2. Occupier failing to renew, &c., numbers if required by local authority. Penalty, 40s. (section 65).

3. Occupier or owner failing to remove after due notice any projection, &c., erected or placed, after the application of the Act, against or in front of any house or building, and which is an obstruction to the safe and convenient passage along any street. Penalty, 40s. (section 69).

4. Failing to alter when required by local authority any door, gate, or bar opening outwards on street. Penalty, 40s. (section 71).

5. Occupier neglecting to keep in repair cellar covering in any pavement or footpath. Penalty for neglect, 5l. (section 73).

6. Occupier of house in or adjoining street is required, on notice from local authority, to put up shoot or trough to prevent water falling on persons passing along street or flowing over footpath. Penalty, 40s. for every day's default (section 74).

7. Sections 75 to 78 of Act define course to be pursued to compel owners to take down ruinous or dangerous buildings.

8. Any person altering or removing any bars or chains or lights put up by local authority during repairs of streets, &c. Penalty, 51. (section 79).

9. Failing to put up sufficient fence or hoard platform with rail, &c., during erection or repair of any building, or failing to keep same sufficiently lighted at night. Penalty, 5l. (section 80).

10. Unlicensed slaughter-houses. Penalty, 5l. (section 126).

11. Section 131 of Act deals with unwholesome meat, but inasmuch as unwholesome meat can be dealt with under 38 & 39 Vict. c. 55, s. 16 ("The Public Health Act, 1875"), which statute extends to poultry, fish, and other kinds of food, prosecutions are usually carried out under that statute. See title PUBLIC HEALTH ACT, ante.

Towns Police Clauses Act, 1847.

(10 & 11 Vict. c. 89.)

Certain offences contained in the Towns Police Clauses Act are incorporated in the Public Health Act, 1875, under section 171 of that Act. They are now in force in every urban sanitary district.

The police can enforce the provisions of the Act if appointed officers by the local board. As already stated, some of the provisions of the Act regarding obstructions, nuisances, &c., are incorporated in the Public Health Act, 1875; but although such provisions can be enforced by the police in urban districts, it is questionable whether they can be carried out in places where local boards exist except by officers appointed by the boards, inasmuch as section 253 of the Public Health Act restricts the proceedings for recovery of penalties to the person aggrieved and to the local authority.

As, however, many of the offences mentioned in the Towns Police Clauses Act are also offences under the Vagrant Act, the Highway Acts, and the Licensing Act, 1872, offenders can frequently be dealt with under these Acts without reference to local boards.

OBSTRUCTIONS IN STREETS.-The local authority may from time to time make orders for the route to be observed by all carts, carriages, horses, and persons, and for preventing obstruction of the streets in all times of public processions, rejoicings, or illuminations, and in any case when the streets are thronged or liable to be obstructed, and may also give directions to the constables for keeping order and preventing any obstruction of the streets in the neighbourhood of theatres and other places of public resort. Penalty for every wilful breach of any order not exceeding 40s. (10 & 11 Vict. c. 89, s. 21); and the like penalty is imposed for breach of

any order regulating the route of carriages, &c., during divine service at any specified place of worship (section 22).

IMPOUNDING CATTLE.-If any cattle be at any time found at large in any street within the limits of the special Act without any person having the charge thereof, any constable or officer of police, or any person residing within the limits of the special Act, may seize and impound such cattle (a) in any common pound within the said limits or in such other place as the commissioners appoint for that purpose, and may detain the same therein until the owner thereof pay to the commissioners a penalty not exceeding 40s., besides the reasonable expenses of impounding and keeping such cattle (section 24).

If the said penalty and expenses be not paid within three days after such impounding the pound keeper or other person appointed by the commissioners for that purpose may proceed to sell, or cause to be sold, any such cattle; but previous to such sale seven days' notice thereof shall be given to or left at the dwelling-house or place of abode of the owner of such cattle, if he be known, or if not, then notice of such intended sale shall be given by advertisement, to be inserted seven days before such sale in some newspaper published or circulated within the limits of the special Act, and the money arising from such sale, after deducting the said sums and the expenses aforesaid, and all other expenses attending the impounding, advertising, keeping, and sale of any such cattle so impounded, shall be paid to the commissioners, and shall be by them paid, on demand, to the owner of the cattle so sold (section 25).

Pound breach.-Every person who releases or attempts to release any cattle from any pound or place where the same are impounded under the authority of this special Act, or

(a) See p. 127.

who pulls down, damages, or destroys the same pound or place, or any part thereof, with intent to procure the unlawful release of such cattle, shall, upon conviction of such offence before any two justices, be committed by them to some common gaol or house of correction for any time not exceeding three months (section 26).

Power to provide pound.-The commissioners may purchase a piece of land within the limits of the special Act for the purpose of a pound for stray animals, and may erect a pound thereon, and such pound when made shall be kept in repair by the commissioners (section 27).

VARIOUS NUISANCES IN STREETS (Section 28).

Every person who in any street, to the obstruction, annoyance, or danger of the residents or passengers, commits any of the following offences shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40s. for each offence, or, in the discretion of the justice before whom he is convicted, may be committed to prison, there to remain for a period not exceeding fourteen days, and any constable or other officer appointed by virtue of this or the special Act shall take into custody, without warrant, and forthwith convey before a justice any person who within his view commits any such offence.

Exposing animals, &c.-Every person who exposes for show, hire, or sale (except in a market or marketplace or fair lawfully appointed for that purpose) any horse or other animal, or exhibits in a caravan or otherwise, any show or public entertainment, or shoes, bleeds, or farries any horse or animal (except in cases of accident), or cleans, dresses, exercises, trains, or breaks, or turns loose any horse or animal,

or makes or repairs any cart or carriage (except in cases of accident, where repair on the spot is necessary).

Dogs.-Every person who suffers to be at large any unmuzzled ferocious dog, or sets or urges any dog or other animal to attack, worry, or put in fear any person or animal.

Every owner of any dog who suffers such dog to go at large, knowing or having reasonable ground for believing it to be in a rabid state, or to have been bitten by any dog or any other animal in a rabid state.

Every person who, after public notice given by any justice directing dogs to be confined on account of suspicion of canine madness, suffers any dog to be at large during the time specified in such notice.

Slaughtering cattle.-Every person who slaughters or dresses any cattle, or any part thereof, except in the case of any cattle overdriven which may have met with any accident, and which for the public safety or other reasonable cause ought to be killed on the spot.

Carts, &c.—Every person having the care of any waggon, cart, or carriage who rides on the shafts thereof, or who without having reins, and holding the same, rides upon such waggon, cart, or carriage, or on any animal drawing the same, or who is at such a distance from such waggon, cart, or carriage as not to have due control over every animal drawing the same, or who does not, in meeting any other carriage, keep his waggon, cart, or carriage to the left or near side, or who in passing any other carriage does not keep his waggon, cart, or carriage on the right or off side