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plicated. Witnesses must in general speak to facts within their own knowledge, and they will not be permitted, with certain exceptions, to express their own belief or opinion.

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Cross-examination. When the direct examination is finished the witness may then be cross-examined by the opposite party. In cross-examining a witness leading questions may be asked.

Re-examination.-After a party has been cross-examined, the party who called him has a right to re-examine him upon any new fact which has arisen out of the crossexamination.

The court has always a discretionary power of recalling witnesses at any stage of the trial, and putting such legal questions to them as the exigencies of justice require. If a question has been omitted in the examination in chief and cannot in strictness be asked on re-examination as not arising out of the cross-examination, it is usual to request the court to make the inquiry, and such a request is generally granted (extracts from Taylor on Evidence).

Regarding privileged communications and privileged documents, see LEGAL AND OTHER TERMS DEFINED, post.

Expenses of Prosecution. See title PROSECUTOR'S EXPENSES, post.

Extortion.

Extortion is the taking of money by a public officer under the colour of office where none at all is due, or not so much due, or when it is not yet due. The offence is a misdemeanor, punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both (Russell's Crimes).

It is a felony, punishable by penal servitude for life, to attempt to extort any money or valuable thing from any person by demanding the same with menaces, or by accusing or threatening to accuse any person of any crime punishable with death or penal servitude for seven years, or of rape or infamous crime (24 & 25 Vict. c. 96, ss. 44, 46).

Extradition Acts.

Extradition treaties are made under the Extradition Act, 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 52), amended by 36 & 37 Vict. c. 60. The Act of 1870 defines those crimes for which in this country extradition is allowed. Such are murder and manslaughter, forging documents, uttering counterfeit money and counterfeiting it, embezzlement, larceny, false pretences, bankruptcy offences, fraud by bailees, rape, abduction, child stealing, burglary, arson, robbery, threatening letters, piracy, assaults, and conspiracies on the high seas.

The Act 36 & 37 Vict. c. 60, added considerably to this schedule. Kidnapping, false imprisonment, perjury, indictable offences under the Larceny Acts, the Malicious Injuries Act, the Forgery and Coinage Acts, the Bankruptcy Acts, and any indictable offence under the Act of 1861 relating to offences against the person. The third section of the Act relates to accessories.

Where an arrangement has been made with any foreign state with respect to the extradition of criminals, Her Majesty may, by Order in Council, apply the Act; but no fugitive criminal shall be surrendered if the offence in respect of which his surrender is demanded is one of a political character.

Treaties have been made by the British Government with the following countries, viz.

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Under these treaties persons charged with certain offences can be surrendered by either state to the other in accordance with the provisions of the several treaties.

The more serious felonies, such as murder, manslaughter, rape, robbery, arson, forgery, larceny, are included in the treaties made with all the European states, as also are frauds

and crimes against the bankruptcy laws. Persons charged with perjury may be extradited from France, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland; and bigamy is included in the treaties made with France, Spain, and Belgium. The treaty with the United States (a) embraces the crimes of murder, assault with intent to commit murder, piracy, arson, robbery, and forgery.

The arrest of a fugitive criminal from a foreign state within the United Kingdom may be effected in two ways:

(a) Under sub-section 1 of section 8 of the Extradition Act of 1870, by a warrant from a metropolitan police magistrate at Bow Street upon receipt of the order of the Secretary of State, and on such evidence as would justify the issue of the warrant if the crime had been committed within the United Kingdom.

(b) Under sub-section 2, by any police magistrate or justice of the peace in any part of the United Kingdom on such information or complaint and such evidence, or after such proceedings as would, in the opinion of the person issuing the warrant, justify a similar course if the crime had been committed, or the criminal had been convicted, in that part of the United Kingdom in which he exercises jurisdiction.

On the apprehension of any person under the Extradition Acts and the treaty with any country, he has to be brought before a magistrate of the Bow Street Police Court, London, even though the warrant may have been issued by a justice of the peace in some other part of the United Kingdom.

Note.-All demands, whether by telegram or otherwise, for arrest of offenders fled, must be made to the Secretary of State for the Home Department.

See also FUGITIVE OFFENDERS ACT, post.

(a) The treaty with the United States was embodied in 6 & 7 Vict. c. 76, which Act is repealed by 33 & 34 Vict. c. 52, save as provided by the 27th clause of that Act. Copies of the depositions may be given in evidence in the United States, but the persons producing them must certify they are true copies.

Explosives Act.

The Explosives Act, 1875 (38 & 39 Vict. c. 17), applies to the manufacture and keeping, selling, carrying, &c., of gunpowder and other explosives (section 3).

"Explosive" means gunpowder, nitro-glycerine, dynamite, gun-cotton, blasting powders, fulminate of mercury, or of other metals, coloured fires, and every other substance used or manufactured to produce a practical effect by explosion or a pyrotechnic effect. The term includes fog signals, fireworks, fuzes, rockets, percussion caps, detonators, cartridges, ammunition of all descriptions, and every adaptation or preparation of an explosive as above defined. This definition is extended by an order in council dated 5th August, 1875, which divides explosives into seven classes, and minutely defines the explosives falling under each head. See note, P. 162.

Inspectors, &c.—The provisions of the Act, which is very voluminous, and is extended by Orders in Council, are usually administered by Her Majesty's inspectors, or inspectors appointed by the local authority; officers of police appointed inspectors should hold a written authority for their appointment.

The Act is divided into four parts-Part I. relates to Gunpowder; Part II. to other Explosives; Part III., Administration; Part IV., Supplemental Provisions, &c.

Search, &c.-Any justice may, upon information on oath, grant a search warrant to an officer of the local authority or a constable, under section 73 of this Act (Part III.), a superintendent of police, or officer of equal or superior rank, or a government inspector, in cases of urgency, or when it appears that delay in obtaining a justice's warrant would endanger life, can, by a written order, authorize any constable to enter any place to search for and take samples of explosives; a special report to be subsequently submitted to the Secretary

of State. Penalty for failing to admit or for obstructing the officer, 501.

By section 69, any occupier of a store, registered premises, or a small fireworks factory, is liable to a penalty of 201. for obstructing or refusing to assist the local authority, or officer of local authority, in execution of this Act.

And by section 75, any officer of police, or officer of local authority, who has reasonable cause to suppose that any offence against the Act is being committed in respect of any carriage (not being on a railway), or any boat conveying, loading, or unloading any explosives, and that the case is one of emergency, and that the delay in obtaining a warrant will be likely to endanger life, may stop and enter, inspect and examine such carriage or boat, and by detention, removal, or otherwise, take such precautions as may be reasonably necessary for removing such danger.

By section 78, any person found committing an offence against this Act, and which tends to cause explosion or fire in or about any factory, railway, canal, magazine, boat, wharf, carriage, &c., may be apprehended by a constable, or by the ccupier, his agent, &c., without a warrant.

Gunpowder. The provisions of Part I. of this Act (sections 4 to 38) relate to the manufacture, keeping, selling, conveying, &c., of gunpowder. The manufacture of gunpowder must be confined to a factory lawfully existing or licensed under this Act. Gunpowder can only be kept in such a factory, or in a licensed magazine or store, or in registered premises, except where gunpowder is kept for private use, and not for sale, when the quantity must not exceed 30 pounds.

Licenses, &c.-The Act contains provisions regarding new licenses granted by the Secretary of State and local authorities. Licenses have to be renewed annually, and premises. registered under the Act have to be re-registered every twelvemonths.

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