A selection was made of 37 localities in Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony, Würtemberg, Baden, Hesse, and Lübeck, having an aggregate population in 1890 of 2,292,525 persons and an area of 18,700 square kilometers (7,220 square miles), care being taken to select such districts as would be typical of the industrial conditions of the Empire generally. In each of the districts a census enumeration was made of all persons coming under the following three categories: First, all occupations which may be regarded as purely skilled; second, those in which there is a doubt as to whether the labor may be regarded as skilled or factory work; third, those in which skilled work is done at the workingman's home, but where he is in the employ of others. The work was done by means of blank schedules distributed by the communal and police authorities and collected by them within five days. In this manner 64,899 blanks were distributed, of which 61,257 were returned in such shape that they could be used. These give information concerning 134,712 persons. The enumeration was made in the summer of 1895. The report consists of an introduction explaining the object of and methods pursued in the investigation and an analysis of the results obtained, and a series of statistical tables showing by enumeration districts and for each skilled trade, respectively, the number and sex of employers and independent master workmen, foremen, journeymen, apprentices, and unskilled laborers covered by the investigation, the number of trades learned, and length of apprenticeship of all male employers and independent master workmen, etc. The results of this investigation of most general interest, as far as those engaged in undoubtedly skilled trades are concerned, can be summarized in two tables. The first of these shows the distribution of these workingmen according to whether they are employers or inde pendent master workmen, journeymen, apprentices, or other employees for each trade separately. NUMBER OF PROPRIETORS IN THE SKILLED TRADES AND THEIR EMPLOYEES. NUMBER OF PROPRIETORS IN THE SKILLED TRADES AND THEIR EMPLOYEES— Of the total number of persons engaged in the skilled trades, as shown in this table, 46 per cent were proprietors of establishments, 1 per cent were foremen, 32 per cent were journeymen, 16 per cent were apprentices, and 5 per cent were employed at unskilled labor. Of the proprietors, 444 per cent employed labor and 55 per cent worked alone. As regards sex, the enumeration shows that out of the 61,199 proprietors in the above table, 1,607 were females. Of the proprietresses there were 567 who worked alone, that is, who did not employ labor, of whom 325 were tailoresses, 144 weavers, 19 bakers, 17 shoe and slipper makers, 16 knitters and embroiderers, 9 butchers, 8 millers, 7 basket makers, 6 hairdressers, 3 brush makers, 2 furriers, 2 watchmakers, 1 confectioner, 1 hat and cap maker, 1 saddler, 1 joiner, 1 grinder (cutlery), 1 furniture maker, 1 sieve maker, 1 umbrella maker, and 1 stonecutter. The remaining 1,040 proprietresses were employers of labor. They represent almost every trade enumerated, though the greater part fall within the classes of tailoresses, of whom there were 231, bakers 206, butchers 98, millers 71, weavers 45, shoe and slipper makers 43, blacksmiths (not specialists) 28, joiners (not specialists) 24, and barbers and hairdressers 23. Of the total of 1,024 foremen, but 5 were females. Among the employees there were 803 female journeymen, 405 female apprentices, and 1,262 females employed at occupations other than skilled trades. The next table shows the degree of technical training undergone by male proprietors of establishments engaged in purely skilled trades. DURATION OF APPRENTICESHIP OF MALE PROPRIETORS IN SKILLED TRADES. |