29. Ultra, beyond, as a preposition, with its complement; as, Ultramarine, situated beyond the sea.

SECTION COCCV.-ROMANIC PORTION OF OUR LANGUAGE.

Besides the Latin portion of our language, which has been derived from the Norman-French, or subsequently introduced by the learned, and which has retained its Latin form, there is another portion of our language, also from the Latin, which has been corrupted more or less in coming down to our times.

This corruption or modification has affected not only roots and stems, but also suffixes and prefixes, and, of course, both derivatives and compounds.

I. ROMANIC VERBAL ROOTS IN ENGLISH.-1. Boil (compare bull in ebullition), to bubble up. 2. cay, in decay (compare cad in cadence, cid in incident), to fall. 3. ceal in conceal (compare cel in cell), to hide. 4. ceive in conceive (compare cap in capable, cip in recipient), to hold. 5. claim (compare clam in clamour), to cry out. 6. deign (compare dign in dignity), to think worthy. 7. feign (compare fig in figure), to form. 8. found (compare fund in fundament), to lay the foundation. 9. found (compare fud in fusion), to pour out. 10. fray (compare fric in friction), to rub. 11. fry (compare frig in fricassee), to dress with fat by heating. 12. fy in magnify (compare fac in facile, fice in suffice), to make. 13. join (compare jug in conjugal, jung in junction), to unite. 14. ly in ally (compare lig in ligature), to bind. 15. main in remain (compare man in permanent), to stay. 16. mar in demur (compare mor in commorant), to reside. 17. noy in annoy (compare noc in innocent), to hurt. 18. paint (compare pig in pigment), to form a figure in colours. 19. pair in repair (compare pare in prepare), to get ready. 20. pear in appear (compare par in apparent), to seem. 21. peat in repeat (compare pet in repetition), to ask. 22. play in display; see ply. 23. please, and ply in comply (compare plac in complacent), to gratify. 24. ploy in employ; see ply. 25. ply, play in display, and ploy in employ (compare plic in explicate), to fold. 26. ply in supply (compare ple in supplement), to fill. 27. ply in comply; see please. 28. pound in expound, and pose in impose (compare pon in exponent) to put. 29. pose in impose; see pound. 30. pray (compare prec in deprecate), to entreat. 31. prove (compare prob in probation), to try. 32. sail in assail (compare sal in salient, sil in resilient), to leap. 33. sound (compare son in consonant), to make a noise. 34. spair in despair (compare sper in desperation), to hope. 35. spouse and espouse (compare spond in despond), to promise. 36. strue in construe, and stroy in destroy (compare struc in destruction), to build. 37. stroy in destroy; see strue. 38. sue (compare seq in consequent), to follow. 39. tain in contain (compare ten in tenor), to hold. 40. taint (compare tinge), to dye. 41. tray in portray (compare trah in attrahent), to draw. 42. vail in prevail (compare val in valid), to

strong. 43. veigh in inveigh; see vey. 44. vey in convey, veigh in inveigh, and voy in convoy (compare veh in vehicle), to carry. 45. vey in survey; see view. 46. view, and vey in survey (compare vid in provide), to see. 47. vouch (compare voc in convoke), to call. 48. vow (compare vo in devotion), to promise solemnly. 49. voy in con

voy; see vey.

II. STEM-ADJECTIVES.—The following are stem-adjectives: Chaste, clear, plain, vain.

III. STEM-SUBSTANTIVES.-The following are stem-substantives: Beast, &c.

IV. ROMANIC DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH SUFFIXES.-1. Derivative verbs:-(1.) in ish (Latin asco, esco, isco, osco), with loss of inchoative signification; as, Flourish, languish, abolish. (2.) in ize (Greek); as, Authorize, moralize, pulverize, temporize.

2. Derivative adjectives:-(1.) in eer or ier (Latin arius); as, Volunteer, dernier, premier. (2.) in esque (Teutonic ish); as, Arabesque, burlesque.

3. Derivative concrete substantives:-(1.) in ace or ass (Latin aceus); as, Populace, grimace, cuirass, crevasse. (2.) in age (Latin atium); as, Plumage, message, village. (3.) in ain or aign (Lat. aneus); as, Fountain, mountain, campaign, strange. (4.) in al (Latin alis); as, Journal, rival, signal. (5.) in iff (Latin ivus); as, Caitiff, bailiff. (6.) in ist (Greek worns); as, Artist, jurist. (7.) in eer or ier (Latin arius); as, Auctioneer, buccaneer, chevalier.

4. Derivative abstract substantives :-(1.) in eur; as, Grandeur. (2.) in ice (Latin itium); as, Service. (3.) in ism (Greek 1μoc); as, Deism, quietism. (4.) in ment; as, Commencement, engagement. (5.) in son (Latin tio); as, Fashion, poison, prison, venison, garrison. (6.) in ty (Latin itas); as, Beauty, bounty, loyalty. (7.) in ue; as, Virtue. (8.) in ure; as, Verdure.

V. ROMANIC DERIVATIVE WORDS WITH PREFIXES.-Besides the prefixes derived from the French which retain their original Latin form, there are others whose form is more or less disguised by passing through the French. It is the latter which we propose to examine with some minuteness.

I. A (French a = Latin ad), to:-1. Having its original force of an adverb; as, Avail (to be efficacious to or for), avise (obsolete), avouch, avow.

2. As a preposition, with its complement :

(1.) Forming mere adverbial phrases; as, Adieu (from à Dieu, to God), apart (from à part, aside); so Abandon (from à ban donner, to give to the ban). (2.) With substantives, and forming verbs neuter; as, Agree (from à gré, as if to come into accordance); or verbs active; as, Achieve (from à chef, as it to bring to an end), alarm (from ́à l'arme, as if to summon to arms); amass (from à masse, as if to collect into a mass). (3.) With adjectives, and forming factitive verbs; as, Abase (from à bas, as if to bring low),

aver (from à vrai, as if to make true); so with an infinitive termination, Ameliorate (from à meilleur, as if to reduce to a better state).

II. A (French a Latin ab), from, away, having its original force of an adverb; as, Abate (to beat down), avenge to take vengeance from).

III. A (French a ore = Latin e), out of :

1. Having its original force of an adverb; as, Afraid, Old English afrayed, affrayit (from French effrayer Latin effrico). (2.) as a preposition, with its complement; as Amend (from French amender Latin emendo, as if to free from faults).

IV. Anti (French anti = Latin ante) before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Anti-chamber (a chamber or apartment before the principal apartment to which it leads).

V. Avant (French avant Latin ab ante), from before, having its original force of an adverb; as, Avant-guard (the advanced body of an army).

VI. Coun (Old French coun Latin con), together, having its original force of an adverb; as Council, counsel, countenance, country.

VII. Counter (Old French countre = Latin contra) :—

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and in divers senses :(1.) Over against; as, Counterdraw, counterfoil, counterfort, countergage, counterguard, counterlight, countermark, countermure, counteropening, counterpart, counterseal, countersign, counterstock, counterview. (2.) Against, in opposition; as, Counteract, counterattraction, countercurrent, countermand, countermine, countermotion, countermovement, counternegotiation, counternoise, counterpassant, counterplea, counterpoison (a poison to act against other poisons), countervote, counterwind, counterwork. (3.) Against and equally; as, Counterbalance, counterpoise, countervail, counterweigh. (4.) In a contrary direction, by; as, Counterbuff, countermarch, counterwheel. (5.) In return, reciprocally; as, Counterchange, counterpaled. (6.) In imitation; as, Counterfeit.

2. As a preposition, with its complement, against; as, Countercharm, counternatural, counterpoison (an antidote against a poison). VIII. De (French de Latin dis), as an adverb, implying negation; as, Derange (to disorder).

IX. En, before a labial em (French en,

in, before a labial im):

before a labial em = Latin

1. Having its original force of an adverb, in; as, Enclose, engrave. 2. As a preposition, with its complement, and that in various signifi

cations:

(1.) In; as, Enambush, encage, encase, encave, encharge. (2.) On; as, Enthrone, empale (to put to death on a stake). (3.) With, denoting the instrument; as, Enamour, enchain, encircle. (4.) Among; as, Enable (as if to place among the able), endear, enfeeble.

(5.) Into, denoting condition; as, Enact (as if to pass into an act), encamp. (6.) Against; as, Empeach.

X. En (French en Latin in), as an adverb, denoting negation; as, Enemy (Latin inimicus), enmity.

XI. Enter or entre (French entre Latin inter):

=

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and signifying,—(1.) Between, among; as, Enterplead, enterprise, entertain. Mutually; as, Enterdeal, enterlace, enter-parlance.

(2.)

2. As a preposition, with its complement, between; as, Entremets. XII. Mal (French mal Latin male), as an adverb :(1.) Badly; as, Maladministration, malanders, malconformation. (2.) Equivalent to dis; as, Malapropos, malcontent, malease. XIII. Outre (French outre Latin ultra); as, Outrage. XIV. Par (French par

Latin per), through, entirely; having its original force of an adverb; as, Pardon, paramour, paramount. XV. Pur (French par Latin per), through; as, Appurtenance,

purtenance.

XVI. Pur (French pour Latin pro), forth, out; having its original force of an adverb; as, Purchase (to pursue, procure), purl, purfle or purfie (a profile, outline), purloin (to remove far away), purparty (a dividing out), purpose, purport.

XVII. So (French se Latin sub), under, during; as a preposition, with its complement; as, Sojourn (to stay during the day). XVIII. Sur (French sur Latin super):

1. Having its original force of an adverb, and that in various significations:-(1.) Upon, over; as, Surcingle, surcoat, surprise, surround, survey. (2.) Over, beyond; as, (2.) Over, beyond; as, Surmount. (3.) Beyond, in time; as, Survive. (4.) Beyond, in a metaphorical sense; as, Surpass. (5.) Over and above; as, Suraddition, surcrew, surname, suroxyd. (6.) Over, in excess; as, Surcharge, surfeit, surmise, surquedry. (7.) Nearly redundant; as, Surcease.

2. As a preposition, with its complement; as, Surbase, surface, surplice, surtout.

XIX. Tres (French tres Latin trans), beyond, over; having its original force of an adverb; as, Trespass (to pass beyond or over). VI. ROMANIC COMPOUNDS:

1. Imperfect compositions; as, Piano-forte.

2. Perfect compositions; as, Faubourg, maintain.

3. Inverted compounds; as, Portfolio, wardrobe.

VII. DISGUISED ROMANIC DERIVATIVES AND COMPOUNDS :— 1. Bachelor (French bachelier, Portuguese bacharel, Spanish bachiller, Italian baccelliere, Low Latin baccalaureus and bacularius; also, Anglo-Saxon bachiler), a knight of the lowest order; also one who has taken his first degree in the liberal arts; also an unmarried man; from French bas chevalier, an inferior knight, compounded of French bas, low, and chevalier, a knight.

2. Biscuit (French biscuit, Portuguese biscoito, biscouto, Spanish

bizcocho, Italian biscotto), a kind of hard bread, as if twice baked, compounded of Latin bis, twice, and coctus, baked.

3. Coil (French cueillir, Portuguese colher, colligir, Spanish colegir, Italian cogliere, Latin colligo, compounded of con, together, and lego, to gather), to gather into a circular form; a corruption of collect, literally to gather together.

4. Count or compt (French conter, compter, Portuguese contar, computar, Spanish contar, computar, Latin computo, compounded of con, together, and puto, to reckon), a corruption of compute, to reckon.

5. Cover (French couvrir, Portuguese and Spanish cubrir, Italian coprire, Latin cooperio, compounded of co for con, together, and operio), to conceal, hide.

6. Curfew (French couvre-feu, cover-fire, compounded of couvre, cover, and feu, fire), an evening bell for covering up one's fire.

7. Kerchief (French couvre-chef, cover-head, compound of couvre, cover, and chef, head), a head-dress.

8. Kickshaw (French quelque chose, something, compounded of French quelque, some, and chose, thing), something fantastical.

9. Vinegar (French vinaigre, sour wine, compound of vin, wine, and aigre, sour; Portuguese and Spanish vinagre, Italian vinagro), an acid liquor.

10. Proctor (French procureur, Portuguese and Spanish procurador, Italian procuratore, Latin procurator), literally, one who takes care of anything for another; the same word as procurator, compounded of pro, for, and curator, one who has the care of anything.

11. Provost (Anglo-Saxon prafast, prafost, profast, profost, prowast; Dutch prevoost, provoost, proost; German profoss, provoss; Danish propos, provst; Swedish profoss, prost; Icelandic profastr; also, French prévôt; Portuguese and Spanish preboste, preposito; Italian proposto, prevosto; Latin præpositus, compounded of præ, before, and positus, placed), literally, one set before or over anything.

Note. This word, although of Latin origin, is evidently derived to us from the Anglo-Saxon.

12. Proxy (French procuration, Portuguese procuracao, Spanish procuracion, Italian procurazione, Latin procuratio), literally the taking care of anything for another; the same word as procuracy, compounded of pro, for, and curacy, the taking care of anything.

13. Saragossa (French Saragosse, Portuguese and Spanish Saragossa, Latin Caesaraugusta, so named from Cæsar Augustus), a city in Aragon, Spain.

14. Verdict (Norman-French vereduist, Law Latin veredictum, as if vere dictum, truly said), the answer of a jury given to court,