the sake of principle I saw him forced to part company with his own political associates and to disagree with erstwhile friends. But I never knew him to desert a principle when once an issue came to grips with what he believed to be the destiny of constitutional democracy. In such circumstances he was always first to accept the challenge; and, having enlisted in a cause, he never knew the meaning of truce or of surrender. You will search the records of the Senate in vain for any sustained example of greater bravery or of greater willingness to face the bitterness of conflict. He loved America and the American system. He really believed in the Declaration of Independence and the true Thomas Jefferson. He personified the living spirit of the Constitution of the United States. When the Constitution faced its greatest crisis since the dark days of Civil War, he waited for nothing and for nobody in standing forward to defend the integrity of an independent Supreme Court. He left no doubt as to his position from the first hour when this desperate issue was joined. He fought for the faith of his fathers and with the rugged tenacity of the inherited Pilgrim blood that coursed sturdily through his veins. He fought in the Senate. He fought outside upon the public rostrum. He never faltered. He neither asked for quarter nor gave it. Thanks be to God that he lived long enough to see his cause victorious; and prayer be to God that others like him may be found at the sentry posts of the Republic if and when the spirit of the Constitution again be called to battle for its life.

But that is far from all. I never knew any practical legislative proposal to lack his vigorous support if it sought to serve the welfare of the unfortunate, the lowly, or the underprivileged. He believed in social justice; and he practiced what he preached. True to his professional dedications as a great physician, he was particularly eager to promote the public health. He was unique in his dual qualities as a medical statesman; and this is a better, safer country in which to live as a result. One of the last official acts of his life was to successfully pilot a new Pure Food and Drug Act to the statute books after 5 painful years of effort. Here again it almost seems as though a discerning Providence kept him upon a major task until the task was done, and permitted him to close his eyes upon a monumental, finished work.

His legislative record is so long and so complex-to say nothing of the intimate service always cheerfully rendered to all of his constituents, however humble-that the necessary limitations of these observations cannot hope remotely to encompass them. But as a striking example of the amazing breadth of interest which he developed in the life and livelihood of the Nation, I add this exhibit. He

was the greatest expert in the Senate on maritime law; and he was the greatest exponent of an adequate American merchant marine. He knew the problem of ships and shipping from crow's-nest to keel; and again it is a solemn and significant coincidence, if nothing else, that he should have completed his latest Maritime Act just a comparatively few days before his untimely death.

He was a powerful member of the Senate Appropriations Committee, the vividly important Senate group which passes upon every bill involving the billions of dollars that flow from the Public Treasury. He was specially charged with responsibility for handling the appropriations of the War Department. The American Army knows precisely what I mean-as does the village of Dexter-when I say that it, too, has lost a great and steadfast friend.

I served with him for 2 years on a special Senate committee which investigated law and order problems in the United States pursuant to a resolution of which he was the author; and a new code of effective Federal cooperation in society's war upon the criminal world was the result. At the time of his passing I was again serving with him on another special Senate committee, again pursuant to one of his resolutions to investigate subversive influences which may be undermining America at sea. Eternal vigilance was the watchword of his action, even as it is in the price of liberty.

The broad extent of his interest in public problems was such that scarcely any of them escaped his tremendous capacity for productive study and research. Indeed, the final entries on his Senate record tell this tale more eloquently than words. In the hard, hot days preceding the last congressional adjournment he was chairman simultaneously of seven different conference committees, representing House and Senate, charged with the responsibility of composing differences between the two branches in respect to important legislation.

It was an inhuman burden to put upon any man. But he who repeatedly warned the rest of us to take care and watch out lest we tax ourselves beyond endurance, he uncomplainingly taxed himself beyond endurance and 24 hours after the curtain fell upon the Congress it fell upon his mortal career. A notable patriotic organization in New York proposed for him this epitaph: "He died at work." Indeed, he did! But I would add one illuminating phrase: "He died at work for his fellow men."

These labors for the commonweal, for the uplift and betterment of humankind, were by no means confined to the jurisdiction of his Senate statesmanship. That was but the fitting climax of a keen, constructive, effective interest in public affairs and of a willingness to give richly of himself in this behalf, began back yonder in the

yesterdays when he was a citizen of Michigan. He was mayor of neighboring Ann Arbor at the age of 33, and it was there that I first knew him when I was a college youth. At different times he was president of Ann Arbor's board of education and of its board of park commissioners. He was a force and power in all of his city's civic, educational, and religious life. He was active in the Methodist Episcopal Church and he lived the religion he professed. He was ever the good samaritan along life's highways. He was ever loyal to every interest and to every assignment which he touched in his long colorful career. Thus, for example, he cherished a deep attachment for the University of Michigan. It was his alma mater. Later he served upon its teaching staff. Though other significant academic honors came to him in later life, through degrees conferred upon him upon other campuses, the collegiate affection of his life attached itself forever to the yellow and the blue. The University of Michigan richly shared the resources of his great friendship and his unfailing loyalty. Those two treasured words, friendship and loyalty, will cling to him so long as memory survives.

But all this as yet takes no account of the professional career which preceded and subsequently paralleled his public life. He gave himself to medicine with the fine spirit, the same industry, the same effectiveness, the same humanity which trade-marked every act of his life. He was and he deserved to be one of the best and most favorably known physicians in the United States. Indeed, I venture the assertion that his expert hands and his helpful words touched more lives than did those of any of the professional contemporaries of his time. He loved his calling, and he justified its finest ideals. Whether he was Mayor COPELAND or Senator COPELAND, or whatever other of the many honorable titles he won unto himself in his long and varied activities, he was always Dr. COPELAND; and I suspect he loved that title best. Somehow, as I think of him, it seems best to fit his gentleness, his kindly ways, his heartfulness, his human sympathies. He became dean of the New York Homeopathic College and Director of Flower Hospital. He became the tremendously effective health commissioner of metropolitan New York. The "country doctor" scaled the heights of his profession. He went from the bottom to the top. Dr. COPELAND would have merited the blessings of his fellow men if Senator COPELAND had never lived.

Truly, we inadequately portray an amazing man. Not often can the story of one life reveal so many interests and a record of achievement in so many fields. And if we were to lift the curtain on his home and family, the portrait would be no less superb. I dare not invade this sacred hearthstone where his empty chair

marks the most poignant of all sorrows that attend his passing. But it has been my privilege to look behind that curtain and to see the husband and the father at their best. He was never so happy as in the midst of his own kin; and he was never more generous than in serving their pleasures and their needs. To him, "home" was the sweetest word in the lexicon of worth-while things.

I have attempted, in these brief and wholly insufficient words, to paint the highlights of the brilliant story of a great American who made his own irresistible way from the humble farmhouse a few miles from Dexter where he was born on November 7, 1868, to an honored, influential seat among the rulers of the Republic where he died on June 17, 1938. It is an epic in American tradition and opportunity transparently clear proof that here, beneath the Stars and Stripes which he loved and served so well, there is always the beckoning privilege of high service, high adventure, and high achievement for those who have high purpose in their souls. It is the story of constant loyalty to great ideals whether tested in the crucibles of professional medicine or of statesmanship or of the humanities. It is a record of courage to sustain these ideals at any cost whenever the bugles of duty sounded the reveille that called him to their defense. It is a rare contemplation in popular confidence, whether the confidence of sufferers who trusted his healing advice, or the confidence of more than 10,000,000 people in an electorate that sent him three times to the Senate of the United States, or the confidence of his congressional colleagues who, regardless of differing opinions, deeply believed in him. It is a tribute to that indefatigable industry which works through sheer love of service, which masters multiple tasks through the relentless concentrations of a rugged and receptive mind, and which counts no hours too long, no effort too great, to reach a worthy goal. It is the story of reciprocal human attachments whether in this village of his youth, or in the neighboring city of his early manhood, or in the metropolis of his maturity, or in the National Capital of his beloved country which never half-masted its flags more sorrowfully to mark the passing of a dependably devoted patriot.

I conclude reluctantly, my fellow citizens of Michigan and of America. It is my final opportunity, my last privilege, to bring the "red carnation" of my affection to the memorial shrine of a great and precious friend. I cannot even yet, myself, realistically understand that I shall never meet him again, and warm to his hearty handclasp and take strength and inspiration from his sympathetic understanding; never again upon this mortal earth.

He was so virile, so dynamic, that one thought of him as always living on and on. But inevitably the great accounting comes for all of us. Fortunate are we indeed if we may approach the Judgment seat with so complete and so deserved an assurance of the eternal benediction which must have greeted him with the finality of all rewards: "Well done, good and faithful servant; enter, thou, into the kingdom of heaven."

FRIDAY, May 19, 1939.

On motion by Mr. Barkley, and by unanimous consent, it was

Ordered, That on Monday, May 29, 1939, at 2 o'clock p. m., the legislative business of the Senate be suspended for the purpose of permitting memorial addresses to be delivered on the life, character, and public service of the Honorable ROYAL S. COPELAND, late a Senator from the State of New York.