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The lateral line is of a golden colour: the back flat, and of a deep olive: the fides and belly vary greatly in different fish; in a few are of a rich crimson, in others bluish, in others white. The tail is forked, and marked near the base with a dufky spot.

§ 38. The GOLD FISH. Thefe fish are now quite naturalized in this country, and breed as freely in the open waters as the common carp.

They were first introduced into England about the year 1691, but were not generally known till 1728, when a great number were brought over, and prefented firft to Sir Mathew Dekker, and by him circulated round the neighbourhood of London, from whence they have been distributed to moft parts of the country.

In China the most beautiful kinds are taken in a small lake in the province of Che-Kyang. Every perfon of fashion keeps them for amufement, either in porcelaine veffels, or in the small bafons that decorate the courts of the Chinese houses. The beauty of their colours and their lively motions give great entertainment, efpecially to the ladies, whofe pleafures, by

reafon of the cruel policy of that country, are extremely limited.

In form of the body they bear a great refemblance to a carp. They have been known in this ifland to arrive at the length of eight inches; in their native place they are faid to grow to the fize of our largest herring.

The noftrils are tubular, and form a fort of appendage above the nofe: the dorfal fin and the tail vary greatly in fhape: the tail is naturally bifid, but in many is trifid, and in fome even quadrifid: the anal fins are the strongest characters of this fpecies, being placed not behind one another like those of other fish, but oppofite each other like the ventral fins.

The colours vary greatly; fome are marked with a fine blue, with brown, with bright filver; but the general predominant colour is gold, of a moft amazing fplendor; but their colour and form need not be dwelt on, fince thofe who want opportunity of feeing the living fifh, may furvey them expreffed in the moit animated manner, in the works of our ingenious and honest friend Mr. George Edwards.

Du Halde, 316.

Pennant.

A NEW CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE of Remarkable Events,
Discoveries, and Inventions :

Alfo, the Era, the Country, and Writings of Learned Men.

The whole comprehending, in one View, the Analyfis or Outlines of General History from the Creation to the present Time.

Before Christ. 4004 4003

HE creation of the world, and Adam and Eve.

TH

The birth of Cain, the first who was born of a woman.

3017 Enoch, for his piety, is tranflated into Heaven.

2348 The old world is destroyed by a deluge which continued 377 days.

2247 The tower of Babel is built about this time by Noah's pofterity, upon which God miraculously confounds their language, and thus difperfes them into different nations.

About the fame time Noah is, with great probability, fuppofed to have parted from his rebellious offspring, and to have led a colony of fome of the more tractable into the Eaft, and there either he or one of his fucceffors to have founded the ancient Chinese monarchy.

2234 The

2234 The celeftial obfervations are begun at Babylon, the city which firft gave birth to learning and the fciences.

2188 Mifraim, the fon of Ham, founds the kingdom of Egypt, which lafted 1663 years, down to the conqueft of Cambyfes, in 525 before Chrift.

2059 Ninus, the fon of Belus, founds the kingdom of Affyria, which lafted above 1000 years, and out of its ruins were formed the Affyrians of Babylon, those of Nineveh, and the kingdom of the Medes.

1921 The covenant of God made with Abram, when he leaves Haran to go into Canaan, which begins the 430 years of fojourning.

1897 The cities of Sodom and Gomorrah are deftroyed for their wickedness, by fire from Heaven.

1856 The kingdom of Argos, in Greece, begins under Inachus.

1822 Memnon, the Egyptian, invents the letters.

1715 Prometheus firft ftruck fire from flints.

1635 Jofeph dies in Egypt, which concludes the book of Genefis, containing a period of 2369 years.

1574 Aaron born in Egypt: 1490, appointed by God first high-prieft of the Ifraelites. 1571 Mofes, brother to Aaron, born in Egypt, and adopted by Pharaoh's daughter, who educates him in all the learning of the Egyptians.

1556 Cecrops brings a colony of Saites from Egypt into Attica, and begins the kingdom of Athens, in Greece.

1546 Scamander comes from Crete into Phrygia, and begins the kingdom of Troy. 1493 Cadmus carried the Phoenician letters into Greece, and built the citadel of Thebes, 1491 Mofes performs a number of miracles in Egypt, and departs from that kingdom,

together with 600,000 Ifraelites, befides children; which completed the 430 years of fojourning. They miraculously pass through the Red Sea, and come to the defert of Sinai, where Mofes receives from God, and delivers to the people, the Ten Commandments, and the other laws, and sets up the tabernacle, and in it the Ark of the covenant.

1485 The firit thip that appeared in Greece was brought from Egypt by Danaus, who arrived at Rhodes, and brought with him his fifty daughters.

1453 The firft Olympic games celebrated at Olympia, in Greece.

1452 The Pentateuch, or five first books of Mofes, are written in the land of Moab, where he died the year following, aged 110.

1451 The Ifraelites, after fojourning in the wildernefs forty years, are led under Joshua into the land of Canaan, where they fix themíelves, after having fubdued the natives; and the period of the fabbatical year commences.

1406 Iren is found in Greece from the accidental burning of the woods.

1198 The rape of Helen by Paris, which, in 1193, gave rife to the Trojan war, and fiege of Troy by the Greeks, which continued ten years, when that city was

taken and burnt.

1048 David is fole king of Ifrael.

1004 The Temple is folemnly dedicated by Solomon.

896 Elijah, the prophet, is tranflated to Heaven.

894 Money first made of gold and filver at Argos..

869 The city of Carthage, in Africa, founded by queen Dido.

824 The kingdom of Macedon begins.

753 Era of the building of Rome in Italy by Romulus, firft king of the Romans.

720 Samaria taken, after three years fiege, and the kingdom of Ifrael finished, by Salmanafar, king of Affyria, who carries the ten tribes into captivity.

The firft eclipfe of the moon on record.

658 Byzantium (now Conftantinople) built by a colony of Athenians,

604 By order of Necho, kirg of Egypt, fome Phoenicians failed from the Red Sea round Africa, and returned by the Mediterranean.

600 Thales, of Miletus, travels into Egypt, confults the priests of Memphis, acquires the knowledge of geometry, astronomy, and philofophy; returns to Greece, calculates eclipfes, gives general notions of the universe, and maintains that one Supreme Intelligence regulates all its motions.

600 Maps,

600 Maps, globes, and the figns of the Zodiac, invented by Anaximander, the scholar of Thales.

597 Jehoiakin, king of Judah, is carried away captive, by Nebuchadnezzar, to Ba

bylon.

587 The city of Jerufalem taken, after a fiege of 18 months.

562 The first comedy at Athens acted upon a moveable scaffold.

559 Cyrus the first king of Perfia.

538 The kingdom of Babylon finished; that city being taken by Cyrus, who, in 536, iffues an edict for the return of the Jews.

534 The first tragedy was acted at Athens, on a waggon, by Thefpis.

526 Learning is greatly encouraged at Athens, and a public library first founded. 515 The fecond Temple at Jerufalem is finished under Darius.

509 Tarquin the feventh and laft king of the Romans, is expelled, and Rome is governed by two confuls, and other republican magistrates, till the battle of Pharfalia, being a space of 461 years.

504 Sardis taken and burnt by the Athenians, which gave occafion to the Persian invafion of Greece.

486 Æfchylus, the Greek poet, firft gains the prize of tragedy.

481 Xerxes the Great, king of Perfia, begins his expedition against Greece.

458 Ezra is fent from Babylon to Jerufalem, with the captive Jews, and the veffels of gold and filver, &c. being feventy weeks of years, or 490 years before the crucifixion of our Saviour.

454 The Romans fend to Athens for Solon's laws.

451 The Decemvirs created at Rome, and the laws of the twelve tables compiled and ratified.

430 The history of the Old Teftament finishes about this time.

Malachi the laft of the prophets.

400 Socrates, the founder of moral philofophy among the Greeks, believes the immor tality of the foul, and a state of rewards and punishments, for which, and other fublime doctrines, he is put to death by the Athenians, who foon after repent, and erect to his memory a ftatue of brafs.

331 Alexander the Great, king of Macedon, conquers Darius king of Perfia, and other nations of Afia. 323, Dies at Babylon, and his empire is divided by his generals into four kingdoms.

285 Dionyfius, of Alexandria, began his aftronomical æra on Monday, June 26, being the first who found the exact folar year to confift of 365 Days, 5 hours, and 49 minutes.

284 Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. employs feventy-two interpreters to tranflate the Old Teftament into the Greek language, which is called the SepLuagint.

269 The first coining of filver at Rome.

264 The first Punic war begins, and continues 23 years. The chronology of the Arundelian marbles compofed.

260 The Romans first concern themselves in naval affairs, and defeat the Carthaginians at fea.

237 Hamilcar, the Carthaginian, caufes his fon Hannibal, at nine years old, to swear eternal enmity to the Romans.

218 The fecond Punic war begins, and continues 17 years. Hannibal paffes the Alps, and defeats the Romans in feveral battles; but, being amufed by his women, does not improve his victories by the ftorming of Rome.

190 The firft Roman army enters Afia, and from the spoils of Antiochus brings the Afiatic luxury first to Rome.

168 Perfeus defeated by the Romans, which ends the Macedonian kingdom.

167 The firft library erected at Rome, of books brought from Macedonia.

163 The government of Judea under the Maccabees begins, and continues 126 years. 146 Carthage, the rival to Rome, is razed to the ground by the Romans.

135 The hiftory of the Apocrypha ends.

52 Julius Cæfar makes his firft expedition into Britain.

47 The battle of Pharfalia between Cæfar and Pompey, in which the latter is de feated.

The Alexandrian library, confifting of 400,000 valuable books, burnt by accident, 45 The war of Africa, in which Cato kills himself.

The folar year introduced by Cæfar.

44 Cæfar, the greateft of the Roman conquerors, after having fought fifty pitched battles, and flain 1,192,000 men, and overturned the liberties of his country, is killed in the fenate-house,

35 The battle of Actium fought, in which Mark Antony and Cleopatra are totally defeated by Octavius, nephew to Julius Cæfar.

30 Alexandria, in Egypt, is taken by Octavius, upon which Antony and Cleopatra put themselves to death, and Egypt is reduced to a Roman province. 27 Octavius, by a decree of the fenate, obtains the title of Auguftus Cæfar, and an ab. folute exemption from the laws, and is properly the first Roman emperor.

8 Rome at this time is fifty miles in circumference, and contains 463,000 men fit to bear arms.

A. C.

12

27

33

The temple of Janus is fhut by Auguftus as an emblem of univerfal peace, and JESUS CHRIST is born on Monday, December 25.

difputes with the doctors in the Temple;

is baptized in the Wilderness by John;

is crucified on Friday, April 3, at 3 o'clock P. M.

His Refurrection on Sunday, April 5: his Afcenfion, Thursday, May 14. 36 St. Paul converted.

39 St. Matthew writes his Gofpel.

Pontius Pilate kills himself."

40 The name of Chriftians first given at Antioch to the followers of Chrift. 43 Claudius Cæfar's expedition into Britain.

44 St. Mark writes his Gofpel.

49 London is founded by the Romans; 368, furrounded by ditto with a wall, fome parts of which are still obfervable.

51 Caractacus, the British king, is carried in chains to Rome.

52 The council of the Apoftles at Jerufalem.

55 St. Luke writes his Gospel.

59 The emperor Nero puts his mother and brothers to death.

-perfecutes the Druids in Britain.

61 Boadicea, the British queen, defeats the Romans; but is conquered foon after by Suetonius, governor of Britain.

62-St. Paul is fent in bonds to Rome-writes his Epiftles between 51 and 66. 63 The Acts of the Apoftles written.

Christianity is fuppofed to be introduced into Britain by St. Paul, or fome of his difciples, about this time.

64 Rome fet on fire, and burned for fix days; upon which began (under Nero) the first perfeution against the Chriftians.

67 St. Peter and St. Paul put to death.

70 Whilst the factious Jews are destroying one another with mutual fury, Titus, the Roman general, takes Jerufalem, which is razed to the ground, and the plough made to pass over it.

83 The philofophers expelled Rome by Domitian.

85 Julius Agricola, governor of South Britain, to protect the civilized Britons from the incurfions of the Caledonians, builds a line of forts between the rivers Forth and Clyde; defeats the Caledonians under Galgacus on the Grampian hills; and firft fails round Britain, which he discovers to be an island.

96 St. John the Evangelift wrote his Revelation-his Gofpel in 97.

121 The Caledonians reconquer from the Romans all the fouthern parts of Scotland; upon which the emperor Adrian builds a wall between Newcastle and Carlisle; but this alfo proving ineffectual, Pollius Urbicus, the Roman general, about the year 144, repairs Agricola's forts, which he joins by a wall four yards thick.

135 The second Jewish war ends, when they were all banished Judæa.

139 Juftin

139 Juftin writes his firft Apology for the Chriftians. 141 A number of herefies appear about this time.

152 The emperor Antoninus Pius ftops the perfecution against the Chriftians. 217 The Septuagint faid to be found in a cask.

222 About this time the Roman empire begins to fink under its own weight. The Barbarians begin their irruptions, and the Goths have annual tribute not to mo

left the empire.

250 Valerius is taken prifoner by Sapor, king of Perfia, and flayed alive.

274 Silk first brought from India: the manufactory of it introduced into Europe by fome monks, 551: firft worn by the clergy in England, 1534,

291 Two emperors, and two Cæfars, march to defend the four quarters of the empire. 306 Conftantine the Great begins his reign.

308 Cardinals firft began.

313 The tenth perfecution ends by an edit of Conftantine, who favours the Chriftians, and gives full liberty to their religion

314 Three bishops, or fathers, are fent from Britain to affift at the council of Arles. 325 The first general council at Nice, when 318 fathers attended, against Arius, where was compofed the famous Nicene Creed, which we attribute to them.

328 Conflantine removes the feat of empire from Rome to Byzantium, which is thenceforwards called Conftantinople.

331

orders all the heathen temples to be destroyed.

363 The Roman emperor Julian, furnamed the Apoftate, endeavours in vain to rebuild the temple of Jerufalem.

364 The Roman empire is divided into the caftern (Conftantinople the capital) and weltern (of which Rome continued to be the capital) each being now under the government of different emperors.

400 Bells invented by hithop Paulinus, of Campagnia.

404 The kingdom of Caledonia, or Scotland, revives under Fergus.

405 The Vandals, Alans, and Suevi, fpread into France and Spain, by a concession of Honorius, emperor of the Weft.

410 Rome taken and plundered by Alaric, king of the Vifi-Goths.

412 The Vandals begin their kingdom in Spain.

420 The kingdom of France begins upon the Lower Rhine, under Pharamond.

426 The Romans, reduced to extremities at home, withdraw their troops from Britain, and never return; advising the Britons to arm in their own defence, and trust to their own valour.

46 The Britons, now left to themselves, are greatly haraffed by the Scots and Pics, upon which they once more make their complaint to the Romans, but receive no affiftance from that quarter.

447 Attila (furnamed the Scourge of God) with his Huns, ravages the Roman empire. 449 Vortigern, king of the Britons, invites the Saxons into Britain, against the Scots

and Picts.

455 The Saxons having repulfed the Scots and Picts, invite over more of their countrymen, and begin to establish themselves in Kent, under Hengift.

476 The wefter empire is finished, 523 years after the battle of Pharfalia; upon the ruins of which feveral new ftates arife in Italy and other parts, confifting of Goths, Vandals, Huns, and other Barbarians, under whom literature is extin, guished, and the works of the learned are destroyed.

496 Clovis, king of France, baptized, and Christianity begins in that kingdom. 508 Prince Arthur begins his reign over the Britons.

513 Conftantinople befieged by Vitalianus, whofe fleet is burned by a fpeculum of brass.

516 The computing of time by the Chriftian æra is introduced by Dionyfius the monk. 529 The code of Juftinian, the caftern emperor, is published.

557 A terrible plague all over Europe, Afia, and Africa, which continues near 50

years.

581 Latin ceafed to be fpoken about this time in Italy.

596 Auguftine the monk comes into England with forty monks.

606 Here

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