pations in which they formed any part of the labor force, it was necessary that these should be included. In the 303 establishments included in other industries, 99.69 per cent. of the wage earners are males, 16 years old and over; 0.24 per cent. are females, 16 years old and over, and 0.07 per cent. are children under the age of 16 years. In seventeen of these seventy industries the proportion of female employes is in excess of 50 per cent., and in five the proportion exceeds 75 per cent. In fiftythree of the seventy industries the proportion of children employed is under 4 per cent.; in fifteen the proportion ranges from 4.07, in "knit goods," upward to 10.42 per cent. in "thread." The totals of these seventy industries show that of every 1,000 wage earners employed, approximately 700 were men 16 years old and over; 278 were women 16 years old and over; and 22 were children of either sex below the age of 16 years. The number of men, of women and of children per 1,000 persons employed in the "seventy industries," is shown on the table below for 1911 in comparison with 1910.

The balance between the sexes in factory and workshop employment as indicated by the above table shows a decided leaning toward the increased employment of women with a corresponding reduction of the proportion of men, the ratio of children remaining the same for both years. As pointed out above, the tendency has heretofore been uniformly the other way, each successive yearly presentation showing a small fractional increase in the ratio of males employed, and a corresponding reduction in that of females. Stated numerically, the number of men employed in these seventy industries is 2,620 greater in 1911 than in 1910, while the increase in the number of women and of children is 4,680 and 198, respectively.

Any further analysis of these seventy occupations must take the form of merely repeating the figures which appear on the

table.

Persons interested in the subject of the employment of women and children have here, prepared for their inspection, a complete list of occupations in New Jersey in which they are employed, so arranged that the number of either, or both, may be seen at a glance.

Again taking up the consideration of wage earners employed with distinction of sex, the numbers reported by the "twenty-five selected industries" are shown in the following table for 1911 in comparison with 1910; comparisons are also made of "other industries" and of all industries for both years. The increases and decreases are noted in absolute numbers and by percentages.

179,384 +
125,911 +

305, 295 +

+|++ ||| +++|++|+| + | + | | + ||++++ ||

As shown by the above table the total number of persons employed in the "twenty-five selected industries" was practically the same for both years; the numerical increase in 1911 is only

244, and the percentage one-tenth of one per cent. "Other industries," that is to say, those not included in the direct comparison, show an increase of 2,786, or 2.3 per cent. in the number of wage earners employed, and for "all industries," which includes the entire 2,475 establishments reporting, the table shows that 3,030, or exactly one per cent. more persons were employed in 1911 than were carried on the pay rolls in 1910. Eleven of the industries appearing in the comparison show decreases, the largest, 14.4 per cent., occuring in "steel and iron forgings;" the largest increase, 23.1 per cent., is shown by "lamps, electric and other."

TABLE No. 5.

Table No. 5 shows the average number of persons employed, by months, classified as men, women and young persons under 16 years of age. The number of persons employed each month of the calendar year is given separately for the eighty-nine general industries, and also for all industries including the entire 2,475 establishments reporting. This table serves to show such fluctuations of employment as are experienced in each industry, and the data are presented in such a way as to indicate the periods of greater and least activity in each industry. The industries appear on this table in alphabetical order, and the periods of greatest and least activity which prevailed in each of them are those months during which the greatest and smallest number of persons respectively were employed.

The final division of Table No. 5 is a summary showing the aggregate average number of wage earners employed in "all industries" by months, which enables us to determine during which month of the year all the factory and workshop industries of the State were in the highest and the lowest conditions of activity. Employment in our factories and workshops is shown by this summary to have been lowest during the midsummer month of July, when the total number of wage earners employed is shown to have been 297,375, and highest during the month of November, when 309,979 persons were reported on the pay rolls. This record of months of greatest and least activity applies to each of the three classes of wage earners, men, women and children.

TABLE No. 6.

This table shows the total amount paid in wages and the average yearly earnings for each of the eighty-nine general industries,

together with the aggregate total paid in wages by all industries, and the aggregate average yearly earnings of all industries. Only the actual wages paid out for labor are considered in this compilation; salaries of officials, managers, superintendents, foremen, bookkeepers, commission men, and all other forms of compensation fixed on a yearly basis and not subject to deduction on account of absence from duty are excluded. Only such wages as are paid to persons employed in the actual processes of manufacture are included in these totals. It should be borne in mind that these averages are arrived at by combining the earnings of men, women, and children employed in the same industry, and also that they are not calculated on the basis of any given weekly or daily wage rate, but on the amounts actually paid to wage earners in each establishment, whether on the day work or piece work basis after all deductions for lost time or other causes had been made.

The highest average yearly earnings are, of course, shown by the industries in which men only are employed. Chief among these is "brewery products," which shows average earnings of $906.05, an amount very much greater than that shown by any other occupation, not excepting the many which require the highest degree of technical skill on the part of workmen engaged in them. The brewery workers' high standard of earnings is due in part, at least, to the fact that the trade is perfectly organized. Other distinctively mens' occupations showing yearly earnings much above the average are: "Cornices and skylights," $739.56; "furnaces, ranges and heaters," $781.27; “ink and mucilage,' $818.30; "pottery," $711.90; "shipbuilding," $704.39; "silver goods," $705.84; and “varnishes," $744.82. Twenty-seven of the eighty-nine general industries show average yearly earnings ranging from $600 to $700 per year; twenty-one show average earnings ranging from $500 to $600 per year; twenty-three show average amounts ranging from $400 to $500 per year, and the remaining eighteen industries report averages below $400 per year. Only one industry, "underwear," shows yearly earnings under $300 per year.

In the industries reporting average yearly earnings below $500 per year, the labor employed is largely that of women and children, and those showing less than $400 per year employ comparatively few men. The industries employing considerable numbers

of women and children may be identified by referring to the table on pages 19-20.

Such changes as have taken place in average yearly earnings during the year are shown in the following table; the “twenty-five selected industries" are there compared individually; the increases and decreases are noted numerically and by percentages. Separate comparisons are also made of "other industries" and of “all industries."

Nineteen of the industries compared on the above table show increases of yearly earnings ranging from $2.65 in “metal goods," to $72.19 in “glass (window and bottle)." Six industries show decreases ranging from $5.84 in "woolen and worsted goods," to $36.09 in "steel and iron forgings." The average yearly earnings of wage earners in the "twenty-five selected industries" in 1910