do not your alms before men to be seen of them." This spirit of benevolence, so excellent in its nature, has created a vast number of offices to which ambition can aspire, by means of the various organizations which it has originated. These offices may not offer as large an emolument, to tempt avarice; but they confer as much respecta bility and influence, as some of the higher offices of prelacy, and they may be coveted as much.

Another evil is, that by yielding the mind habitually to reasons addressed to benevolent feelings, the moral character of an action comes to be measured by the good which it produces."Such an action produced a great amount of good; it must therefore be right." Just as if a man may perpetrate any enormities, and call them virtuous, provided they appear to produce good. Just as if the end being good, will sanctify the means! Just as if truth may be violated, and promises broken, and justice outraged, if good appears to be produced by so doing!

Another evil to which we are ex posed is, that in the subdivision of the objects of benevolence, certain associations, through the activity of their agents, will teach the community to attach a disproportionate importance to the objects which they were organized to promote. Some of these objects, more exciting in themselves than other objects equally important, when presented by some eloquent agent who has his speech perfectly committed, make a strong impression on the public mind; while the other objects are overlooked. These men, in their zeal to form public sentiment, deal in high-wrought descriptions and startling statements in favor of their cause. They place in the foreground of the picture their own object, in bright colors and in strong relief; while other objects, if noticed at all, are placed far in the back

ground, in dim perspective, as of much less importance.

But besides thus presenting a distorted view of the gospel, which ex poses the Christian under its influ ence to the danger of losing the symmetry of a perfect man in Christ for a monstrous development, there is another evil. By the presentation of thrilling description, high-wrought statement, impassioned appeals to the public mind, it is taught to lose its relish for simple truth, just as the drunkard loses his relish for pure water. Something more exciting is needed. The simple truths of na ture and revelation must be distilled in the alembic of a heated imagina tion, to furnish a moral alcohol for the public taste.

Besides, by multiplying organiza tions of this kind, there is danger that large classes of the most active and efficient Christians, in their at tachment to some particular associa tions, will decline from the higher and more spiritual doctrines and du ties, into narrow views and intolerant feelings; that, in this way, some of these associations will become ar rayed against each other, like two hostile armies; that there will be challenge and defiance, crimination and recrimination, bitter words and bitter feelings, until, in the rage of contention, the great doctrines and duties of the gospel will be lost sight of on both sides. And what aggravates the evil of this war is, that it is carried into the very heart of the church. Formerly there were standing controversies between the religious denominations. These con troversies appear in some degree to have subsided, so that now, in the opinion of some, there is more of a tendency than formerly to union. But, unfortunately, while there has been a gain, so far as the external relations of some of these denomina tions are concerned, there has been a loss, in some degree, of internal peace.

As the last general topic, we shall

elementary parts that compose it, just as bodies charged with electricity repel each other. A fierce and fiery spirit has been awakened in large masses of the people, which ever and anon blazes out with destructive energy, in different parts of the country, threatening to lay waste our fair heritage.

In the above remarks it has not been our intention to sustain the positions we have taken by an induction of facts; since the memory of the intelligent reader can furnish

them. Nor was it our intention to illustrate them by moral painting, though this can so easily be done. Our aim has been simply to present a connected view of certain advantages which our country enjoys at the present time, with their attendant evils, in order that we may not only be grateful to the Giver of all good for these advantages, but likewise having a distinct knowledge of these evils, we may successfully guard ourselves against the dangers to which they expose us.

Mr. B. Is there any prospect that the community will ever understand your new system of philosophy and faith? For years the inquiry has been "What is Transcendentalism?" and no intelligible answer has been given. The terms you use to express your ideas are new and hard to be understood. If you will drop your strange terminology and give your thoughts in plain, common sense language, you will do me a favor as an honest searcher after truth. If you have new things as well as new words and names, why can not you in a familiar way, communicate them?

Mr. A. You can readily see that a person may have ideas which can not be conveyed with precision to those who have had neither the ideas nor the words by which they are expressed. It is so in all the sciences, and particularly in the science of thought. But the principal reason why we are not understood is, men think so superficially. Most minds skim over the surface of a thousand subjects, but few dive deep into the sea of thought, remain long enough for distinct vision, and seize and bring up the precious pearls. How often do you throw out thoughts which, to your own mind, are great

and comprehensive, scarcely a gleam of which enters the brain of one in twenty of your hearers! How little original thinking is there among that numerous class of our citizens who are called educated. Most of them dare not trust themselves with an idea which did not come from their text-books. If the guardian angel, genius, should suggest a new thought to their minds, they would crush it in the birth lest it should grow into an heresy. Look at the books which fly from the press like autumn leaves from the tree, without one new thought. An original mind, a genius, rarely appears, and is as rarely appreciated by his own age. The prophet is not in honor in his own country. This has been true in all time; it always will be true, for to be a genius is to be in advance of one's own age. Human pride and self-sufficiency predispose men to be ungrateful for teachings more inspired than their own. "Dost thou teach us?" is their contemptuous reply to those who now attempt to open the eyes of the blind; and "they cast them out."

Mr. B. Well, granting that to your mind there is an extent and depth of meaning in the terms of your philosophy which I do not see,

yet is it not possible to convey to my mind some true and definite idea of the thing called Transcendentalism? Dropping its scientific terms and all technicalities, can we not talk upon the real thing in plain English?

Mr. A. I trust we may, to some ⚫extent at least; for the thing, as you call it, is more generally felt than you suppose. It has been said that every one is, in a sense, a poet; no one can read a poem well if not in a poetic mood. So I would say, every one is, in a sense, a transcendentalist; that is, all who allow their minds any latitude of thought, at times have thoughts and feelings which are properly called transcendental. Hence we have aimed to establish schools, that the mind even in childhood, before it becomes cramped by forms, and before the inner light of the soul becomes dimmed or totally extinguished by the senses, may receive a right direction; be made to think for itself, and be led to see-not the forms of things, but things themselves. All men, though in different degrees and varied forms, would be transcendentalists if they received a spiritual rather than a sensual culture.

Mr. B. Let us here come directly to the point. I have long sus pected myself of transcendentalism, and would gladly gather from you some clear idea of it, that I may know whether I am within or without the pale of discipleship.

Mr. A. But you must remember that this is a very extensive subject. It would lead us a long way back, to Kant and even to Plato. The writings of many in Germany, of some in England and France, and a few in our own country, must be discussed, in order to get a clear view of the whole. And then there are all varieties and degrees of transcendentalism. Those in Germany who followed Kant and adopted much of his philosophy, differed from him in many important particulars. Fichte,

Schelling, Hegel, had each his own system, though they have been called transcendentalists. What, in loose language, is termed transcendentalism, is variously modified in different countries by different individuals, who have embraced that system of metaphysics which, leav. ing the field of sensual knowledge, soars into the regions of pure thought. The transcendentalists of our country, influenced to a great extent by the writings of Carlyle, have made great advances upon the Kantean philosophy; we have not only gone farther in our search for spiritual truth, but we have applied our philosophy to different subjects, and made it bear more directly upon the duties and relations of life.

Mr. B. We will leave, as far as possible, names and systems, as well as technicalities, out of view. I wish to talk with you upon your transcendentalism, and know whether it is possible for us to understand each other.

Mr. A. I will comply with your request upon one condition. You shall not reproach me with nonsense and fog if you fail to apprehend my meaning. Your sensual school of philosophy

Mr. B. Stop, lest we raise bad blood in settling the preliminaries. I accept the condition, and propose that we commence with man. You claim that your views of man's spiritual nature are altogether truer and nobler than those which generally prevail.

Mr. A. Instead of considering man a mere creature of sense and intellect, but little superior to animal instinct, we view him a free, spiritual existence, of unlimited capacities, possessed of a soul truly godlike, and in every way qualified for knowing truth and duty. Locke has entirely misled the world in some of the most vital points. Making the soul a blank leaf, upon which, with the pen of the five senses, external objects wrote whatsoever they listed,

he left man, like the brute, at the mercy of any thing that chanced to leave upon his brains the deepest impression. He left man no fixed pole-star by which to direct his course, but only the flickering taper of self-interest, in following which, he has been wrecked upon every sand-bar. He granted him reflection, but this was only a kind of ruminating upon the gross food furnished by the senses. This chew

ing of the cud only aided the digestion; it gave no new spiritual aliment to the system. Man was to ascertain truth and duty, not from listening to the clear response of the divine oracle within him, but from the prompting of the appetite; that was truth which was sweet, that a lie which was bitter to the palate. Duty, virtue, properly speaking, there were none. If a man, by balancing pains and pleasures, present or future, could find which end of the steelyards would probably preponderate, there lay his duty. Such has been the philosophy, for the most part, of the civilized world. In opposition to this sensual system, we maintain that man has other faculties than the bodily senses-a soul distinct from the stomach. He is endowed with reason and strong religious sentiments, which intuitively know and spontaneously feel truth and duty. That is true, not because of its greater profit or pleasure, but true because it is in agreement with the eternal nature of things. And God has gifted man with the faculty to discover this truth. Duty rests upon this discovered truth. Man has no arithmetical calculations to make to find his duty; it lies revealed to this faculty. The right is to be follow ed, come pleasure or pain; his obligation to do right is infinite, having all the weight of established and unchangeable truth. We give the soul a faculty which is wanting, or which is certainly overlooked in the common philosophy of the age. And this faculty is the chief quality be

longing to man. It is this which, together with conscience, distinguishes him from the brute creation. This faculty is a divine, truth-seeing reason. Man appears to me in a new light, belonging to a higher order of beings, since I have studied him as he is. He is associated in my mind with celestial beings, rather than with creeping things. This view of man affects all his moral relations. It sets aside, or rather rises superior to all that endless calculation and argument about God, conscience, religion, which for centuries have occupied the church.

Mr. B. I can heartily respond to much which you say. And certainly man needs to have his attention turned more to those great facts relating to his spiritual nature. But you will pardon me if I call your attention more particularly to some things which you have stated. This higher faculty of reason which you claim as so great a discovery in mental science, and which you glory in as a distinguishing feature of your system, I believe to be important, but

can not see to be new.

Mr. A. It is as old as Plato and Abraham. But for centuries men have lost sight of it. We claim only that we have found what had been lost. Practically it is a new discovery, though the time was when the great truths which this faculty reveals animated and inspired the greatest minds.

Mr. B. But I can see nothing in this which has not been recognized, and which is not now recognized in some form by those whom you would hesitate to call disciples of your school. You have justly laid more stress upon this faculty, I will admit, than has been usually done; but how can you claim it to be a new discovery, even in the sense you have stated? Has not every enlightened moralist and Christian preacher advocated the idea that truth and falsehood, right and wrong, are, in their very nature, eternally