is $544.14; for "other industries" the average was $499.64, and for "all industries," $531.94. In 1911 the average earnings of the "twenty-five selected industries" was $566.21, an increase of $12.07, or 2.2 per cent.; for "other industries," the average was $513.09, an increase of $13.45, or 2.7 per cent.; and for "all industries" the average for 1911 was $544.30, an increase over the previous year of $12.36, or 2.3 per cent. The total amount paid in wages during 1911 by the 2,475 establishments reporting was $166,172,529.

TABLE No. 7.

The actual weekly earnings of men, women and young persons below the age of sixteen years are shown on this table for each of the eighty-nine industries and for all industries. The table shows for each industry the actual number of persons, men, women and children, in each of the establishments considered, who during the week when the largest numbers were employed, were paid one or another of the several amounts specified in the table, beginning with under $3 per week, and advancing one dollar or more through the various amounts up to $25 per week and over. The industries follow each other in alphabetical order, and as the actual number of persons whose weekly earnings fall in each class is shown, the clearness of the subject cannot be improved by any further analysis.

The table ends with a final summary in which the data shown for each of the eighty-nine industries separately, is given for all the industries combined. This condensed presentation shows the range of weekly earnings in the factory industries of the State; the entire body of employes is divided into thirteen groups, each of them including only those men and women whose weekly earnings are practically identical in amounts. This condensed compilation enables the investigator to determine at a glance the number of factory and workshop operatives included under either or all of the rates appearing on the table. The prevailing wage rates are much more accurately presented in this way than is possible by the use of averages.

The total number of wage earners appearing in this summary of classified weekly earnings is 336,475; 246,654 of these are men; 83,103 are women, and 6,718 are children below the age of 16 years. A calculation based on this summary shows the average

weekly earnings of men to have been, approximately, $13,00; women, $7.50; and children, $4.50.

The percentages of each of the three classes of wage earners receiving the specified wage rates are given for all industries on the following table.

The above table shows that while only 20.4 per cent. of the men are in the classes whose earnings were less than $9.00 per week, 77.2 per cent. of the women and all the children, are found in the same classes. Sixty-nine per cent. of the men are in the classes ranging from $9 to from $15 to $20, and a fraction less than 23 per cent. of the women are distributed among the same grades. Of the male employes, only 4.2 per cent. of the total number appear in the rate "$25.00 and over."

TABLE No 8.

On this table, the average number of days in operation during the year is given for each of the eighty-nine industries, and also the average for "all industries;" the table also shows for each industry and for "all industries," the average number of hours worked per day and per week; the number of establishments in each industry that reported overtime, and the aggregate number of hours of such extra work.

The aggregate average number of days in operation, as shown by the tables, was 287.38 in 1911; in 1910 the average was 288.10; the decrease, which was less than three-quarters of a

Children.

Total.

working day of average duration, is very slight, but gains some consequence from the fact that not since the panic year of 1907 has these statistics of manufacture failed to show a small, but steadily maintained increase in the number of days in operation each year. Deducting Sundays and all generally observed holidays, there remains 306 working days in the year. Of the eightynine general industries, twelve show averages exceeding 300 days; of these, "silk mill supplies," in which occupation there were 17 establishments reporting, shows an average of 352.35 days of 10.47 hours duration, and "smelting and refining," with 12 establishments, shows an average of 347.27 days of 10.82 hours, as its working time for the year. The lowest number of working days, 205, was reported by "bar steel and iron." The next lowest in days in operation, 233.59, is shown by "brick and terra cotta,” which, as before explained, being a seasonal industry, invariably suspends work during the winter months.

The average number of hours worked per day for all industries in 1911 was 9.67. In 1910 the average was 9.71, which shows a slight reduction as having taken place in 1911. Average working hours as given on this table should not be regarded as applying to Saturday, it being apparent from the average working hours per week as reported, 55.24, that in a very large majority of the establishments considered, the Saturday half-holiday throughout the entire year is now firmly established. Thirteen industries in which are included 151 establishments, report average working hours in excess of ten per day, the highest being iron mining, 11.33 hours per day and 67.16 hours per week. Pig iron shows an average of 11.33 hours per day and 76.00 hours per week, which must, as a matter of course, include Sunday also. These averages serve to show that the factory and workshop industries are still a very long way from a realization of the ideal of an eight hour work day.

"Overtime," as entered on this table, is computed on the basis of the actual number of hours in each establishment, multiplied by the actual number of wage earners who were so employed. To illustrate, if an establishment employing fifty wage earners reported that all had worked one hour beyond the customary limit of the day's running time, the overtime credited to that plant would be fifty hours; if only twenty-five of the operatives of the same plant had participated in the overtime, the overtime credited

would be only twenty-five hours. The overtime worked by all establishments included in an industry when added together, makes the total "overtime" for that industry. The total overtime reported for all industries is 1,728,526 hours. Reduced to working days of the average, 9.67 hours, there are 178,750 days which on the basis of the average number of days in operation, 287.38, is equal to the labor of 622 persons for one year.

Sixty-eight of the industries report an aggregate of 373 establishments that were obliged to resort to overtime during the year in order to meet the demands for their products. The industries in which wage earners are largely composed of women and children report but little overtime.

TABLE No. 9.

This table shows for each of the eighty-nine industries and for "all industries," the average "proportion of business done." The purpose is to show how nearly the actual operation of each industry measured by the report on the subject of its constituant establishment, approached its full productive capacity—full capacity being indicated by 100 per cent.—and also to show the amount of productive power not called into activity by the business demands of the year. The "proportion of business done" as reported by the individual establishments considered, represents their actual output of goods for the year compared with what it might have been, if all the existing facilities of the plants had been called into use.

During the year 1911 the aggregate average "proportion of business done" is shown by the table to have been 73.03 per cent., which is 26.7 per cent. below full capacity at the time the report on which this compilation is based, was made. It follows, therefore, that if all the establishments considered could have been operated fully, the value of products as given on Table No. 3 of this compilation would have been increased to approximately $1,238,000,000. As a matter of fact there were many establishments in each of the industry groups that reported running to full capacity, but the larger number fell far enough below 100 per cent. to produce the average shown on the table.

Comparisons are made in the table below of the "proportion of business done" in 1910 and 1911, by the "twenty-five selected industries," by the group included in "other industries" and by "all industries;" the increases and decreases are shown by percentages.

The above comparison shows that of the "twenty-five selected industries," nineteen experienced decreases in the "proportion of business done," five report increases, and one, “drawn wire and wire cloth," reports the same percentage of full capacity for both years. The aggregate average of the "twenty-five selected industries" shows a decrease in 1911, as compared with 1910, of 1.9 per cent.; "other industries" show by the same comparison a decrease of 2.09 per cent. and for "all industries" the falling off in 1911 as compared with 1910, is 1.89 per cent.

The largest decrease in activity, 19.06 per cent., is shown by men's hats; this unusually large decline is to some extent chargeable to confusion in the trade which followed the long strike of two years ago. The increases in the proportion of business done are all small, the largest being only 2.45 per cent.