Teneriffe, Peak of, 206. 213; strata of
the island of, 362; variety of climate in
the Peak of, 491, 492.

Tequendama, Falls of the Funza at, 286,
287.

Terebratula, fossil, 674.
Teredinæ, 742.

Teredo navalis, the, 572
Terni, description and view of the Falls
of. 286.

Tertiary period, the; 639. 656; forma-
tion, 641; reigns around London,
642; system, chapter on the, 737-750;
order and classification of, 738. 739;
fossil shells of, 740; eocene period,
741-747; miocene strata, 747-749;
policene strata, 749, 75).
Tertullian, his account of the Pon'us
Euxinus, 508.

Teverane, or Anio, waterfall of the river,
near Tivoli, 286; ravages, past and
present, of its waters, 416.
Texture of rocks, 624, 625.
Thales the founder of astronomy among
the Greeks, 6.

Thames, the river, 283. 498; view of a
fair on the ice of, in 1716, 512.
Theodosius marches his army across the
Danube, 509.

Theophrastus, number of plants known
to, 548.

Thermal springs, or hot-wells, 268-271;
abound most in volcanic districts, 269:
their probable sources, 269; those of
Buxton, &c., 269; in a Feigee island,
269; at Aix, in Provence, 270; at Baden-
Baden, &c., 270; some change their
temperature, 270, 271; at Mont d'Or
and Vichy, 429.
Thes aly, flood of, 387.

Thistle-seed, how disseminated, 565.
Thornly, Mr., 535
Thucydides, 433.

Thunder storm, phenomena of a, and its
influences on the animal creation, 516,

517.

Tiber, mouth of the river, 399; served as
a drainer, 427.

Tidal action on the British coasts, 372.
Tides and oceanic highways, chapter on
the, 349-369; distinction of waves,

tides, and currents, 349; tides, opera
tion of, 352; causes of, surmised before
Newton, but first demonstrated by him,
352; explanation of, with diagrams and
chart, 353-357; various phenomena
of, 357-359; currents, their operation,
359. 360; Gulf stream, 360. 362; arctic
current, 360; stream-currents, 361;
equatorial, 362-364; effects of ocean
currents on navigation, 364, 365; under-
currents, 365-367; shore-currents, 367
-369; general observations on tides
and currents, 369.

Tierra del Fuego, notices of, 556. 596,
557.

Titan's Piazza, view of, 626.

Titicaca, lake of, 312.

Tivoli, ravages of the Anio at, 416.
Toadstone, 655.

Tooth of the mastodon, 754.
Torpedo, the, 575.

Torrid zone, vegetation of the, 553–557.
Tortoises, 579.

Totten, Colonel, 774.

Tournefort attempt to ascend Ararat,
203; his description of the grotto of
Antiparos, 247; of the vegetation of
Ararat, 557.

Touraine, geology of, 747.
Tourmaline, 649.

Towy, vale of the, 668; view of, 671.
Trachytic rock, 655, 656; lava, 656.
Trade winds, 438-442.

Transit instrument, invention of the,
32; Roemer's observations with it, 35.
Trappean rocks, 651-655.

Trees, their importance to man, 546
size and age of, 549, 550; beauty and
luxuriance of the tropical, 554-557;
fossil, 704.

Trent, the river, 283; red marly banks
of, 711.

Trevil coal mine, vein of fossil trees in,
704

Tribbiock, valleys of, 653.

Trilobites, 671; illustrations
674.

of, 672.

Trinidad, bituminous springs around
and in the island of, 275.
Tripergoli, ancient site of, 403.
Tristan d'Acunha, island of, 581.
Trolhetta, description and view of the
great falls of, 285.

Tropics, hurricanes in the, 451; alterns-
tions of rain and drought in the, 470;
beautiful plumage of the birds of the,
582; qualities of animals in the, 5×4 ;
colours of animals in the, 601; climate
of the, always deadly to Europeans,
GOS.

Trosachs, the, 659.

Tufa, or travertin, 778.

Tulloch, Major, his statistics, 608.
Tunnel, Thames, 741.

Turner's Falls, Massachusetts, slab found
at, 715.

Tuzla, Lake of, 312.

Twilight, duration of, 50, 51.
Tyrolese Alps, characteristics and view
of the, 490, 491.

Tycho Brahe, his birth and education,
22; rejects the Ptolemean and Coper
nican systems, and forms one of his
own, 22; explanation of his views, 23,
24; a better practical than theoretical
astronomer, 24; his observations and
labours detailed, 24, 25; his castle of
Uraniberg, in the island of Hoëne, 25,
26; becomes an exile, and settles at
Prague, where he dies, 26. 27; laid the
basis of the discovery of the universe's
laws, 33.

Ulloa, Don Antonio, 527. 533.
Ullegh Beigh, a Tartar prince and astro-
nomer, 74; his catalogue of the stars,

166.

Umbelliferous plants, botanical region of
the, 560.