connected: the one estimates power and capacity, the other judges of their produce and application. Whatever relates to habit, whatever arifes from the moment of action, the burft of paffions, their play on blood and mufcles, are, firicty fpeaking, without the phyfiognomic fphere, whofe true object is the animal at reft. Were man and man as eafily difcriminated as the lamb and the tiger, the phyfiognomift's would be an ufelefs fcience; but fince both lamb and tiger may dwell in human frames, he furely deferves our thanks, who points them out to us before we wound the one or fink beneath the other. Origin and Nature of the Sentiment of Admiration in the human Mind; from Cogan's Treatife on the Paffions. THA HAT excellence which is the fubject of admiration, may either confift in the intellectual powers of mind, or difpofitions of the heart. Admiration may be excited by the contemplation of greatnefs and extent of genius, by indications of fuperior talents, by plans and projects which difcover great ingenuity in contrivance and invention, or unufual fkill in the execution. It is often excited by extraordinary exertions of benevolence; fuch as dan ers encountered to protect and fave a friend, a firanger, or an enemy; the greatnels of the facrifice ma e to mifery, and the compaffion that excites to extraordinary acts of mercy. In short, the objective caufe of admiration is whatever indicates a fuperior degree of wifdom, ingenuity, good enfe, or Lenevolence. To fuch qualities it is properly confined.Power abftractedly confidered is not the object of admiration; though the dignified or benevolent exertions of power to the production of good, ma excite the highest degree of admiration, and render it a very ftrong emotion. It is obvious that the range of admiration is from the fimpler approbation of the mind up to the moft lively fenfation, according to our conceptions of the extent of excellence, and alfo the degrees of our intereft in its effects. It is allo blended with various other emotions according to different circumftançes attendant upon the paffion. It is frequently introduced by furprise; when, for example, the difcovery of thefe excellencies is fudden and unexpected; and then it becomes a vivid emotion. It is generally connected with fome degree of wonder; as we are fo frequently ignorant of the caufes which enabled any one greatly to excel ourselves or others: but as it is always excited by the rea! difcovery of fome qualities, it is not to be confounded with an emotion that proceeds from ignorance and embarrassment, previous to the difcovery. When the evidences of wildom or goodness exceed our utmoft comprehenfion, or proceed far beyond the ufual extent of excellence itself, they may excite aftonishment, Whatever is good, or productive of good, is the proper object of love; excellence mult of confequence be peculiarly calculated to excite the affection in a fuperior degree; hence the pleafing and intimate connec tion between love and admiration, When thefe are united with gratitude, they conftitute the happiett and fublimeft affections of the foul. When When the object manifefis extraordinary benevolence; when immealurable extent of wifdom and goodness direct power to execute their purpose; and incalculable advantages are the iflue of their united operations, admiration fwells into delectable aftonishment, and our confcious incapacity to fathom is an augmentation of enjoyment. power of what the medical worldb has termed the non-naturals, which exert as great an influence over the difpofitions of the mind, as they are productive of falutary or morbid pre-difpofitions refpecting the body. All thofe circumftances, for example, which are calculated to, invigorate the frame, and roufe it from a flate of indolence and inactivity, neceflarily communicate a correfpondent vigour to the mind," Nature of Pre-difpofing Caufes, from by which it becomes more adapted the fame. AL LL the above caufes which operate fo powerfully upon the mind, and imprefs it with fuch a diversity or contrariety of fenfations, have ftill a degree of uniformity in their mode of action. We may ftill fuppofe that the fame individual placed under their immediate influence, would always entertain fimilar ideas and receive fimilar impreffions. But this is not always the cafe. Certain circumflances create fuch a pre-difpofition within us, that we shall at different feafons be very differently affected by the fame object, both refpecting the kind of pallion or affection excited, and the degree of power it may exercife over us; and they conftitute that flate of mind, which we frequently defcribe, by being in the humour, or not in the humour. The circumftances to which we now refer, exert their primary effect upon the corporeal or nervous fyftem, render that more fufceptible of impreffions at one time than another, difpofe it to be very differently affected by the fame objects; and through its channel, to affect the flate of our minds concerning them. These obfervations relate to the to receive impreflions of a certain clafs, and to be more powerfully influenced by particular circumftances and qualities in objects than at the preceding period. Such are the manifeft effects of refreshing fleep to fatigued and exhaufted natures, of invigorating viands, of cheerful weather, &c. Whatever produces an uneafy fenfation in the corporeal fyftem is apt to render the mind peevish and fretful, and difpole it to be much more powerfully affected than ufual by incidents of a difagreeable nature; fuch as leffes, difappointments, the improper conduct of others, &c. It has been frequently noticed by practitioners, that patients are much more fretful and impatient in a ftate of convalefcence than during the more fevere periods of their difeafe. turning powers of fenfation make them feel the flate of the difordered frame more minutely than during the oppreffive ftate of the difeafe; and their comfortless fenfations com municate an unufual fretfulness to the temper. Again, thofe things which heat and irritate to a confiderable degree, fofter all turbulent and irritable paffions; while thote which diffufe a pleafing fenfation over the fyftem, difpofe to benevo lence and goodwill, It is a maxim with Ff2 The re fome fome in modern days never to afk a favour of an epicure, till after his meals; and the ancients were not unacquainted with the molja tempora fandi. Whatever chills and debilitates, difpofes to timidity; and local fituations which are retired and gloomy, are moft conducive to melancholy imprelfions. Indeed fo dependant is the ftate of the mind upon that of the body, that nothing can produce a confiderable change in the latter, without exciting pre-difpofitions fomewhat analogous in the former. The food which recruits the exhaufted powers of animal nature, exhilarates and invigorates the mind; the excefs which burdens the body, benumbs the powers of the foul. The painful and comfortlefs fenfations produced by flatulencies and indigeftions in hypochondriac temperaments, have fometimes produced, and fometimes been miftaken for an anxions ftate of mind; and the medicines, which relieve the one, will adminifter comfort to the other. The fenfations of hunger, cold, fatigue, &c. being difagreeable in themfelves, induce an uneafy reftlefs ftate of mind, and petulance of temper. The ftate of the atmosphere, peculiarities of climate, feafons of the year, have their mental influence; difpofe to a cheerful vivacity or gloominefs of difpofition, induce a languor or invigorate the mental powers. The influence of narcotics upon the mind is univerfally noticed. The exhilarating effect of opiates, the extravagant wildnefs, the pleafing delirium with which they affect the brain, the Elyfian pleafures they fometimes communicate to the imagination, and the confequent torpor and debility diffufed over the whole ed. fyftem, have been frequently remark. Under their ftimulating influ ence, man has fhewn himself equal to undertakings which it was apparent madness to attempt; and the fubfequent depreffion has marked him for a coward. The effects of fpirituous and fermented liqours are no less obvious, as every one has too fre quent an occafion to remark. These effects are obferved to vary according to the quality of the liquor, the previous fate of the fubjects mind, or the temperament of his body. Some kinds of potations have a tendency to induce a kind of pleafing ftupefaction; fo that if they do not infpire new ideas, they fecm to ren der the fot perfectly contented with the few he poffeffes. These are the frequent effects of mait liquors, and the ingredients mixed with them. While other liquors, as the fparkling champaigne, exhilirate the fpirits to anunufual degree, and promote a flow oflively and witty ideas. Tempers na. turally warm and impetuous are ge nerally very litigious and quarrelfone in their cups. Others are rendered quarrelfome in a fate of intoxica tion, contrary to their ufual difpofitions, through the difagreeable irritation diffufed over the fyftem by the unufual ftimulus. Some per fons, on the other hand, who are furrounded with diftracting cares, or oppreffed with extreme poverty, having for the inftant drowned thought and reflection in the he witching draught, which operates like the waters of Lethe, they obtain a temporary releafe from their mental fufferings, and enjoy an extraordinary and frantic flow of fpirits in the oblivion of their mifery. Infiances fimilar to the above are infinitely numerous; but thefe are fufficient to illustrate the fact, that mary many circumstances by primarily laws are good for nothing, because affecting the body produce a corref- crimes are as frequent after they pondent change upon the mind; have been enacted as before. ftrengthen many of its affections, Others have inquired, and I conand pre-difpofe to paffions and emo- fefs with fome propriety, into the tions, by which it would not other right of any community to inflict the wile have been affected. It may punishment of death upon its membe remarked in general that the ber; and, if I am not mistaken, this fenfibility of the fyftem, or fufcep- punishment is in America reftricted tibility of impreffion, when greatly to murders of the worst clafs only. increased by intoxication or any other caufe, will render the fame individual amorous, or generous, or courageous, or paffionate and quarrelfome, according as occafions and incidents favourable to one or other of these affections and emotions may prefent themselves. Thus have we enumerated the principal caufes, which have a powerful influence over the affections; which occafion that great diverfity obfervable in the human fpecies, endowed with fimilar capacities, and apparently placed in fimilar fituations. Caufes, by the influence of which cne clafs of rational beings differs fo effentially from another equally rational; individuals from individuals in each clafs, and individuals fo frequently from themselves. Meditating upon thefe fubjects a few nights ago, it occurred to me that the fault of our laws might per haps confift in the punishments we inflict not being properly proportioned to the crimes; or, in other words, that rogues have been far more fertile in devising new crimes, than honeft men, or legiflators (who ipfo facto are honeft men), have been ingenious in varying their means of punishment. To enumerate all the crimes for which the law ordains punishment, would require a much larger proportion of your magazine than you might be difpofed to allow to fuch a purpofe; but all the punishments in ufe may, I believe, be expreffed in thefe few words, death, banifhment, imprifonment, whipping, pillory, and fines. There are fix punifliments to at least fix hundred fpecies of crimes; and, by the bye, to fave myself the trouble, I beg leave to refer the curious reader to Mr. Colquhoun's two volumes on the London and Marine Police, where he will find the genera and pecies of rogues claffified in a truly Linnean fyitem, and often with Linnean names. Perhaps, therefore, I fay, the failure of our penal laws may proceed from the want of connection between the crime and the punishment. But it is not my intention at prefent to attempt to establish this connection: I leave that to wifer Ff3 heads, heads, and proceed to inform you, that, in the courfe of my meditations aforefaid, I recollected a plan put into my hands fome years ago, for commuting all punishments for operations of pharmacy and furgery." The worthy gentleman who propofed this fcheme had principally in his eye the frequency of executions, which he thought dif. graceful to a country boating its humanity; and his idea was, inftead of hanging fo many felons, to make them fubmit to certain experiments and operations in phyfic and furgery. Hereby, faid he to me, with all the enthusiasm of a fchemer, fcience will be promoted as well as crimes punifhed, by rogues being obliged to fubmit to operations, which, I am forry to fay, we can fcarcely perfuade honeft men to undergo, although their lives are in danger; and I know fo much of thefe operations, that I will venture to fay, that, if my fcheme be adopted, felons will understand what it is to fuffer the pains of law better than ever they did. This plan of my learned friend, however did not fucceed at the time it was propofed, and I know not why; I am, however, hopeful that it may meet with a more gracious reception from the public at prefent, when the invention of fubftitutes is greatly the fashion, and when we have ingenious men who undertake to find fubftitutes for almoft every neceffary of life, from a mutia-man to a joint of meat. Now, as it is notorious that the punishment of felons is very expenfive to government, and as government, like all other well regulated families, must be fenfible of the hardnefs of the times, I flatter my felf I am performing an acceptable fervice by propofing a cheap fubftitute for punishments. It is almoft needless to fay, that the fcience of furgery is very much obftructed by the want of oppor tunities for operations and experiments before the student arrives at actual practice upon his patients.It is a very awkward thing, and would be very fhocking if it were known, that a furgeon thould be able to fay to a patient, "fir, I am come to cut off your leg; but as this is the firft time I ever performed the operation, you must excufe me, if I don't go through it as I could with.” This, Mr. Editor, would furely be very fhocking and very unfafe; whereas, it is obvious, that by the fcheme I propofe, at least twenty ftudents may go through the whole feries of operations in the courfe of one Old Bailey feflions, greatly to their improvement, and to the fartherance of the law. Another advantage would be, that, as the operations of furgery are very numerous, they might afford that variety of punishment which feems very much wanted in order to proportion punifliments to crimes; and the antipathy of the lower claffes to furgical operations is fo ftrong, that I trust I need not expatiate on this as a powerful argument in favour of the fcheme. The fight of a cafe of inftruments would create more terror than the fight of a cat-o-nine-tails, which I am tod there are various ways to eradeFor flight offences, or first offences, it may perhaps be neceflary to order the felon to be put under the hards of an apothecary's boy for a week or-fortnight. Crimes of the next degree of atrocity might be pun ed by a gentle diflocation; as we |