as, Martyrdom, dukedom, peerdom, popedom, princedom, Christendom. Abstract substantives in ship from attributives of Latin origin; as, Rectorship, survivorship, vicarship, rivalship, suretiship. Abstract substantives in ness, denoting the quality, from Latin stem-adjectives; as, Chasteness, clearness, crudeness, firmness, rudeness; also from participial adjectives of Latin origin; as, Aptness, closeness, strictness, politeness, fixedness; also from derivative adjectives in able, acious, al, aneous, ant, ent, ible, ic, ical, id, ile, ive, ous, uous, und; as, Durableness, voraciousness, fatalness, spontaneousness, valiantness, presentness, sensibleness, publicness, sphericalness, vividness, servileness, passiveness, pompousness, superfluousness, roundness. Adverbs in ly formed from the same adjectives as above; as, Chastely, clearly, crudely, firmly, rudely, aptly, closely, strictly, politely, fixedly, durably, voraciously, fatally, spontaneously, valiantly, presently, sensibly, publicly, spherically, vividly, servilely, passively, pompously, superfluously, roundly.

3. Latin or foreign words with Teutonic prefixes; as, Misform, misuse, misdate, misjoin, misjudge, uncertain, unchaste, undetermined, unlawful, unceasing.

Malformations and Hybrid Words.-1. It is contrary to the genius of the English language to add Latin suffixes to Teutonic words, or to compound a Latin or Greek with a Teutonic word; but we have examples of both. (1.) Teutonic words with Latin suffixes; as, Eatable, drinkable, goddess, shepherdess, murderess, huntress, songstress, blustrous, burdenous, murderous, wondrous, which have been adopted into our language, and are approved. (2.) Hybrid words, Latin or Greek and English; as, Mobocracy, popalatry, slavocracy, fishify, happify, mystify, which are disapproved.

2. It is also contrary to the genius of the Latin language to add Greek suffixes or prefixes to Latin words, or to compound a Greek with a Latin word; but we have examples of both. (1.) Latin words with Greek suffixes or prefixes; as, Authorise, mineralise, realise, antacid, anti-social, which are approved. (2.) Hybrid words, Greek and Latin; as, Bigamy, mineralogy, monoculous, which are approved; and omnigraph, omnigraphic, which are disapproved.

SECTION CCCCXX.-DOUBLE FORMS IN LANGUAGE.

Besides the ordinary modes of forming words, namely, by germination or reduplication; as, Sing-song; by internal change of vowel; as, Song; by a prefix; as, Besing (in German); by a suffix; as, Singer; by composition; as, Singing-master; and by inflection; as, Singest (all having relation to the same stem-verb or root, sing), there is another process for forming words, deserving of more attention than has usually been paid to it.

The process alluded to is the development of double forms. The same identical word, that is, the same root with the same prefix or suffix, or other modification, sometimes acquires two

forms, to which, in the course of time, different meanings are attached.

This bipartition of the form of a word, or development of a new or second form, is sometimes of long standing, and sometimes of comparatively recent origin. Thus,

1. Beam and boom are both ultimately derived from Gothic bagms, a tree; the former through Anglo-Saxon beam, and the latter, as a marine term, through Dutch boom.

2. Cadence or cadency and chance are both ultimately derived from Latin cado, to fall; the former through French cadence, and the latter through Norman-French cheaunce. This bipartition is common to the French and the English.

3. Canker and cancer are both derived from Latin cancer, a crab; the former retaining the original hard sound of Latin c, and the latter adopting a soft sound.

4. Cant and chant are both derived from Latin canto, to sing. This bipartition exists only in modern English.

5. Capital or chapiter and chapter are both derived from Latin capitellum or capitulum, a diminutive from caput, the head. The two forms originated in ancient Latin, but the difference of meaning in subsequent times.

6. Chart and card are both derived from Latin charta, paper. The distinction exists only in English.

7. Compute and count are both derived from Latin computo, to reckon. The distinction runs through the modern Latin languages.

8. Declination and declension are both from Latin declinatio, a bending down. The distinction exists only in English.

9. Facility and faculty are both abstract nouns formed from the Latin adjective facilis, easily done. This bipartition of form and meaning took place in ancient Roman times, and has existed more than two thousand years.

10. Fidelity and fealty are both from Latin fidelitas, the abstract of the adjective fidelis, faithful. This bipartition has arisen in Romance or modern Latin times.

11. Particle and parcel are both derived from Latin particula, a small part.

12. Propriety and property are both formed from Latin proprietas, attribute or quality. This bipartition exists only in modern English.

13. Provident and prudent are both participial adjectives from Latin provideo, to look forward. The distinction has existed from the earliest Latin times.

14. Ratio, ration, and reason, are all from Latin ratio, a reckoning.

15. Shell and scale both accord in German schale, which has both meanings.

38 [ENG. LANG. 20.]

16. Skiff and ship are both from Gothic skip.

17. Swallow and swill both accord in Anglo-Saxon swelgan, which has both meanings.

18. Tenth and tithe are both derivatives from Anglo-Saxon tyn,

ten.

19. Appraise and apprise or apprize, "to set a value in pursuance of authority;" having as yet in usage the same meaning. Appraise (pronounced appraze), French apprecier (compare Norman-French appreisours, "appraisers"), Spanish apreciar, Italian apprezzare, Low Latin apprecio, compounded of ad and pretium, price, literally "to set a value." This appears to be the original and proper form.

The other form, apprise or apprize (both pronounced apprize), seems to have arisen from our referring in thought to English price (Latin pretium); compare advise from advice.

20. Assay," to test the purity of metals," and essay, to try or endeavour," both from Norman-French essoyer, French essayer, Portuguese ensaiar, Spanish ensayar, Italian assaggiare. Assay is the more ancient form, as appears from the Italian assaggiare, and predominated in Old English. The more modern form essay has prevailed altogether in French, but only partially in English.

21. Procurator and proctor. Procurator, French procureur, Portuguese and Spanish procurador, Italian procuratore, Latin procurator, literally "one who takes care of anything for another," compounded of pro and curator, was much used by the old English writers. Proctor is an abridged form of procurator, but used already in the sixteenth century.

22. Procuracy and proxy. Procuracy, literally "the taking care of anything for another," compounded of pro and curacy, was much used by the old English writers. Proxy is an abridged form of procuracy, but used already in the sixteenth century.

23. Purpose," to intend," and propose, "to offer for consideration," both from French proposer, Italian proporre and proponere, Latin propono, compounded of pro and pono, "to place before."

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24. Recognise and reconnoiter. Recognise, to know again," French reconnoitre, Portuguese reconhecer, Spanish reconocer, Italian riconoscere, Latin recognoscere, compounded of re and cognosco. Reconnoitre, a form derived more recently from the French, and taken in a military sense.

25. Tone and ton. Tone, French ton, Portuguese tom or tono, Spanish tono, Italian tuono, Latin tonus, Greek tonos, "sound." Ton, more recently from the French, and in the French sense, "fashion."

26. Travail, "to toil or labour," and travel, " to walk or journey, both from French travailler, Italian travagliare, Spanish trabajar. Travail is the older form, and predominated in Old English; but the two forms are now clearly distinguished in usage.

SECTION CCCCXXI-ACCIDENTAL

COINCIDENCES IN THE FORMATION OF

WORDS.

1. Comate (Latin stem com, "hair," and suffix ate), hairy. Comate (prefix co for con, and mate), fellow-companion. 2. Counter (count, and suffix er), one that counts. for con, and ter for tra), in opposition.

Counter (coun

3. Divers (dive, suffix er, and plural termination s), persons that dive). Divers (Latin prefix di for dis, vert, and participial termina tion ), several, sundry.

4. Elder (Anglo-Saxon ellarn, German holder or hollunder), a kind Elder (comparative degree of old), older, opposed to

of tree.

younger.

5. Flatter (comparative degree of flat), more flat. Flatter (flat, and suffix er), that which makes flat. Flatter (French flatter), to gratify.

6. Former (form, and suffix er), one that forms. Former (AngloSaxon forma, "early," and er, the termination of the comparative degree), prior.

7. Founder (found, and suffix er), a caster. Founder (French fondre), to trip, fall. Founder (found, and suffix er), one that lays the basis.

8. Fuller (comparative degree of full), more full. Fuller (full, and suffix er), one that fulls cloth.

9. Guardship (guard, and suffix ship), the state of a guard. Obsolete. Guard-ship (guard, and ship), a vessel of war stationed in a harbour or river.

10. Horse-boat (horse in dative relation, and boat), a boat for carrying horses. Horse-boat (horse in instrumental relation, and boat), a boat moved by horses.

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11. Real (Latin stem re, "thing," and suffix al), relating to a thing. Real (Latin stem re, for reg, 'king," and suffix al), the name of a Spanish coin.

12. Render (rend, and suffix er), one that rends. rendre), to return.

Render (French

Repent (Latin

13. Repent (Latin rep, and suffix ent), creeping. prefix re, and derivative verb penit), to feel regret. 14. Tender (tend, and suffix er), one that tends. tendre, Latin tendere), to offer. Tender (French tendre, Latin tener),

soft.

Tender (French

15. Undated (Latin stem und, "wave," and suffix ated), waved. Undated (prefix un, and dated), not having the time specified.

16. Wages (wage, and termination of third person es), ventures. Wages (French gages), hire, reward.

Examples like these, with their analogies, may lead young minds to pay more attention to the derivation and composition of words.

SECTION CCCCXXII.-ILLUSIVE ETYMOLOGIES.

Foreign words, when received into any tongue, often present a new and plausible, although false and unfounded, etymology. This takes place sometimes without any violence to the word itself, but more frequently from some change or corruption in the pronunciation or orthography. The word appears, as it were, new coined. This attraction, or assimilation, is perfectly natural; as, on the one hand, if avoids uncouth, barbarous sounds, which are offensive to the ear; and, on the other, it helps the memory, by associating the word with some other already known. As this is a subject of some importance to the philologist, we propose to give examples.

1. Caption, in the sense of a title, inscription, appears to the common apprehension to be derived from Latin caput, the head, as if a heading; whereas it is derived from Latin capio, to take or comprehend, as if a summary. This use of the word is probably an Americanism.

2. Cowcumber, so written and pronounced (compare Anglo-Saxon cucumer, from Latin cucumer), is associated in our minds with cow, the name of the animal; whereas ou or ow in English is the regular equivalent for an Anglo-Saxon u; as, Anglo-Saxon cu, English cow; Anglo-Saxon ful, English foul; Anglo-Saxon thu, English thou; Anglo-Saxon tun, English town. There is no sufficient reason for changing either the orthography or the pronunciation of this word, as written above.

3. Cray-fish or craw-fish is so written as if compounded of fish ; whereas it is the Old English crevis, French écrevisse.

4. Delight is so written as if compounded of the Latin prefix de and the English noun light; whereas it comes from French délice, Latin delicia. Compare delicious, delicate.

5. A font or fount of types is in our conceptions confounded with font or fount, from Latin fons, a fountain; whereas it denotes literally a casting, from Latin fundo, to found or cast.

6. The frontispiece of a book is usually conceived of as a piece or picture in front of a book; whereas it denotes literally a front view, from Low Latin frontispicium, the fore-front of a house.

7. Jerusalem artichoke is a corruption of girasol artichoke. Compare French girasol, Italian girasole, literally turning toward the sun. 8. July-flower is a corruption of gilly-flower. Compare Old English gillofre, Scotch gerafloure, French giroflée, Latin caryophyllum, literally

nut-leaf.

9. Loadstone appears to our minds to be connected with load, a burden; whereas it is derived from, the verb lead. Compare the obsolete words loadstar, loadsman, loadmanage.

10. Madcap appears to be confounded with cap or caput, the head (compare cap-a-pie, from head to foot); whereas it is compounded of mad and cap, having a fool's cap on.