APPENDIX.

A.-Page 147.

"AFTER We had learned in some degree to act together as a body, we were frequently led out on long excursions into the hills, in order to inure the men to marching, and accustom them to the weight of their knapsacks and accoutrements, the roughest roads and steepest ascents being selected for the purpose. The very first march we took, diminished the weight of our knapsacks one half, for it was found utterly impossible to carry the usual number of shirts and blackingbrushes in a country so mountainous as that in which we had to act. Frequently, going up a steep hill-side, under a burning sun, I have seen a whole company sit down together, fanning themselves with their foraging caps, and actually gasping with heat and exhaustion. I have often thought since, that it was more through the blessing of Providence than our own ingenuity, that we were not attacked and murdered by the Carlists on

some of these expeditions, as I am sure that a hundred active mountaineers would have knocked us on the head without much difficulty. For my part, I have been so much overcome by heat and fatigue, on these early marches, that I should have gone like a lamb to the slaughter, rather than take the trouble either to fight or run away."-Vide Twelve Months in the British Legion, by an Officer of the 9th Regiment, p. 31.

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Already reduced for one day to half rations of bread -the next without bread or wine-wet through— benumbed by the piercing cold of the mountains-if Valdes could have been kept another night in the Sierra, his sixteen thousand men would have surrendered without firing a shot. Those who were killed by the peasantry, had suffered so much, that they made no resistance; though bearing loaded muskets in their hands, they were killed with clubs and stones. I saw a young shepherd who showed us his knotted stick, bloodied at the end, with which he boasted of having killed, separately, three soldiers, who, lost in the mountains, had been driven from their concealment by hunger. He seemed to take as much pride in the deed as if he had been destroying wolves of his own forests, and was surprised when I turned away with an expression of disgust. Five men and a captain had surrendered to two peasants, armed, one with a fowling piece, the other with a loaded stick.

Strange as this may seem,

hunger, cold, and fatigue, will so wear down men's spirits, that they allow themselves to be massacred

without resistance. This feeling of despondency I have myself experienced, having been in a situation in which, to save my life, I should not have gone twenty yards out of the way, nor should I scarcely, I believe, have taken the trouble of warding off a blow. Until I had experienced this state of mind, I could not understand it-it is the simple effect of privations on our moral as well as our physical strength."-Henningsen's Campaign with Zumalacarregui, Vol. II., p. 162.

B.-Page 171.

The following is the order of the day issued by General Oraa, after the affair of Barbastro, and published in the official Gazette of Madrid, in June last :—

"The General-in-Chief of the army of the centre has published, in an order of the day, the following dispositions, with the intention of terminating those disorders too frequent in the battles, and of which the consequences may be fatal.

"I. Every time that a brigade, or a battalion, commences firing, the Commandant-General of the division, or, in his absence, the superior officer shall place in the rear, half a company of artillery and a picquet of cavalry, with orders to shoot any soldier, who, without being wounded, or furnished with competent authority for so doing, shall quit the field of battle.

"II. The officers of any company which a soldier shall have abandoned, shall be suspended from their rank, and sent prisoners to some fortress until they have proved that they took all necessary measures, and done all which depended upon them to keep the man at his post.

"III. The Commandants of battalions, or chiefs of troops, who shall be dispersed, or fly coward-like at sight of, or under the fire of the enemy, at the moment when they come into action, shall be instantly suspended from their rank, and incur the penalties decreed against them by a Council of War, which shall be held within twenty-four hours.

"IV. During the battle, the most profound silence shall be observed. It is forbidden to cry, Forward, cavalry!' or make any other cry, which might disturb the good order which ought always, and particularly during a battle, to reign in the ranks. The man who makes any cry, shall be punished as the competent officers may judge proper. The penalty of death may be applied to those who may have cried, "We are cut

to pieces!-lost!-treason!' or any other cries which may create disorder, and cause the position to be abandoned. The chiefs of battalions, and officers of companies, who shall have heard, or permitted a cry, shall be suspended from their rank.

"V. Conformably to the plan already established in the Army of the North, and according to the temporary regulations here made, there shall be a company