that the total loss in the number of men employed on the railroads of the State during 1894, as compared with 1893, was 412, and in wages, $181,026.54.

FACTORIES, MILLS, AND SHOPS BUILT IN 1894.-The cost of work in building or enlarging factories, mills, and shops in the State is shown to have decreased from $3,023,850 in 1891 to $663,700 in 1894, while the number of men employed on such work was 4,278 in the former and 1,039 in the latter year. This showing is made by counties and towns, the character of the industry being indicated for each establishment.

CENSUS STATISTICS.-These consist of a reproduction of some of the totals of the Eleventh Census of the United States that pertain to the State of Maine.

RETAIL PRICES.-The lowest, highest, and average retail prices in July, 1893, and July, 1894, for the necessaries of life are shown for each of the principal cities and towns of the State. The results are summarized so as to show the average price of each article by counties and for the entire State. The average prices for the State in July, 1894, of the articles enumerated are as follows:

PULP AND PAPER MAKING AND THE PUBLISHING BUSINESS.-The presentation concerning these industries consists of a description of their development in the State, and of the special inducements offered to manufacturing enterprises by the natural resources of Maine.

REPORT OF THE INSPECTOR OF FACTORIES, WORKSHOPS, MINES, AND QUARRIES.-This is the annual report made to the commissioner of the bureau, and incorporated in his report, as required by law. Many devices for covering the dangerous parts of machinery or for

placing safeguards around other points of danger are described, the descriptions being, in most cases, accompanied by cuts and figures. The matter of fire escapes receives attention and several illustrations are introduced. Other parts of the report relate to fire extinguishers, sanitary matters, and child labor-the cost of sanitary improvements made during the year and the number of children employed in factories visited by the inspector being given.

MARYLAND.

The Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Industrial Statistics of Maryland for the year 1894 treats of the following subjects: Statistics of manufactures, agriculture, and mortgages, 66 pages; personal property values, 10 pages; sweat shops, 35 pages; the unemployed, 57 pages; strikes, 24 pages.

Personal property values, sweat shops, strikes, and a part of the presentation for the unemployed are the results of original investigations. Statistics of manufactures, agriculture, and mortgages are a reproduction of the totals of the Eleventh Census of the United States for Maryland.

PERSONAL PROPERTY VALUES.-This investigation was designed to throw some light on the distribution of wealth. It deals with the values of personal property only. The inquiry was confined to the examination of 3,498 estates probated in Baltimore City during the period from 1875 to 1880, and 5,914 estates probated from 1888 to 1893. The results show that during the former period 64, or 1.8 per cent, of the estates represented 52 per cent of the total value of all, leaving 3,434 estates to represent 48 per cent of the value. During the latter period 89, or 1.5 per cent, of the estates aggregated 44 per cent, or nearly onehalf, of the total value. The number and value of the estates by classi fied valuations, ranging from $500 and under to $100,000 and over, are shown for each year covered by the investigation. The following summary presents the totals for the two periods:

VALUE OF PERSONAL PROPERTY BELONGING TO ESTATES PROBATED IN BALTIMORE CITY DURING TWELVE YEARS.

SWEAT SHOPS.-A detailed description is given of the surrounding conditions, dimensions of rooms, number of hands employed, wages, etc., for about 200 shops in Baltimore City. The law of 1894 regulating the sanitary condition of sweat shops is quoted. In commenting on the results of the inquiry the Commissioner states: "The rate of wages paid to those who are compelled to work under such unhealthy conditions has been greatly reduced within the past twelve months, in many cases amounting to 50 per cent." The actual and average wages are quoted for different classes of employees in the different shops.

THE UNEMPLOYED.-The results of the investigation as to the number of the unemployed in Baltimore City during the period of business depression are given in detail for the principal trades. A careful estimate places the whole number of the unemployed in the city during the winter of 1893-94 at 33,900, or more than one-third of the working people. A part of this report is devoted to a treatise entitled "Government aid," in which the methods prevailing in England and other European countries of rendering assistance to the unemployed are discussed.

STRIKES.-The report states that the coal miners' strike, which occurred in May and June, 1894, lasting twenty-seven working days and involving from 3,500 to 3,700 miners, was the only labor disturbance in the State during the year that involved the complete suspension of any industry. This was the third big strike in Maryland during the past seventeen years. A detailed history is given of this and the other minor labor troubles that have occurred since the publication of the preceding report.

NEW HAMPSHIRE.

The Second Annual Report of the Bureau of Labor of New Hampshire is for the year 1894. The introduction, consisting of 16 pages, recites the objects and presents some of the principal features of the several investigations; also makes a number of recommendations for additional legislation to increase the efficiency of the bureau. The subjects treated are as follows: Labor movement and labor organizations, 96 pages; financial statistics, by towns, cities, and counties, 54 pages; town statistics, 117 pages; wage-earners' statistics, 167 pages; temporary aid to unemployed, 20 pages; strikes and lockouts, 20 pages; statistics of manufactures, 34 pages; industrial chronology, 7 pages.

LABOR MOVEMENT AND LABOR ORGANIZATIONS.-A brief historical sketch is given of labor and of labor organizations from their origin in the guilds of the middle ages; also the present status of such organizations in the United States and in foreign countries. The date of organization, character of industry, membership, and facts concerning the objects of the organization, also in some instances a historical sketch, are shown for each labor organization in the State. There were 58 organizations reported for 1894, with a membership of 3,294, of whom 2,980 were males and 314 females.

FINANCIAL STATISTICS BY TOWNS, CITIES, AND COUNTIES.-These statistics are presented in twenty-four tables, which show for towns, cities, and counties the assessed valuation, taxes committed for collection for the year ending March 31, 1894, receipts, amount paid for salaries of school-teachers and other school expenses, for highways, for pauper aid, and miscellaneous expenses, indebtedness, surplus, and cash in treasury, compiled from the latest obtainable data. The indebtedness, the surplus where there is no indebtedness, and cash in treasury are computed for the year ending February 15, 1894.

TOWN STATISTICS.-The information given under this title consists of a brief statement for each town and city in the State as to its location; principal (nearest, if not in town) railroad stations; line of railroad on which located; banking town; population; number of ratable polls; assessed valuation of land and buildings, mills and machinery, stock in trade, money on hand, at interest or on deposit, stock in banks or corporations in State; valuation of assessed live stock, and various other facts of general interest.

WAGE EARNERS' STATISTICS.-These statistics are the leading feature of the work of the bureau for the year 1894. The data were secured by correspondence, returns being received from 711 individual workmen, representing over thirty branches of industry. The information for the individual reports is grouped by industries, and the totals for each industry are brought forward in summary form. There are numer ous facts presented in the individual reports concerning the nativity of the wage-earner, parent nativity, conjugal condition, number in family, number of children attending school, number dependent in family, age at beginning work, time worked in present occupation and for present employer, hours employed per week, days and weeks unemployed, cause of nonemployment, weekly and yearly wages, increase or decrease in wages, times of payment, wages withheld, income other than wages, total yearly income, expenses of single and of married men, living expenses, savings, value of property, number owning homes, number belonging to societies, and amount of dues and of benefits.

Of the 711 workingmen who made reports 84+ per cent were born in America and 15+ per cent in foreign countries. The parents of 72+ per cent of the number were American born, the percentage being the same for both father and mother. The conjugal condition showed 72+ per cent married, 25+ per cent unmarried, and 2+ per cent widowed. Of the married persons 65+ per cent reported children in the family and 34+ percent no children. One hundred and thirty-nine families reported one child each. In the various occupations in which the wage-earners were engaged, 358 have worked from one to ten years each, and 179 from ten to twenty years each. The number of hours worked weekly varied from thirty-six to ninety-eight, according to occupation, clerks working by far the greatest number, they averaging 70+ hours. Of the total number, 64+ per cent were unemployed from three days to nearly the

entire year, the average time unemployed being ten weeks and five days. Of the entire number 672 reported amount of wages received, which varied from $5 to $27 per week. More received $12 per week than any other sum, which is slightly above the average amount received by the entire number reporting. Nearly 30 per cent (211) reported wages decreased, 429 no decrease in wages, and 71 made no report; in only one instance was an increase in wages reported. The yearly earnings and expenses are reported by trades, and 305 wageearners, or 42+ per cent, reported earnings more than enough to pay living expenses; 283, or 39+ per cent, reported to the contrary, and 123 made no report on the subject. Thirty-three per cent (220) of those reporting upon the subject of home ownership owned homes, 443 did not, and 48 made no report. The tendency to join fraternal organizations for the purpose of obtaining care and relief in the event of sick ness and insurance for the family in case of death is well-nigh universal. Four hundred and fifty-five, or 64 per cent, reported as belonging to from one to six societies each.

The opinions of a number of workingmen on hours of work, labor organizations, and other kindred subjects follow immediately the analysis of wage-earners' statistics.

TEMPORARY AID TO UNEMPLOYED.-During the financial depression of 1893-94 there was very little suffering in the State through lack of employment, and in but a very few places were unusual means taken to either provide work for the unemployed or to furnish aid to the unfortunate poor. In order to ascertain to what extent the towns and cities of the State had been called upon to give assistance during the winter of 1893-94, over and above the amount paid the year before, the bureau, by circular letter, requested the selectmen and city clerks to furnish such information.

The estimated number of persons, as reported to the bureau, out of work and unable to obtain employment in the State during the whole or a part of the winter of 1893-94, was 2,580; the number wholly or in part dependent upon charity for support, 1,580; the number receiving temporary aid at public expense, 1,782; and the amount paid for temporary aid over and above the previous year, $15,997.40. The exhibit closes with the statement: "In view of the wide prevailing distress in all sections of the country this is a remarkable showing, and it is. doubtful if the working people in any other State felt the effects of the hard times less keenly, or received less public aid in excess of former years, than the laboring classes of New Hampshire." No attempt was made to procure the amount expended for relief by charitable organizations.

The comments of city clerks and selectmen, given in reply to the ques tion, "What measures (if any) were adopted in your town for securing work or obtaining relief for the unemployed during the winter," are quoted in full.