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The following table combines the facts for the two reports, showing the results, so far as employees are concerned, for the strikes during an uninterrupted period of thirteen and one-half years, beginning January 1, 1881, and ending June 30, 1894:

RESULTS OF STRIKES FOR EMPLOYEES, JANUARY 1, 1881, TO JUNE 30, 1894.

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a Not including 248 engaged in strikes still pending December 31, 1886.

b Not including 32 engaged in strikes not reporting result.

e Not including 1,390 engaged in strikes still pending June 30, 1894.
d Not including 1,670 for the reasons stated in the preceding notes.

The totals as given in this table show that the number of persons thrown out of employment in the 30,772 establishments having successful strikes was 1,188,575. In the 7,779 establishments in which partial success was gained 462,777 employees were involved, while in the 30,597 establishments in which strikes failed 2,061,384 persons were thrown out of employment. The last three columns of the table show for each year, and for the thirteen and one-half years, the per cent of employees in establishments in which the strikes succeeded, partly succeeded, or failed. Taking the total for the period of thirteen and one-half years, it is seen that 32 per cent of the whole number of persons thrown out of employment succeeded in gaining the object for which they struck; 12.46 per cent succeeded partly, while 55.50 per cent, or over half of the whole number, failed entirely in gaining their demands. A small proportion of the whole number, 0.04 per cent, for the various reasons stated in the notes to the table, made no report as to the result.

The Third Annual Report shows that for the years included therein (1881 to 1886) seventeen of the causes for which strikes were undertaken included 90.28 per cent of all the establishments, leaving the remaining 297 causes operative in only 9.72 per cent of establishments in which strikes occurred. Even four leading causes were found to cover 77.16 per cent of the establishments. The following table was there given as clearly bringing out these facts:

LEADING CAUSES OF STRIKES, JANUARY 1, 1881, TO DECEMBER 31, 1886.

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For reduction of hours and against being compelled to board with employer.

For change of hour of beginning work.

For increase of wages and against the contract system

For increase of wages and against employment of nonunion men..

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An examination of the causes for which strikes were undertaken during the period of seven and one-half years included in the Tenth Annual Report, shows that the seventeen principal causes included 81.23 per cent of all the establishments, leaving the remaining 574 causes active in only 18.77 per cent of the establishments subjected to strikes during the period. Five of the leading causes included a very large proportion of all establishments, the per cent being 61.42 of the whole number involved. The following table, showing the number and per cent of establishments falling under each of the seventeen principal causes, during the period of seven and one-half years involved in this report, brings out these percentages in detail:

LEADING CAUSES OF STRIKES, JANUARY 1, 1887, TO JUNE 30, 1894.

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Tocompel World's Fair directors to employ none but union men in building trades.
For reinstatement of discharged employees

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For payment of wages overdue....

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For increase of wages, and reduction of hours on Saturday..

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Against being compelled to board with employer, and for reduction of hours and recognition of union

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One of the most important features of the tabulation is the statement of the losses of the employees and of the employers by reason of strikes and lockouts. These figures were collected with the greatest possible care, and although in many cases only an estimate could be secured the results as given are believed to be a very close approximation to the exact losses. It is natural to suppose that after the lapse of several years exact figures could not be secured concerning facts of which no record is kept in most instances. The figures here given are for the immediate, and in many instances only temporary, losses of employees and employers. In most businesses there are seasons of entire or partial idleness among its employees, owing to sickness, voluntary lay-offs, running slack time, etc., the working days per year being on an average from 200 to 250 days out of a possible 313. When a strike or lockout occurs in an establishment whose business is of such a character it is often followed by a period of unusual activity, in which the employee and employer both make up the time lost by reason of the temporary cessation of business on account of the strike.

The employer may in some instances be subjected to an ultimate loss by reason of his inability to fill contracts already made, but it may be accepted as a fact that much of the loss in the cases of both employer and employee is only temporary. It was found impossible, however, for the agents of the Department to take these facts into consideration, inasmuch as in many instances a period of six months or even a year must have elapsed before the whole or even a part of such loss was made up. The computation of wage loss has, therefore, been based on the number of employees thrown out of employment, their average wages, and the number of working days which elapsed before they were reemployed or secured work elsewhere. The amounts representing employers' losses are the figures (in most cases, estimates) furnished by the firms themselves, the Department's agents being instructed to consider, as well as they could, their probable correctness. In the summaries by years the figures can not represent absolute accuracy for a given year, because many strikes beginning in one year ended in another; the entire loss and assistance, as well as the other facts included in the tabulation, have been placed in the year in which the strike or lockout began. These differences may, however, counterbalance each other, and the reported results thus be nearly accurate.

Bearing in mind, then, the difficulties in ascertaining the exact losses of employees and employers as a result of strikes and lockouts, reference may be had to the following table showing the amount of loss to employees and to employers and the amount of assistance granted employees by their labor organizations for a period of thirteen and one-half years from January 1, 1881, to June 30, 1894.

WAGE LOSS OF EMPLOYEES, ASSISTANCE TO EMPLOYEES, AND LOSS OF EMPLOYERS,
JANUARY 1, 1881, TO JUNE 30, 1894.

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The loss to employees in the establishments in which strikes occurred, for the period of thirteen and one-half years, was $163,807,866; the loss to employees through lockouts for the same period was $26,685,516; or a total loss to employees by reason of these two classes of industrial disturbances of $190,493,382. The number of establishments involved in strikes during this period was 69,167, making an average loss of $2,368 to employees in each establishment in which strikes occurred. The number of persons thrown out of employment by reason of strikes was 3,714,406, making an average loss of $44 to each person involved. The number of establishments involved in lockouts was 6,067, making an average loss of $4,398 to employees in each establishment in which lockouts occurred, while the number of employees locked out was 366,690, making an average loss of $73 to each person involved. Combining the figures for strikes and lockouts, it is seen that the wage loss to employees as above stated was $190,493,382 and the number of establishments involved 75,234, while 4,081,096 persons were thrown out of employment. These figures show an average wage loss of $2,532 to the employees in each establishment and an average loss of $47 to each person involved.

The assistance given to strikers during the thirteen and one-half years, so far as ascertainable, was $10,914,406; to those involved in lockouts, $2,524,298, or a total sum of $13,438,704. This sum repre sents but 7.05 per cent of the total wage loss incurred in strikes and lockouts, and is probably too low. In addition to this sum, which includes only assistance from labor organizations, much assistance was furnished by outside sympathizers, the amount of which the Department had no means of ascertaining.

The loss to employers through strikes during this thirteen and onehalf years amounted to $82,590,386; their losses through lockouts. amounted to $12,235,451, making a total loss to the establishments or firms involved in strikes and lockouts during this period of $94,825,837.

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STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS IN GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN RECENT YEARS.

Since 1888 the statistical and other information concerning labor disturbances in Great Britain and Ireland has been published in the annual reports of the Labor Department of the Board of Trade under the title of Reports by the Chief Labor Correspondent on Strikes and Lockouts, and the information presented herewith has been obtained from those reports. The report for 1888, being the first, is not so comprehensive as those for subsequent years; for this reason, and also to enable a uniform presentation of the various facts, the report for the year 1889 is taken as the starting point, the figures being shown as far as practicable for each year up to and including 1893.

The number of strikes reported for each year is shown in the following statement:

England
Wales

Scotland

Ireland

Total

Division.

STRIKES, 1889 TO 1893.

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In counting the number of strikes that occurred in 1889, wherever full details were obtained of separate establishments engaged in a general strike, each establishment was considered as, one strike. It was not always possible, however, to obtain full details for all the separate establishments affected by a general strike. In those instances a large number of establishments were counted in the annexed table as only one strike. Owing to the difficulty of ascertaining the actual number of establishments affected and of distinguishing between the number of distinct strikes and the number of establishments involved, the system was changed for 1890 and subsequent years so that each strike, whether general or merely local, was counted as one, irrespective of the number of establishments affected. Under these circumstances it can not be inferred that the strike movement in 1890 was not as violent as in 1889, as the above table seems to indicate. A more accurate comparison for the two years may be made by saying that in 1889 there were 3,164 distinct establishments affected by the 1,145 strikes, but the system of enumeration then adopted was not so clear as in 1890, when 4,382 distinct establishments were reported, supposing where no infor mation is given that only one establishment is concerned.

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