repugnancy: these last have greater affinity with the animal constitution. The causes of antipathy are less known than those of aversion. Repugnancy is less permanent than either the one or the other. We hate a vicious character; we feel an aversion to its exertions. We are affected with antipathy for certain persons at first sight; there are some affairs which we transact with repugnancy. Hatred calumniates, aversion keeps us at a distance from certain persons. Antipathy makes us detest them; repugnancy hinders us from imitating them.

66

ANTIPÆDOBAPTISTS, (from av, against," ," and mais rodos, "child," and Barr, " baptize,") is a distinguishing denomination given to those who object to the baptism of infants. See BAPTISTS, BAPTISM.

tained, that if they should commit any || kind of sin, it would do them no hurt, nor in the least affect their eternal state; and that it is one of the distinguishing characters of the elect that they cannot do any thing displeasing to God. It is necessary, however, to observe here, and candour obliges us to confess that there have been others, who have been styled Antinomians, who cannot, strictly speaking, be ranked with these men: nevertheless, the unguarded expressions they have advanced, the bold positions they have laid down, and the double construction which might so easily be put upon many of their sentences, have led some to charge them with Antinomian principles. For instance; when they have asserted justification to be eternal, without distinguishing between the secret determination of God in eternity, and the execution of it in time; when ANTIQUITIES, a term implying all they have spoken lightly of good works, testimonies or authentic accounts that or asserted that believers have nothing have come down to us of ancient nations. to do with the law of God, without fully As the study of antiquity may be useful explaining what they mean; when they both to the enquiring Christian, as well assert that God is not angry with his as to those who are employed in, or are people for their sins, nor in any sense candidates for the Gospel ministry, we punishes them for them, without distin- shall here subjoin a list of those which guishing between fatherly corrections are esteemed the most valuable.-Faand vindictive punishment: these things, bricii Bibliographia Antiquaria; Spenwhatever be the private sentiments of cer de Legibus Heb. Ritualibus; Godthose who advance them, have a ten- wyn's Moses and Aaron; Bingham's dency to injure the minds of many. It Antiquities of the Christian Church; has been alleged, that the principal thing Jennings's Jewish Antiquities; Potter's they have had in view, was to counter- and Harwood's Greek, and Kennett's act those legal doctrines which have so and Adams's Roman Antiquities; Premuch abounded among the self-righ-face to the Prussian Testament, pubteous; but, granting this to be true, lished by L'Enfant and Beausobre ; there is no occasion to run from one Prideaux and Shuckford's Connecextreme to another. Had many of those tions; Jones's Asiatic Researches ; and writers proceeded with more caution, || Maurice's Indian Antiquities. been less dogmatical, more explicit in the explanation of their sentiments, and possessed more candour towards those who differed from them, they would have been more serviceable to the cause of truth and religion. Some of the chief of those who have been charged as favouring the above sentiments are, Crisp, Richardson, Saltmarsh, Hussey, Eatom, Town, &c. These have been answered by Gataker, Sedgwick, Witsius, Bull, Williams, Ridgley Beart, De Fleury, &c. See also Bellamy's Letters and Dialogues between Theron, Paulinus,|| and Aspasio: with his Essay on the Nature and Glory of the Gospel: Ed-assembling of themselves together," wards' Crispianism unmasked.

ANTIPATHY, hatred, aversion, repugnancy. Hatred is entertained against persons, aversion and antipathy against persons or things, and repugnancy aagainst actions alone. Hatred is more voluntary than aversion, antipathy, or

ANTISABBATARIANS, a modern religious sect, who deny the necessity of observing the Sabbath Day. Their chief arguments are, 1. That the Jewish Sabbath was only of ceremonial, not of moral obligation; and, consequently, is abolished by the coming of Christ.-2. That no other Sabbath was appointed to be observed by Christ or his apostles. -3. That there is not a word of Sabbathbreaking in all the New Testament.4. That no command was given to Adam or Noah to keep any Sabbath.-And, 5. That, therefore, although Christians are commanded "not to forsake the

they ought not to hold one day more holy than another. See article SAB

BATH.

ANTITACTÆ, a branch of Gnostics, who held that God was good and just, but that a creature had created evil; and, consequently, that it is our

duty to oppose this author of evil, in order to avenge God of his adversary. ANTITRINITARIANS, those who deny the Trinity, and teach that there are not three persons in the Godhead. See TRINITY.

ANTITYPE, a Greek word, properly signifying a type or figure corresponding to some other type.

tranquillity of mind, incapable of being ruffled by either pleasure or pain. In the first ages of the church, the Christians adopted the term apathy to express a contempt of all earthly concerns; a state of mortification such as the Gospel prescribes. Clemens Alexandrinus, in particular, brought it exceedingly in vogue, thinking hereby to draw such philoso phers to Christianity who aspired after such a sublime pitch of virtue.

APELLEANS, so called from Apelies, in the second century They affirmed that Christ, when he came down from heaven, received a body not from the substance of his mother, but from the four elements, which at his death he rendered back to the world, and so ascended into heaven without a body.

were a branch of the Eutychians.

APOCARITAS, a denomination, in the third century, which sprang from the Manicheans. They held that the soul of man was of the substance of God.

The word antitype occurs twice in the New Testament, viz in the Epistle to the Hebrews, chap. ix. v. 24. and in the 1 Epistle of St. Peter, chap. iii. v. 21. where its genuine import has been much controverted. The former says, that "Christ is not entered into the holy places made with hands, which are artina, the figures or antitypes of the true-now to appear in the presence of God. Now TU signifies the pattern APHTHARTODOCITES, a denoby which another thing is made; and mination in the sixth century; so called as Moses was obliged to make the ta- from the Greek apagros, incorruptible, bernacle, and all things in it, according and fox, to judge; because they held to the pattern shown him in the Mount, that the body of Jesus Christ was incorthe tabernacle so formed was the anti-ruptible, and not subject to death. They type of what was shown to Moses: any thing, therefore, formed according to a model or pattern, is an antitype. In the latter passage, the apostle, speaking of Noah's flood, and the deliverance only of eight persons in the ark from it, says, Ο και ημας αντίτυπον νυν σώζει βαπτιςμα; Βαtism being an antitype to that, now saves us; not the putting away of the filth of the flesh, but the answer of a good conscience toward God, &c. The meaning is, that righteousness, or the answer of a good conscience towards God, now saves us, by means of the resurrection of Christ, as formerly righteousness saved these eight persons by means of the ark during the flood. The word antitype, therefore, here signifies a general similitude of circumstances; and the particle, whereunto, refers not to the immediate antecedent udaros, water, but to all that precedes.

ANTOSIANDRIANS, a sect of rigid Lutherans who opposed the doctrine of Osiander relating to justification. These are otherwise denominated Osiandromastiges. The Antosiandrians deny that man is made just, with that justice wherewith God himself is just; that is, they assert that he is not made essentially but only imputatively just; or that he is not really made just, but only pronounced so.

APATHY, among the ancient philosophers, implied an utter privation of passion, and an insensibility of pain. The word is compounded of a, priv. and aboc, affection. The Stoics affected an entire apathy; they considered it as the highest wisdom to enjoy a perfect calmness or

APOCRYPHA, books not admitted into the canon of scripture, being either spurious, or at least not acknowledged as divine. The word is Greek, and derived from ano, “from," and 66 κρύπτω, to hide or conceal." They seem most of them to have been composed by Jews. None of the writers of the New Testament mention them; neither Philo nor Josephus speak of them. The Christian church was for some ages a stranger to them. Origen, Athanasius, Hilary, Cyril of Jerusalem, and all the orthodox writers who have given catalogues of the canonical books cf scripture, unanimously concur in rejecting these out of the canon The Protestants acknowledge such books of scripture only to be canonical as were esteemed to be so in the first ages of the church; such as are cited by the earliest writers among the Christians as of divine authority, and after the most diligent enquiry were received and judged to be so by the council of Laodicea. They were written after the days of Malachi, in whom, according to the universal testimony of the Jews, the spirit of prophecy ceased, Mal. iv. 4-6. Not one of the writers in direct terms advances a claim to inspiration. They contain fables, lies, and contradictions. 1 Macc. vi. 4. 16. 2 Macc. i. 13. 16. 2 Macc. ix. 28. The apocryphal books are in general believed to be canonical by the church of Rome; and, even by

||

ger.-4. It is likewise given to those persons who first planted the Christian faith in any place. Thus Dionysius of Corinth is called the Apostle of France, Xavier the Apostle of the Indies, &c.

APOSTLES' CREED. See CREED. APOSTOLATE, in a general sense, is used for mission; but it more properly denotes the dignity or office of an apostle of Christ. It is also used in ancient writers for the office of a bishop. But as the title apostolicus has been ap

the sixth article of the church of England, they are ordered to be read for example of life and instruction of manners, though it doth not apply them to establish any doctrine. Other reformed churches do not so much as make even this use of them. See Prideaux's Connexion, vol. i. p. 36-42; Lee's Dis. on Esdras; Dick on Inspiration, p. 344. APOLLINARIANS, were ancient heretics, who denied the proper humanity of Christ, and maintained that the body which he assumed was en-propriated to the pope, so that of aposdowed with a sensitive and not a rational soul; but that the divine nature supplied the place of the intellectual principle in man. This sect derived its name from Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea. Their doctrine was first condemned by a council at Alexandria in 362, and afterwards in a more formal manner by a council at Rome in 375, and by another council in 378, which deposed Apollinaris from his bishopric. This, with other laws enacted against them, reduced them to a very small number; so that at last they dwindled away.

APOSTACY, a forsaking or renouncing our religion, either by an open declaration in words, or a virtual declaration of it by our actions. The primitive Christian church distinguished several kinds of apostacy; the first, of those who went entirely from Christianity to Judaism; the second, of those who complied so far with the Jews, as to communicate with them in many of their unlawful practices, without making a formal profession of their religion; thirdly, of those who mingled Judaism and Christianity together; and, fourthly, of those who voluntarily relapsed into paganism. Apostacy may be farther considered as, 1. Original, in which we have all participated, Rorn. iii. 23;-2. National, when a kingdom relinquishes the profession of Christianity;

3. Personal, when an individual backslides from God, Heb. x. 38-4. Final, when men are given up to judicial hardness of heart, as Judas. See BACK

SLIDING.

APOSTLE, properly signifies a messenger or perfon sent by another upon some business. It is particularly applied to them whom our Saviour deputed to preach.-2. Apostle, in the Greek liturgy, is used for a book containing the epistles of St. Paul, printed in the order wherein they are to be read in churches through the course of the year.-3. The appellation was also given to the ordinary travelling ministers of the church, Rom. xvi. 7. Phil. ii. 25. though in our translation the last is rendered messen

tolate became at length restrained to the sole dignity of the popedom.

APOSTOLIC, apostolical; something that relates to the apostles, or descends from them. Thus we say the apostolical age, apostolical doctrine, apostolical character, constitutions, traditions, &c.

APOSTOLIC, in the primitive church, was an appellation given to all such churches as were founded by the apostles; and even to the bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the apostles. These were confined to four, viz. Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem. In after times, the other churches assumed the same quality, on account, principally, of the conformity of their doctrine with that of the churches which were apostolical by foundation, and because all bishops held themselves successors of the apostles, or acted in their dioceses with the authority of apostles.

The first time the term apostolical is attributed to bishops, as such, is in a letter of Clovis to the council of Orleans, held in 511, though that king does not there expressly denominate them apostolical, but (apostolica sede dignissimi) highly worthy of the apostolical see. In 581, Guntram calls the bishops met at the council of Macon, apostolical pontiffs, apostolici pontifices.

In progress of time, the bishop of Rome growing in power above the rest, and the three patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, falling into the hands of the Saracens, the title apostolical was restrained to the pope and his church alone; though some of the popes, and St. Gregory the Great, not contented to hold the title by this tenure, began at length to insist that it belonged to them by another and peculiar right, as being the successors of St. Peter, The country of Rheims, in 1049, declared that the pope was the sole apostolical primate of the universal church. And hence a great number of apostolicals; apostolical see, apostolical nuncio, apostolical notary, apostolical

brief, apostolical chamber, apostolical vicar, &c.

APOSTOLICAL CONSTITUTIONS, a collection of regulations attributed to the apostles, and supposed to have been collected by St. Clement, || whose name they likewise bear. It is the general opinion, however, that they are spurious, and that St. Clement had no hand in them. They appeared first in the fourth century, but have been much changed and corrupted since. There are so many things in them different from and even contrary to the genius and design of the New Testament writers, that no wise man would believe, without the most convincing and irresistible proof, that both could come from the same hand. Grabe's Answer to Whiston; Saurin's Ser., vol. ii. p. 185, Lardner's Cred., vol. iii. p. 11. ch. ult.; Doddridge's Lect., lec. 119. APOSTOLIC FATHERS, an appellation usually given to the writers of the first century, who employed their pens in the cause of Christianity. Of these writers, Cotelerius, and after him Le Clerc, have published a collection in two volumes, accompanied both with their own annotations, and the remarks of other learned men. See also the genuine epistles of the apostolic fathers by Abp. Wake.

APÓSTOLICI, or APOSTOLICS, a name assumed by different sects on account of their pretending to imitate the practice of the apostles.

APOTACTITE, an ancient sect, who affected to follow the examples of the apostles, and renounced all their effects and possessions. It does not appear that they held any errors at first; but afterwards they taught that the renouncing of all riches was not only a matter of counsel and advice, but of precept and necessity.

will have it to be only self-interest: according to them, that which determines any agent to approve his own action, is its apparent tendency to his private happiness; and even the approbation of another's action flows from no other cause but an opinion of its tendency to the happiness of the approver, either immediately or remotely. Others resolve approbation into a moral sense, or a principle of benevolence, by which we are determined to approve every kind affection either in ourselves or others, and all publicly useful actions which we imagine to flow from such affections, without any view therein to our own private happiness.

But may we not add, that a true Christian's approbation arises from his perception of the will of God? See OBLIGATION.

APPROPRIATION, the annexing a benefice to the proper and perpetual use of some religious house. It is a term also often used in the religious world as referring to that act of the mind by which we apply the blessings of the Gospel to ourselves. This appropriation is real when we are enabled to believe in, feel, and obey the truth; but mere nominal and delusive when there are no fruits of righteousness and true holiness. See ASSURANCE.

AQUARIANS, those who consecrated water in the eucharist instead of wine. Another branch of them approved of wine in the sacrament, when received at the evening: they likewise mixed water with the wine.

ARABICI, erroneous Christians, in the third century, who thought that the soul and body died together, and rose again. It is said that Origen convinced them of their error, and that they then abjured it.

ARCHANGEL, according to some divines, means an angel occupying the eighth rank in the celestial hierarchy; || but others, not without reason, reckon it a title only applicable to our Saviour. Compare Jude 9. with Dan. xii. 1. 1 Thess. iv. 16.

APPLICATION, is used for the act whereby our Saviour transfers or makes over to us what he had earned or purchased by his holy life and death. Accordingly it is by this application of the merits of Christ that we are to be justified and entitled to grace and glory. ARCHBISHOP, the chief or metroApplication is also used for that part|politan bishop, who has several suffraof a sermon in which the preacher brings home or applies the truth of religion to the consciences of his hearers. See SERMON.

APPROBATION, a state or dispoposition of the mind, wherein we put a value upon, or become pleased with. some person or thing. Moralists are divided on the principle of approbation, or the motive which determines us to approve or disapprove. The Epicureans

gans under him. Archbishops were not known in the East till about the year 320; and though there were some soon after this who had the title, yet that was only a personal honour, by which the bishops of considerable cities were distinguished. It was not till of late that archbishops became metropolitans, and had suffragans under them. The ecclesiastical government of England is divided into two provinces, viz. Canter