XX DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. 71. Stone celt or hatchet. It is formed of felstone, is 5 inches long and 2 broad. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 41. 72. Stone celt or hatchet, actual size. Found in the River Shannon. One of the smallest yet found in Ireland. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 45. 73. Stone celt with a wooden handle. Found in the county of Monaghan. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 46. 74. Skin scraper from Bourdeilles in the south of France, actual size. Found by me. 75. Ditto, under side. 76-78. Skin scraper used by the modern Esquimaux of the Polar basin within Behring's Straits, actual size. It was fastened into a handle of fossil ivory. In the collection of Mr. H. Christy. 79. Flint adze from the shell-mound at Meilgaard in Jutland, actual size. Upper surface. In my own collection. 80. Ditto, under surface. 81. Ditto, side view. 82. Modern New Zealand adze, actual size. Upper surface. In the British Museum. 83. Ditto, under surface. 84. Ditto, side view. The New Zealand adze is partially polished; this is not the case with the Danish adze, because flint naturally breaks with a smooth surface. The projection a, in fig. 81 is accidental and owing to some flaw in the flint. They generally have the under side as flat as in fig. 83. 85. Hollow chisel from Denmark. 86. Spear-head from Denmark. 87. Flint dagger, one-half of the actual size. This beautiful specimen was found in a large tumulus with a second imperfect dagger, a rude flint core, an imperfect, crescent-shaped knife, one or two flakes, two amber beads, and some bits of pottery. Denmark. In my own collection. 88. A second form of flint dagger. Also from Denmark. 89. Oval toolstone. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 94. 90. Triangular flint arrow-head, actual size. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 19. 91. Indented flint arrow-head, actual size. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 20. 92. Barbed flint arrow-head, actual size. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 22. 93. Leaf-shaped flint arrow-head, actual size. into the spear-head. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, page 22. 94. Bone pin or awl from Scotland, actual size. 95. Bone harpoon, actual size. Showing the gradual passage Afb. af. Danske Old og Mindesmærker, 5 Heft. 96. A tumulus of the Stone age at Röddinge in Denmark. It contains two chambers. Nordiske Oldsager i det Kong. Mus. i Kjöbenhavn. Pl. 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. xxi 97. Ground plan of ditto. 98. Section of ditto. 99. Cromlech. Denmark. Nordiske Oldsager i det Kong. Mus. i Kjöbenhavn. Pl. 1. 100. Tumulus. Nordiske Oldsager i det Kong. Mus. i Kjöbenhavn. Pl. 2. 101. Ground plan of a sepulchral chamber in a large tumulus on the Island of Möen. Ann. for Nordiske Old Kyndighed, 1858, p. 204. 102. Brachycephalic skull from the above tumulus, one-quarter of the natural size. 103. Ditto, side view. I am indebted for these two drawings to the kindness of my friend 104. Interior of the sepulchral chamber in the long barrow near West Kennet in Wiltshire. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 105. Flint scraper from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 106. Flint scraper from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 107. Flint flake from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 108. Flint implement from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 109. Fragment of pottery from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 110. Fragment of pottery from the above tumulus, actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 111-113. Fragments of pottery from the above tumulus, two-thirds of the actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 114. Fragment of pottery, actual size. Archæologia, vol. xxxviii., p. 405. 115. Urn from Flaxdale barrow. The original is 14 inches in height. Bateman's Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Gravehills, p. 280. 116, 117. Vases from Arbor Low in Derbyshire. Bateman's Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Gravehills, p. 283. 118. Drinking cup from Green Low. Bateman's Ten Years' Diggings in Celtic and Saxon Gravehills, p. 286. 119. Crannoge in Ardakillin Lough, near Stokestown, County of Roscommon. It is constructed of stones and oak-piling. The top line shows the former highest water level, the second that of the ordinary winter flood, the third the summer level. Cat. of Royal Irish Academy, p. 226. 120. Swiss axe of serpentine, actual size. Constance. In my own collection. From Wangen on the Lake of 121. Spindle-whorl, actual size. From Wangen on the Lake of Constance. In my own collection. 122. Bone chisel?, actual size. From Wangen on the Lake of Constance. In my own collection. xxii DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. 123. Piece of tissue, actual size. From Robenhausen. In my own collection. 124. Bronze pin, actual size. Found in a shell-mound near Elgin, and now in the museum at that place. 125. Flint awl from Denmark, actual size. After Worsaae. 126. Lance-head? from Denmark, actual size. After Worsaae. 127. Lance head? from Denmark, actual size. After Worsaae. 128. Lance-head? from Denmark, actual size. After Worsaae, 129. Rude flint axe from Denmark, actual size. After Worsaae. 130. Flat stone implement of uncertain use, actual size. From the Cave at La Madelaine. 131. Stone implement, resembling in some respects those characteristic of the drift gravels, actual size. From Moustier. 132. Ditto seen from the other side. 133. Ditto, side view. 134. Poniard of reindeer horn. From the Cave at Laugerie Basse. 135. Rude flint spear-head from the drift gravel at Hoxne, one-half actual size. After Frere. Archæologia, 1800, pl. xiv. 136. Ditto, side view. 137. Another specimen. After Frere. Archæologia, 1800, pl. xv. 138. Ditto, side view. 139. Section across the Valley of the Somme at Abbeville, after Prestwich; the length is reduced to one-third. 140. Section at St. Acheul near Amiens. a. Brick earth with a few angular flints. b. Red angular gravel. c. Marly sand, with land and freshwater shells. d. Grey subangular gravel, in which the flint implements are found. e. Coffin. f. Tomb. 141. Section taken in a pit close to the Joinville station. b. Red angular gravel, containing a very large sandstone block. d. Grey subangular gravel. 142. Diagram to illustrate deposit of loëss and gravel. a'. Loëss corresponding to and contemporaneous with the gravel a. c'. Loëss. 1. Level of valley at period a. 2. Level of valley at period b. 143. The Engis skull, viewed from above. 144. Ditto, viewed from the front. Huxley's Man's Place in Nature, p. 126. DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES. xxiii 145. The Neanderthal skull, seen from the side, one-half of the natural size. 146. Ditto, seen from the side, natural size. 147. Ditto, seen from above, natural size. Huxley's Man's Place in Nature, page 139. The outlines from camera lucida drawings by Mr. Busk; the details from the cast and from Dr. Fuhlrott's photographs. a glabella; boccipital protuberance; d lambdoidal suture. 148. Australian boomerang, one-sixth of the actual size. 149. Australian club, one-fifth of the actual size. 150. New Zealand patoo patoo, one-fourth of the actual size. 151. Stone axe with wooden handle, one-fourth of the actual size. 152. South Sea fish-hook, one-half of the actual size. 153. Esquimaux arrow-head, actual size. 154. Esquimaux spear-head, actual size. 155. Esquimaux bone harpoon, one-third of the actual size. 156. Fuegian harpoon, one-half of the actual size. DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATES. The three great tumuli at Upsala, popularly supposed to be those of Odin, Thor, and Freya. (Frontispiece.) Diagram of Abury. (To face page 53.) PLATE I. (To face page 60.) Fig. 1. A flint axe from a tumulus, one-third of the actual size. 2. Another form of stone axe, with a hole for a handle, one-third of the actual size. 3. A flint saw, one-half of the actual size. 4. A flint sword, one-sixth of the actual size. 5. A flint chisel, one-half of the actual size. 6. One of the "cores" from which the flint flakes are splintered, one-half of the actual size. 7. One of the flakes, one-half of the actual size. 8, 9. Rude axes from the Kjökkenmödding at Havelse, one-half of the actual size. 10. Flint axe from drift at Moulin Quignon, near Abbeville, one-half of the actual size. 11. Flint axe from Abbeville, showing that the part stained white is parallel to the present surfaces, and that the weathering has taken place since the flint was worked into its present shape, one-half of the actual size. 12. Sling-stone from the Kjökkenmödding at Havelse, one-half of the actual size. PLATE II. (To face page 268.) A flint implement found near Abbeville, slightly reduced. The artist has been so careful to present a faithful image of this specimen, that he has even copied exactly my rough memorandum as to the place and date of its discovery. |