list (latest edition), 'Guide to the Principal PRONUNCIATION OF "NG" (9th S. x. 266, 393, 494). By evidence from this side of the Atlantic I can confirm MR. ELWORTHY'S statement concerning the pronunciation of ng as ngg in expressions like "ring the bell." In this country, however, the sound ngg in monosyllables is more likely to be heard before a word that begins with a vowel; for example-"as longg as possible," as strongg as he." This pronunciation follows the principle involved in the retention, mentioned by PROF. SKEAT, of the original sound ngg in long, strong, and young before the comparative and superlative endings. CHARLES BUNDY WILSON. The State University of Iowa. How is the name Singer, of sewing machine fame, pronounced? I have several times heard people who would have described a mere singing man in the usual and accepted manner pronounce it as though it contained a double g. JOHN T. PAGE. West Haddon, Northamptonshire. ARMIGEROUS FAMILIES (9th S. x. 509; xi. 11).—If your correspondent has "evidence from seals, monuments, and funeral certificates" that members of a still existing family "have used the same arms since the time of Edward III." he may confidently write that family down "armigerous." It would be difficult to imagine evidence more conclusive as to the right to bear arms. Had his evidence been less satisfactory he would have had to prove the male descent of the existing family from some person whom he could also prove to have borne arms by lawful title. This proof would have rested on such documents as wills, parish registers, marriage certificates, tombstone inscriptions, subsidy rolls, &c. Visitations and "recorded pedigrees at the Heralds' College are of less authority to the scientific genealogist, but of use for the purposes of a new grant or confirmation of arms. JOHN HOBSON MATTHEWS. Town Hall, Cardiff. 'HYMNS ANCIENT AND MODERN' (9th S. viii. 101, 230, 388; ix 36; x. 432, 512). The latest issue of Hymns Ancient and Modern,' containing all the supplemental hymns from 474 to 638, is named on the title-page "complete edition." It is merely a trade term, adopted for the convenience of booksellers. A hymn-book contains matter primarily intended for singing, not for reading. It is not the place to look for textual criticism or literary history. It would be idle to print what would not or could not be sung. This is why some words are altered and some verses omitted. What congregation could go death," or could bear all the twenty-six on singing "When my eye-strings crack in stanzas of "Jerusalem, my happy home"? It is a practical question which all hymnbook compilers have answered in the same Book of Praise' is severe on textual tamperway. Even Roundell Palmer, who in his ing, feels himself justified in omitting many whole stanzas. W. C. B. ་ PRODIGAL SON AS SIR CHARLES GRANDISON (9th S. x. 487).-Probably the engravings are after Murillo, one of whose series was exhibited at the Guildhall last year. I possess a picture by the same artist in his same manner-subject, the flight of Paris and In the upper corner, Helen by torchlight. right hand, sits Juno in her chariot; lower bald head and shoulders of an oarsman in a corner, left hand, a strong light falls on the boat. In the distance are two vessels under sail. The picture is from a nobleman's collection. I should be glad to purchase an engraving of it, or to know the name of the engraver, date, and entire legend, and have a description of the arms on it. Can any reader furnish the name of the artist, living early in the eighteenth century, who signed his pictures P. Č. F. A.? L. E. DAVIES. 43, St. George's Avenue, Tufnell Park, N. See 8th S. xii. 385, 453; 9th S. i. 136, 195. JOHN T. PAGE. ELL FAMILY (9th S. x. 487). · Some few years ago. when staying at Dunster, in West Somerset, I journeyed out late one night with a friend suffering much from toothache. My friend pulled wildly at a door-bell believed to be that of the local doctor. A window was opened, and when our trouble had been explained it was shut again, with these words, "You must go to Ell." Mr. Ell, we heard afterwards, was the dentist. J. G. HAWKINS. According to Maitland ('History of Lonside of Stepney Churchyard contained this don,' book viii. p. 1355), a tomb on the north inscription: of Richard Ell, who departed this Life the 17th of "Here lieth the Body of Susanna Ell, the Wife May, 1643, aged 36 Years. Who had Issue by Richard Ell, two Sons, first Richard, the other not christened, and three Daughters, Abigal, Sarah, and Hannah.' (Then follows a rhyming epitaph of thirteen lines.) When copying the heraldry and inscriptions at Stepney some years ago I failed to find any traces of this memorial. JOHN T. PAGE. MONARCH IN A WHEELBARROW (9th S. x. 467; xi. 14). Evelyn had a favourite holly hedge, through which, it is said, the Tzar, by way of exercise, used to be in the habit of trundling a wheelbarrow. Evelyn probably alludes to this in the following passage of his 'Sylva,' wherein he asks, Is there, under the heavens, a more glorious and refreshing object of the kind, than an impregnable hedge, of about 400 feet in length, 9 feet high, and 5 in diameter, which I can still show in my ruined garden at Sayes Court (thanks to the Tzar of Muscovy) at any time of the year, glittering with its armed and variegated leaves; the taller standards, at orderly distances, blushing with their natural coral?" Memoir of the Life of Peter the Great' in "The Family Library," "I went to Deptford to see how miserably the Tzar had left my house after three months making it his Court. I got Sir Chris. Wren, the King's surveyor, and Mr. London his gardener, to go and estimate the repairs, for which they allowed 1507. in their report to the Lords of the Treasury."Evelyn's 'Diary,' 9 June, 1698. 1831. Miscellaneous. NOTES ON BOOKS, &c. The New Volumes of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VIII., being Vol. XXXII. of the Complete Work. (A. & C. Black and the Times.) ONE more volume, ending with 'Stowmarket,' has been added to the tenth issue of the Encyclopædia Britannica.' It is, of course, difficult in any work the arrangement of which is simply alphabetical to seek to assign any special feature to one volume as apart from the rest. The contents of the latest instalment are, however, representative, inasmuch as they deal to an almost equal extent with the applied sciences and arts, with what may be called in the fullest sense practical and with the remotest investigations of speculative thought. The prefatory essay, by Prof. Karl Pearson, F. R.S., on the subject of The Function of Science in the Modern State,' is more abstract and less popular than the articles holding the same place in previous volumes. The theory of national life which presents itself at the outset of the twentieth century is that intelligence, and not brute force, strength and bravery, and material wealth, will be dominant in the coming struggle, from which the most intelligent nations will issue victorious. For such a contest training is all-important, and the article deals subsequently with the necessities of educational change. Perhaps the most obvious and indispensable, and at the same time the most hopeless demand of the professor is for a school of statecraft. If such were established, how many of those, it may be wondered, by whom our affairs are guided would be able to pass the preliminary examination? Much is said upon the general functions of secondary craft schools. In the higher craft schools we are lamentably deficient. Most urgent seems to be the need for scientific method in medicine. What is said about the progress of medical science deserves the closest attention. Prof. Pearson's article must, to however, be studied as a whole; it is forcibly argued, and does not admit of our dragging to light and debating solitary propositions. With a sigh we accept the truth that "it is little good after an army has been decimated by enteric appoint a commission to inquire into the causes of it." The mere mention of the pollution of of knowledge we still are. The most important rivers, again, shows at what an elementary stage among the general contents are those especially with which it is impossible to deal. Take 'Ships and Shipbuilding, by Mr. Philip Watts, F.S.S., the Director of Naval Construction. This is one of volume, and is also one of the most fully illustrated. the longest and most scientific articles in the Nothing whatever can be parted from the context. is submarines, which will probably be treated at A portion of the article to which many will turn more length in the next volume. Mr. Theodore L. de Vinne's article on 'Printing Presses' is comparatively brief, the more important changes of modern days being possibly reserved for forthcoming essays on Type and Type-setting.' Dealing with 'Prison Discipline,' Major Arthur Griffiths, an omniscient authority, holds with others that the gravest feature of modern penology "is the vitality of recidivism,'" a phrase the significance of which was anticipated in the once current phrase "Qui a bu boira." 'Process,' a vague term to which is now attached a sufficiently precise meaning, is by Mr. Edwin Bale. Both word and thing have come to stay. The article is accompanied by the illustration of the various stages in three-colour printing, reproduced from the 'Japan' of Mr. Mortimer Menpes, which has recently attracted much public notice. Dr. Shadwell has a powerful and not very hopeful article on 'Prostitution.' Provençal Literature,' a subject of high interest, is by Dr. Oelsner. The félibres are freed from the charge of want of patriotism, and the utterance of Félix Gras at the head of his 'Carbounie' is quoted: "I love my village more than thy village; I love my Provence more than thy province; I love France more than all." Mr. Lang's article on 'Psychical Research' is profoundly interesting and suggestive, but, like most discussions on the subject, gets us no "forrarder.' That man should be deeply concerned with such problems is natural, and it may be, though there are few signs of such an event, that light will be ultimately forthcoming. Dr. Ward chronicles some advance since 1885 in Psychology,' though the attention bestowed on the subject is still disproportionate to its importance. Publishing' deals, inter alia, with the progress of many bookselling firms, some of them now extinct, and displays more care and judgment than spirit in its narrations. A capital reproduction of St. Généviève watching over Paris' accompanies an excellent article on Puvis de Chavannes' by Henri Frantz. An important account of Queensland is the only noteworthy article under Q. Railways between 1883 and 1900, when were compiled the statistics now supplied, have undergone naturally an immense development. How much of recent advance is due to the substitution of steel for iron rails is shown. Signalling and locomotive engines are dealt with at length, and there are valuable chapters on 'Light Railways' and 'Mountain Railways.' A view of a viaduct on the Mürren funicular railway shows what marvellous triumphs are being accomplished. An interesting and sympathetic life of Renan is by A. Mary F. Robinson, and is accompanied by a portrait. Rome' notices some remarkable discoveries made in recent explorations of the Forum, but does not constitute wholly satisfactory reading. To the life of Dante Gabriel Rossetti which appears in vol. xx. is added an admirably competent estimate of his position as a painter by Mr. F. G. Stephens. This is in its way a model, and is accompanied by a reproduction of Rossetti s'Ecce Ancilla Domini.' Mr. Frederic Harrison is responsible for the life of Ruskin. Schools of Painting' is a composite article, the 'British School' being dealt with by Mr. M. H. Spielmann, who finds that in England “picturesque domesticity is taking the place of theatrical sensation." A kindred subject, Sculpture,' is also treated, so far as England is concerned, by Mr. Spielmann. The illustrations to British sculpture are numerous, but not particularly satisfactory. Anything but encouraging is what, under the heading of 'Seal,' is said concerning the pelasgic catch. The all-important question of sea power is treated by Vice-Admiral Sir Cyprian Bridge. With the development of 'Socialism' Dr. James Bonar is concerned, and with 'Sociology' Mr. Benjamin Kidd. Other subjects which we can only mention, the importance of which will be at once apparent, are Somaliland, South Africa, South Australia,' 'Spain,' and 'Spheres of Influence.' Scarcely a page is there on which the eye can fall that does not offer a fund of information not elsewhere to be obtained. The French Revolution. By Thomas Carlyle. With Introduction, Notes, and Appendices by John Holland Rose, M.A. 3 vols. (Bell & Sons.) SINCE this book was issued the University of Cambridge has bestowed upon its editor the degree of Litt.D. as recognition of his literary work, and particularly of his recently published Life of Napoleon,' for which see 9th S. ix. 159. That Carlyle's 'French Revolution' has stepped into the position of a classic masterpiece is abundantly evident. Within the last few months it has been reissued in various more or less convenient and attractive forms. The edition now published is, so far as the present generation is concerned, authoritative, definite, final. It is profusely illustrated with portraits of the principal actors in the drama depicted and with views of the scenes and actions described. The latter appear to consist principally of reductions of the Tableaux Historiques de la Révolution Française,' first issued in folio, 1791-1804, and subsequently reprinted; the former, which are the more serviceable, are drawn from various sources, though most of them are from the Tableaux Historiques.' Louis XV., who serves as frontispiece, is by Duplessis, the conservator of the Museum of Versailles. Marie Antoinette is from the famous picture at Versailles by Madame Vigée Lebrun. A superb head of Mirabeau is from a pastel. More important than these things, valuable as these are, are the notes, original and selected, which are now first supplied. It is, of course, too late to enter again into the question of the merits and defects of the work. Written as it was under almost inconceivable difficulties and with a heart aflame, it took up in this country a position from which it is not likely to be dethroned. The vast majority of English readers draw from it their estimate of the characters and events of the Revolution. In France recognition has naturally been slower and less warm, and the timid and grudging estimate of Philarète Chasles has been accepted by consecutive writers. In late days more enlightened views have prevailed, and a modern French writer upon a subject the interest in which is eternal would read Carlyle along with Michelet, Mignet, Lamartine, and Aulard. Taine, as Dr. Rose points out, writes of Carlyle as the English Michelet. With a still happier employment of phrase, Dr. Rose speaks of Carlyle's History as his "wrathful epic," and refers to the "idyllic oases," which, indeed, it possesses. If there be any English student ignorant of the character of Carlyle's great work, a perusal of Dr. Rose's introduction will give him all the knowledge requisite for an appearance of erudition. The obviously proper thing to do is to re-read the book, a task which is greatly facilitated and encouraged by the explanatory notes. No more than other early historians did Carlyle see how much the excesses of the Revolution were fostered by the weakness of the authorities and the reactionaries. Napoleon himself sneered at the defenders of the Tuileries. With a regiment or two he would have swept the assailants from the field. The attack on the Bastille almost belongs to comic opera. We heartily commend side by side with Carlyle's work the just published life of Mallet du Pan. None the less, we are profoundly thankful to have this handsome and scholarly edition, which should be on the shelves of every historical student, and even on those of the man of few books. It is in its line trustworthy and exhaustive. Carmina Mariana: an English Anthology in Verse in Honour of and in Relation to the Blessed Virgin Mary. Second Series. Collected and arranged by Orby Shipley, M.A. (Burns & Oates.) IN reviewing (8th S. vi. 159) the second edition of the first series of the 'Carmina Mariana' collected by Mr. Orby Shipley we announced the forthcoming appearance of a second series, with a different Latin title. If this is the work then contemplated, reason has been found to change the promised title and to issue the volume with the same name as its predecessor. Very like the first in the nature of its contents is the second series. The two have, moreover, this in common, that a considerable portion of the contents of both are due to those who have no active sympathy with the teaching of Eastern or Western Churches. That Mr. Shipley has cast his net wide is shown in the fact that he has been able to include under the title selected the first three stanzas of 'St. Agnes's Eve,' by Keats, which, though showing some use (natural enough in a work the scene of which is laid in medieval times) of Catholic symbolism and colour, is far away from any suspicion of theological teaching. An ingenious theory put forward in the preface, that modern poets, whether Christian or agnostic, in writing of woman, womanhood, or the feminine ideal, must have been influenced by past tradition, or perhaps intellectually conscious of Catholic teaching, would, if accepted, widely enlarge the borders available for the compiler. Among the contents are an unpublished MS. IN ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE LIBRARY, CAMBRIDGE.-The College Library has recently been enriched by the gift of a MS. of great value from Dr. Alexander Peckover. It formerly belonged to the foundress of the College, the Lady Margaret, mother of King Henry VII., and was given by her to Lady Shyrley with the following inscription in her autograph :My good Lady Shyrley pray for Me that gevythe you thys booke And hertely pray you (Margaret) Modyr to the Kynge. poem of Thomas Moore of no conspicuous merit, class finds mention. A complete Smith record is a poem of Ben Jonson's not included in his collected never to be hoped. works, some interesting MS. sonnets of the Elizabethan age by Lawrence Anderton, S.J., and innumerable other works of exemplary piety or merit. The aim of the series being devotional, we may not protest against seeing only in a modernized shape that marvellous poem of the Middle Ages, Quia amore langueo." It moves admiration, however, to see the manner in which Mr. Swinburne's Madonna Mia' is fitted to pious aspirations. Among the modern poems with which we were previously unacquainted we are disposed to assign the place of honour to the 'Magnificat Anima Mia' of Mr. Frederick W. H. Myers. Several compositions of the Laureate, who comes of a Roman Catholic family, are given. Quite worthy of association with the first series is the second. Like that, it contains much piety and much poetry, the former predominating. It can be read with constant edification and delight. Even now the subject is not exhausted, a third volume being in contemplation. On its arrival it will be welcome. Manchester Al Mondo: a Contemplation of Death and Immortality. By Sir Henry Montagu, First Earl of Manchester. (Frowde.) FROM the Clarendon Press appears a careful reimpression of the fourth edition (1638-9) of the learned and edifying little treatise known as 'Manchester Al Mondo. Not the first reprint is this, but it is the most satisfactory. With its strange mass of quotations, classical and patristic, and its curious mixture of common sense and what may be called didactic exaltation, it may be read with interest and possible profit, though a comparison between it and Montaigne's chapters on death will not be to the credit of the English writer. Here is a short passage worthy of being extracted: "It was a sweet speech, and might well have become an elder body, which a young innocent childe of my owne used in extremity of sicknesse. 'Mother, what shall I doe? I shall die before I know what Death is. I beseech you tell mee what is Death, and how I should dye.' The Smith Family. By Compton Reade, M.A. (Stock.) The MS. is of the fifteenth century, and is written on exceptionally fine vellum and contains 176 leaves. Calendario,' the calendar being written in blue and It is entitled Horæ Beatæ Mariæ Virginis, cum gold letters, and the first page of each month having which are extremely beautiful and surrounded with a delicate border of leaves in gold. The miniatures, delicate borders composed of leaves and flowers, are thirteen in number. The compiler of the catalogue of the Fountaine Collection, at the sale of which the MS. was purchased, supposes the volume to have been written and illuminated by the Lady Margaret's command in the reign of King Henry VII. MRS. PHILIPPA A. F. STEPHENSON, of 43, Bryanston Square, W., is printing The Parish Registers of Great and Little Wigborough, Essex.' Each copy will include notes, history of the parishes, lists of incumbents, patrons, &c. Thirty copies, one or two of which are not yet subscribed for, will be issued at 12s. 6d. each. Early application for them is counselled. Fotices to Correspondents. We must call special attention to the following notices: ON all communications must be written the name and address of the sender, not necessarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. entries in the paper, contributors are requested to put in parentheses, immediately after the exact heading, the series, volume, and page or pages to which they refer. Correspondents who repeat queries are requested to head the second communication "Duplicate." WE cannot undertake to answer queries privately. To secure insertion of communications correA RESPECTABLE attempt-the most successful on record-has been made by Mr. Compton Reade in the spondents must observe the following rules. Let present volume to deal with the greatest of gene-slip of paper, with the signature of the writer and each note, query, or reply be written on a separate fogical problems. The book is to some extent explained by its title. It contains a popular account such address as he wishes to appear. When answerof many branches of the great Smith family, how-ing queries, or making notes with regard to previous ever spelt, from the fourteenth century until to-day, and numerous pedigrees published for the first time. Success in such a scheme must necessarily be relative. Full as is the list of recent Smiths, we could point to several men of distinction in literature and affairs whose names do not appear. It must in justice to the writer be owned that the list of celebrated Smiths does not claim to be exhaustive, but seeks only to be helpful-which, of course, it is. Indebtedness is owned to the 'Dictionary of National Biography,' to which a high and deserved tribute is paid, though one or two articles are singled out for severe censure. What is best in the work consists in the pedigrees, to which all bearers of the name will naturally turn. It was, perhaps, to be expected that Faber pedigrees would be included. So far as a cursory observation extends, no living member of this numerous H. C. H.-You should give references. There is much on the point in N. & Q.' NOTICE. Editorial communications should be addressed to "The Editor of Notes and Queries ""-Advertisements and Business Letters to "The Publisher"-at the Office, Brean's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E. C. We beg leave to state that we decline to return communications which, for any reason, we do not print; and to this rule we can make no exception. THE ATHENÆUM JOURNAL OF ENGLISH AND FOREIGN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, OUR LIBRARY TABLE:-The Chiswick Shakespeare; The Question of English Divorce; Encyclopædic Dictionary Supplement; Stories of California; Dorset Records; The Child Mind; Unpopular Papers; Submarine Warfare. LIST of NEW BOOKS. An OLD AIR with VARIATIONS; MRS. 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