ANTS, BEES, AND WASPS.

A RECORD OF OBSERVATIONS

ON THE

HABITS OF THE SOCIAL HYMENOPTERA.

BY

THE RT. HON. LORD AVEBURY

(SIR JOHN LUBBOCK, BART.),

D. C. L. (Oxon.), LL. D. (Cantab., Dubl. et Edin.), M. D. (Würzb.), F. R. S.,
V. P. L. S., F. G. S., F. Z. S., F. S. A., F. E. S.. Trust. Brit. Mus. ;
Assoc. Acad. Roy. des Sci. Brux.; Hon. Mem. R. Irish Acad., Amer. Ethnol. Soc.,
Anthrop. Soc. Wash. (U. S.), Brux., Fierenze, Anthrop. Verein Graz.,
Soc. Entom. de France, Soc. Géol. de la Suisse, and Soc. Helvét. des Sci. Nat. ;
Mem. Amer. Phil. Soc. Philad. and Soc. d'Ethn. de Paris; Corresp. Mem. Soc. Nat.
des Sci. Nat. de Cherb., Berl. Gesell. für Anthrop.. Soc. Romana di Antrop.,
Soc. d'Emul. d'Abbeville, Soc. Cient. Argentina, Soc. de Géog. de Lisb.,
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., Numis. and Ant. Soc. Philad.;
Amer. Entom. Soc. For. Assoc., Mem. Soc. d'Anthrop. de Paris;
For. Mem. Amer. Antiq. Soc.

NEW YORK:

D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION.

Position of ants in the Animal Kingdom-Ants divided into

three families-Number of species-Mode of observation—

Nests-Mode of marking ants-Stages in life of ants-Egg,

larva, pupa, imago-Length of life-Structure of ants-

Head, thorax, abdomen, antennæ, eyes, ocelli, mouth parts,

legs, wings, sting-Origin of the sting-Character of ants—

Wars among ants—Modes of fighting-Queen ants—Workers

-Different classes of workers-The honey ant-Soldiers-

Origin of the soldiers-Division of labour-Habitations of

ants-Communities of ants-Food-Enemies-Character-

Industry-Games-Cleanliness

1

CHAPTER II.

FORMATION AND MAINTENANCE OF NESTS.

foundation of new nests-Doubts on the subject-Views of
Huber, Blanchard, Forel, St. Fargeau, Ebrard-Experiments
with queens Foundation of a nest of Myrmica by two
queens-Adoption of queens-Fertility of workers-Eggs
laid by fertile workers always produce males-Queens seldom
produced in captivity-Origin of difference between queens
and workers-Longevity of ants-Arrangement of chambers
in a nest-Division of labour-The honey ant

CHAPTER III.

ON THE RELATION OF ANTS TO PLANTS.

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PAGE

Flowers and insects-Ants not so important in relation to
flowers as bees, but not without influence--Ants seldom
promote cross-fertilisation, and hence injurious to flowers-
Modes by which they are excluded Belt Kerner
Aquatic plants - Moats - Dipsacus - Slippery surfaces-
Gentian, snowdrop, cyclamen - Concealment of honey-
Antirrhinum, Linaria, Campanula, Ranunculus, Lamium,
Primula, Geranium, &c.—Protection of honey by thickets
of spines or hairs-Protection by viscid secretions-Silene,
Senecio, Linnæa, Polygonum, &c.-Milky juice-Lactuca-
Nectaries on leaves-Leaf-cutting ants-Ants as tree guards
-Importance of ants in destroying other insects-Har-
vesting ants-Solomon-The Mischna-Meer Hassan Ali--
8ykes-Moggridge-Agricultural ants-Lincecum-McCook 80

CHAPTER IV.

RELATIONS TO OTHER ANIMALS.

Hunting ants-The Driver ants-Ecitons-Insects mimicking

ants-Enemies of ants--Parisites-Mites-Phora-Domestic

animals of ants-Aphides-Eggs of Aphides kept through

the winter by ants-Blind beetles-Pets-Progress among

ants-Relations of ants to one another- Stenamma-Solenopsis

-Slave-making ants - Formica sanguinea · Polyergus·

Expeditions of Polyergus-Polyergus fed by the slaves-

Strongylognathus-Degradation of Strongylognathus—Aner.

gates-Explanation of the present state of Strongylognathus

and Anergates-Progress among ants-Phases of life-

Hunting pastoral, and agricultural species

CHAPTER V.

BEHAVIOUR TO RELATIONS.

Mr. Grote on Morality as a necessity of society'--Behaviour
of ants to one another-Statements of previous writers: