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CONTENTS OF VOL. II.
BOOK V.
THE UNITED STATES IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI.
CHAPTER I.
MANNERS AND CUSTOMS OF THE FRONTIER POPULATION EAST AND
SOUTH OF THE OHIO RIVER.-A.D. 1770 To 1810.
ginia.
-
Argument.-Condition of the frontier Settlements of western Pennsylvania and Vir-
Characteristic Traits of the Pioneers generally.- Manners and Customs:
1. Costume of the Hunters: the Hunting-shirt; Pantaloons; Breech-cloth and Leg-
gins; Moccasin.-2. Habitation: the Log Cabin; its Location; internal Appear-
ance.-3. Employments: the respective Duties of Man and Wife.-4. Diet: Meats;
wild Game; Bread; Pone; Journey-cake; Hog and Hommony; Substitutes for Tea
and Coffee.-5. Settlement Rights: Nature and Extent; tomahawk Improvements.
-6. Fort, or Station: Form and Construction; its Location and Use; Stations in
Kentucky.-7. Hunters: Science of Hunting; a hunting Camp; Game; Hides; Pel-
tries.-8. Caravans: annual Trips to Baltimore and Frederic; Equipment of Cara-
van; solitary Route across the Mountains; Order of March; Fare.-9. The moral
Sense: state of Morals; natural Honesty and Sense of Honor the supreme Law;
force of Public Opinion; "Lynch Law;" "Regulators."-10. Social Virtues: Hos-
pitality; Sociality; Conviviality; a marriage Party; Sports and Amusements.-11.
Boatmen : general Character; Costume; Habits; peculiar Traits of Character.-12.
National Character: Diversity of People and Languages blended; Peculiarities of
Feelings and Habits neutralized; Influence of free Government upon the Enterprise
and moral Character.-13. Religious Traits: Religion disconnected with civil Pow-
er; Ministers dependent for Support upon their own Merit; religious "Awakenings,"
or "Revivals," in the West; "Camp-meeting" Scene; Origin of Camp Meetings in
Kentucky and Tennessee; Camp Meeting at Cane Ridge; at Desha's Creek; at
Cabin Creek; astonishing Influence of sylvan Preaching, and the attendant Circum-
stances; extraordinary Conversions; Disturbance of mental and nervous Systems
CHAPTER II.
Page 1
INDIAN WARFARE, AND ITS EFFECTS UPON THE FRONTIER PEOPLE.
-EMINENT PIONEERS OF KENTUCKY.-A.D. 1775 TO 1794.
Argument.-Man in his natural Condition the Creature of Circumstances, in Habits,
Feeling, and Character.-The hostile Attitude and Jealousy of the Six Nations.-
Their Neutrality secured by "Treaty of German Flats," in 1776.-Indians paid to
violate treaty Stipulations by the British Commissioners at Oswego in 1777, and take
up Arms against the frontier People.-The frontier People become daring and vin-
dictive.-Influence of Indian Warfare upon Manners and Usages of the Whites.-
Compelled to adopt the Indian Revenge.-Volunteer Defense of the West.-Person.
al Characteristics of frontier Soldiers.- Athletic Form and Strength.-Patience of
Toil and Privation.-Recuperative Powers of the System.-State of Feeling on the
Frontiers.-Exterminating Policy of Indians.-Cruelty of British Tories.-Spirit of
Revenge in the People.-Their domestic Enjoyments.-Indian scalping Parties on
the Frontier. Their cautious and destructive Movements.-Renegade white Men
associated with Indians.
Indian Implements of War.-The Rifle.-The Scalping-knife.-Tomahawk.-Battle-
ax.-War-club.-Declaration of War.-Torture.-Running the Gantlet.-Torture at
the Stake by Fire.
Eminent Pioneers of Kentucky.-1. Daniel Boone.-His Nativity and early Habits.-
Personal Traits of Character.-His first Acquaintance with Kentucky in 1769 and
1771.-At Watauga in 1775.-Opens a Road from Holston to Kentucky River.-
Captain at Boonesborough until 1778.-Captured by Indians at Blue Licks.-His
Captivity and Escape.-An active Defender of Kentucky until 1783.-Abandons
Kentucky in 1800.-Settles in Missouri.-His Remains and those of his Wife re-
moved to Kentucky in 1845.-2. Simon Kenton.-His Character as a fearless Pio-
neer.-Nativity and Early Habits.-Youthful Indiscretion and subsequent Hardships.
-A Hunter in Kentucky.-A Hunter in Western Virginia.-Attached to Dunmore's
Army.-Becomes "a Hunter of Kentucky."-His personal Appearance at the Age
of twenty-one Years. His benevolent Disposition.-Attached to Kentucky Stations.
-Accompanies Colonel Clark to Kaskaskia.-Returns to Harrod's Station.-Visits
the Paint Creek Towns.-Captured by Indians.-Wild Horse Torture.-Divers Tor-
tures and Punishments suffered during his Captivity.-Sold in Detroit.-Escapes to
Kentucky. Serves under Colonel Clark in 1780 and 1782.—An active partisan War-
rior until 1792.-Encounters Tecumseh.-Serves in Wayne's Army.-Abandons Ken-
tucky in 1802.-Removes to Ohio.-Serves under Colonel Shelby in 1813.-Died in
1836.-3. Robert Patterson.-Nativity, early Life, and Habits.-Serves in Dunmore's
Army. A prominent Pioneer of Kentucky in 1776.-Erects a Station on the Site of
Lexington in 1779.-Active Defender of Kentucky during the Indian War.-4. Ma-
jor George Rogers Clark.-His early frontier Services.-His Character and Military
Genius. Superintends the Defense of Kentucky from 1776 to 1782.-Reduction of
British Posts in 1778, 1779
Page 30
CHAPTER III.
EXTENSION OF VIRGINIA SETTLEMENTS AND JURISDICTION TO THE
MISSISSIPPI.-INDIAN HOSTILITIES UPON THE OHIO.-A.D. 1776
TO 1780.
Argument.-Retrospect of the frontier Settlements of Western Virginia, Pennsylva-
nia, North Carolina, and Kentucky in 1776.-Check to these Settlements by hostile
Cherokees.-Cherokee War.-Three-fold Invasion of Cherokee Country.-" Treaty of
Dewett's Corner."-"Treaty of Long Island," on Holston.-Cherokees retire from
ceded Territory.-Hostilities of Northwestern Tribes.-Kentucky Stations supplied
with Powder by Major Clark.-Posts on the,Ohio.-Attack on M'Clellan's Station,
December, 1776.-Hostilities in West Augusta.-County of Kentucky erected.-
Militia Organization in 1777.-District of West Augusta divided into three Counties.
-Ohio County organized.-Settlements in West Augusta.-The Indians attack Har-
rod's Station; also, Logan's Fort and Boonesborough.-Militia organization in Ohio
County.-Memorable Siege of Boonesborough from July 4th to September.-Captain
Logan's Re-enforcement from North Carolina.-Colonel John Bowman's Re-enforce-
ment.-County of Kentucky organized.-Militia Organization.-Extent of Kentucky
County.-Colonel Henderson indemnified for Loss of Transylvania.-Indian Hostili-
ties near the Ohio.-Cornstalk, Ellinipsico, and Red Hawk killed at Point Pleasant.
-Condition of Wheeling Fort.-" Fort Henry."-Situation and Importance of this
Fort.-Attacked by four hundred Indians under Simon Girty.-Loss of the Garrison
near the Fort.-Incidents of Indian Warfare.-Major M'Cullock.-Captain Mason.—
Major Clark plans the Reduction of Kaskaskia.-The Expedition proceeds from "the
Falls."-Surprise and Capture of Kaskaskia and "Fort Gage."-Suspension of Civil
Government in West Augusta.-Martial Law suspended.-Courts organized.-At-
torneys and Attorney-general.- Daniel Boone and twenty-seven Men captured at
Blue Licks. His Captivity among the Indians.—His Escape and Return to Boones-
borough.-Makes an Incursion to Paint Creek.-Boonesborough invested by large
Indian Force, August, 1778.-Defense and Incidents of the Siege.-" Fort M'Intosh"
erected." Fort Laurens" erected.-Protracted Siege of Fort Laurens.-Court of
Land Commissioners established in Kentucky, 1779.-First Settlement at Lexington,
Bryant's Station, Forks of Licking, and on Sources of Salt River.-Massacre of Col-
onel Rodgers and ninety Men on the Ohio.-Colonel Bowman's unsuccessful Expe-
dition to the Miami Towns.-Emigration to Kentucky.-Arrival of Immigrants in 1779.
-Scarcity of Provisions.-Depreciation of Paper Currency.-Distress of Emigrants
until 1780.-Defenses on the Ohio.-"Fort Nelson."-Colonel Slaughter.-Landed
Interest in Kentucky.-The Indians capture Ruddle's and Martin's Stations, and re-
tire.-Destruction of the Moravian Towns on the Coshocton.-Massacre of Captives
and friendly Moravians.-Colonel Clark invades the Shawanese Country in 1780.-
Militia Organization in 1780.-Colonel Clark erects "Fort Jefferson" on the Mis-
sissippi. Southern Boundary of Virginia extended to the Mississippi . Page 80
CHAPTER IV.
INDIAN WARS ON THE OHIO. EXTENSION OF THE AMERICAN
SETTLEMENTS EAST AND SOUTH OF THE OHIO.-A.D. 1781 TO
1784.
Argument. Severe Winter of 1780-81.-Scarcity in Kentucky.-Kentucky divided into
three Counties.-Indian Hostilities on Bear-grass Creek.-Attack on Boone's and
M'Afee's Stations. - Indians contemplate utter Destruction of Kentucky Settle-
ments.-Chickasâs attack Fort Jefferson in 1780.-Counties of Kentucky organized.
-General Clark's gun-boat Defense on the Ohio River.-Abundant Crops of 1781.
-Indian Hostilities renewed in the Spring of 1782.-Estill's Defeat.-Last Survivor
of his Party.-Indian Hostilities continued.-Laherty's Defeat.-Indian Invasion, un-
der Simon Girty, on Bryant's Station.-Disastrous Battle of Blue Licks.-Colonel Lo-
gan baries the Dead. Upper Ohio.-Settlements of West Augusta harassed.—
Wheeling Campaign against the Moravian Towns.-Horrible Massacre of peaceable
Indians.-Former Position of the Moravian Towns.-Previous Admonitions neglected.
-Disastrous Campaign against Moravians on Sandusky.-Colonel Crawford and Dr.
Knight captured. - Execution and horrid Torture of Colonel Crawford. - British
Agency the Source of Indian Hostilities.-Attack on Wheeling Fort, and on Rice's
Fort. Lower Ohio.-General Clark invades the Indian Country in 1782.-Effects of
this Invasion.-Domestic Prosperity of Kentucky.-Settlements extend North of
Licking.-Flood of Emigration sets into Kentucky.-The "District of Kentucky" or-
ganized.-Peace with Great Britain announced.-Extent of the Kentucky Settle-
ments in 1783.-Population and Moral Condition of the Settlements.-Settlements
extend North of Licking River in 1784-85.-Settlements in Western Virginia. 119
CHAPTER V.
INDIAN HOSTILITIES ON THE OHIO.-PREDATORY INCURSIONS INTO
KENTUCKY, AND PARTISAN WARFARE.-A.D. 1785 TO 1793.
Argument. The Shawanese resume predatory Incursions.-Indian Horse-stealing.-
Object and Extent of these Depredations.-The Continuance of them provokes In-
vasion of the Indian Country in 1786.-Plan of Campaign under General Clark and
Colonel Logan.-Colonel Logan destroys Scioto and Mad River Towns.-General
Clark advances to the Wabash.-His further Operations frustrated for Want of Sup-
plies. A Mutiny ensues. He returns inglorious to Kentucky.-His Sun sets.-Vir-
ginia comes to his Relief.-The Shawanese commence active Hostilities.-Exposed
Condition of Settlements in Mason County in 1787.-Colonel Todd invades the Paint
Creek Towns.-Simon Kenton as a Partisan Warrior.-Emigration in 1788.-Indians
harass the Ohio Frontier of Kentucky and Western Virginia.-Depredations and
Murders on the Ohio from 1788 to 1790.-Population of Kentucky in 1791.-Partisan
Warfare from 1790 to 1791.-General Harmar's Efforts to suppress Indian Hostilities.
-The Campaigns of 1790 and 1791 divert Hostilities from the Kentucky Frontier.-
Indian Hostility and partisan Warfare in Kentucky renewed in 1792-93.-Kenton
makes an Incursion upon the Little Miami, and encounters Tecumseh.-Severe night
Skirmish with Tecumseh in 1792.-Kenton continues his partisan Warfare in 1793.-
Makes an Incursion to Paint Creek.-Intercepts and kills a marauding Party of In-
dians at Holt's Creek on the Ohio, and recovers a large Number of Horses
CHAPTER VI.
Page 147
POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE “DISTRICT OF KENTUCKY," FROM 1783
UNTIL ITS ADMISSION INTO THE FEDERAL UNION AS AN INDE-
PENDENT STATE.-A.D. 1783 To 1794.
Argument.-Retrospect of the political Condition of the District.-Causes for political
Discontent.-The People desire an independent State Government.-First Conven.
tion in 1784.-Second Convention in May, 1785.-Third Convention recommended.—
Great Emigration to Kentucky in 1786.-Improved Condition of the Kentucky Set-
tlements in 1786.-Measures adopted by the third Convention.-Action of the Vir-
ginia Legislature in favor of Separation.-Requisite Action by Kentucky unavoida-
bly delayed.-Fourth Convention appointed for August, 1787.-First Newspaper in
Kentucky.-Agricultural and commercial Prosperity in 1787.-Navigation of the Mis-
sissippi commenced.-Fifth Convention held in September, 1787.-Sixth Convention
in July, 1788.-Diversity of political Sentiment.-Political Parties.-Action of the
sixth Convention.-Prominent Men.-Corresponding Action of the Virginia Leg.
islature. Final Action of this Convention, and Application for Assent of Congress.
-Assent of Congress granted February 4th, 1791.-Boundaries of the new State.
-First State Governor and Legislature convened June 4th, 1792, for the organi
zation of State Government.-Causes of the protracted delay of Separation.—A new
Experiment in Political Philosophy.-Notice of political Parties.-Foreign Influence.
-Spanish Intrigue.-Increasing Trade with New Orleans.-The fluctuating Policy
of Spain with regard to the Navigation of the Mississippi.-Genet's Intrigue for the
Invasion of Louisiana in 1793-94.-Measures taken by the Federal Government to
suppress the contemplated Invasion.-Reluctance of Governor Shelby to interfere in
the Plans of Genet.-Increasing Population of Kentucky in 1794.-New Counties
organized.-Kentucky levies for the Campaign in the Northwestern Territory.—Ad-
vantages derived by Kentucky from Treaties of London and Madrid.-Last Efforts
of Spain to detach Kentucky from the Union.-Progressive Wealth and Popula-
tion of Kentucky.-Governors of Kentucky
CHAPTER VII.
168
THE EARLY SETTLEMENT AND POLITICAL CONDITION OF WESTERN
PENNSYLVANIA.-A.D. 1783 To 1796.
Argument.-Jurisdiction of Pennsylvania extended to the Ohio.- -"Westmoreland
County" organized.-" Washington County" organized.-Emigration to the Monon-
gahela and Youghiogeny.-Town of Pittsburgh laid out.-Brownsville laid out; be-
comes an important Point.-First Newspaper in the West.-Pittsburgh becomes a
Market Town in 1788.-Trade and Manufactures spring up.-It derives great Im-
portance as a military Dépôt in 1790.-Prosperous Condition of Settlements on the
Monongahela.-Pittsburgh becomes an important manufacturing and trading Town.
--Agricultural Prosperity of Monongahela Settlements.-Effects of Spanish Restric-
tions on the Mississippi.-"Excise Law" odious.-Disaffection toward Federal Gov-
ernment.-French Influence in the West.-Resistance to Excise on Whisky.-Dif-
ficulties encountered by excise Officers.-General Neville appointed Superintendent
of excise Customs.-His moral Worth and Popularity insufficient to sustain him.-
His House burned by a Mob.-Other Outrages perpetrated by the Mob.-Character
of the Insurgents.-A Meeting of the Militia.-A Convention proposed.-Measures
adopted by the President of the United States.-Proposed Amnesty.-Convention at
Parkinson's Ferry.-Alarm of the insurgent Leaders.-Effects of General Wayne's
Victory on the Maumee.-Commissioners appointed by the President.-Troops lev-
ied to suppress the Insurrection.-Fourteen thousand Troops advance to Pittsburgh.
-The Insurrection is suppressed.-Insurgents dispersed.-Inquisitorial Court estab
lished. Three hundred Insurgents arrested.-The Troops discharged.-Pittsburgh
incorporated in 1794.-Quietude of Frontiers, and Advance of Population.-Uninhab-
ited Region west of Alleghany River.-Emigration encouraged.-"Population Com-
pany."-Their Grant. -State Grants to actual Settlers. Conflict of State Grants
with the Company's Privileges,-First Paper Mill on the Monongahela.-Manufac
tures increase
Page 192
CHAPTER VIII.
66
INDIAN RELATIONS AND TREATIES WITH THE UNITED STATES, FROM
THE TREATY OF PARIS TO THE TREATY OF GREENVILLE."
A.D. 1783 TO 1795.
Argument.-Retrospect relative to the Northwestern Boundary.-Reluctantly assent-
ed to in the Treaty of 1783 by Great Britain.-Disregard of Treaty Stipulations rela-
tive to the Northwestern Posts by British Cabinet.-British and Indian Alliance
during the Revolutionary War.-Western Feeling toward the Indians.-Jealousy
of the Indians at the rapid Advance of the White Settlements.-Measures of Con-
gress to conciliate Indian Jealousy.-Preliminary Steps for Treaties with all the
Tribes.-Treaties by individual States prior to 1784.-Treaty of Fort Stanwix, and
the Treaty Line.-Treaty of Fort M'Intosh, and Boundary Line.-Treaty of the Mi-
ami with the Shawanese, and their Cession of Lands.-Treaties of Hopewell with
Southern Indians.-Cherokee Treaty.-Choctâ Treaty.-Chickasa Treaty.-Extent
of Country and Number of Warriors of each Nation respectively.-Dissatisfaction of
the Six Nations relative to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix.-Their Grievances.-Prep-
arations for a new Treaty.-Treaty of Fort Harmar in 1789.-The Shawanese refuse
to attend.-Shawanese encouraged to Hostilities by British Traders at Detroit.—
Connivance of the British Government at these Intrigues.-Hostilities commenced
upon the Ohio Frontier.-Pacific Overtures of Governor St. Clair.-Unsettled Condi-
tion of the Southern Indians.-The Cherokees.-Encroachments of the Cumberland
Settlements.-Treaty of Holston, July 2d, 1791.-Creek Disturbances.-Measures to
conciliate the Creeks.-The Treaty of New York with M'Gillivray and other Creek
Chiefs.-Efforts of Spanish Agents to embarrass the Negotiations.-M'Gillivray's Op-
position.-The Creeks instigated to War.-Cherokees commence Hostilities.-Span-
ish Intrigue with Creeks and Cherokees.-Creek Preparation for Hostilities against
Cumberland Settlements.-Bowles, a Creek Chief.-Indian Tribes generally make
Overtures for Peace and Friendship after Wayne's Victory.-Treaty with Six Na-
tions in 1794.-Treaty of Greenville in 1795, comprising all Northwestern Tribes.-
Termination of Indian Wars
212
CHAPTER IX.
EXTENSION OF THE FIRST WHITE SETTLEMENTS ACROSS THE OHIO,
UNTIL THE CLOSE OF THE INDIAN WARS.--A.D. 1787 TO 1794.
Argument.-Claims of Virginia and other States to "Northwestern Territory" relin-
quished, with certain Reservations.-" Connecticut Reserve."-Virginia military
District." Northwestern Territory" laid off by Ordinance of 1787.-Territorial Gov-
ernment provided.-Partial Occupation by United States.-First Settlement on the
Muskingum.-Putnam's Colony, from Connecticut, arrives at Fort Harmar April 17th,