NOTE. The map here given presents a view of De Soto's interesting journeyings. He sailed from Cuba with a finely equipped army of six hundred men. In June, 1539, his fleet anchored in Tampa Bay, Florida. He sent two vessels to Apallachee Bay, while he led his army northward through Florida and then westward to near Apallachee Bay. It took five months to perform this journey. The Spaniards, after remaining five months in winter quarters, marched far to the northeast, passing through Georgia to the Ogechee River, then northwestward through Northern Georgia. The expedition then travelled southwestward, down through the valleys of Alabama, till October, 1540, when they reached Mauville. Here a bloody battle was fought with the Indians. De Soto then turned from the coast and marched northwestward. He spent the winter of 1540-41 on the Yazoo River, where he had another severe battle. In the spring of 1541 the Spaniards continued their march northward till they came to the Mississippi, April, 1541. They crossed it between the 33d and 34th parallels of latitude. From this point they journeyed several hundred miles west of the Mississippi, and spent the winter of 1541 - 42 on the Wachita River. In the spring of 1542 they passed down that river to the Mississippi. Here De Soto died, May, 1542. His army had dwindled away and suffered terribly. In December, 1542, the survivors built boats on the Mississippi, sailed down to the Gulf of Mexico, and finally reached Panuco in Mexico.

48. The conquest of Mexico by Cortez led to the exploration of the Pacific coast to the north of Mexico. Cortez fitted out several expeditions which explored northward into what is now called the Gulf of California, then called the "Gulf of Cortez."

49. In 1540 the Spanish governor of Mexico sent out Coronado [ko-ro-nah'do] to explore the country to the northward. Coronado penetrated by land as far north as the region now known as New Mexico and Arizona.

50. At the same time two vessels were sent under Alarçon [ah-lar'sōn]. They sailed up the Gulf of California and ascended the Colorado River beyond the Gila [he'lah].

51. In 1542 a Spanish navigator named Cabrillo [cabreel' yo] sailed northward along the Pacific coast as high as latitude 44°, the coast of the present State of Oregon. This was the first exploration of the coast of what is now the State of California.

QUESTIONS. -48. What did the exploration of the Pacific coast grow out of? What gulf did Cortez explore?

49. Give an account of Coronado's exploration. Into what region did he penetrate?

50. Give an account of Alarçon's voyage. 51. Give an account of Cabrillo's voyage. When was the name California first used?

Repeat what is said of this exploration. Give its origin.

It was during this early period that the term "California," or "the Californias," was applied as a general name to the region lying to the north of Mexico.

NOTE. The name "California" originated in an old Crusader romance much read in the time of Cortez and Columbus. One of the characters in this romance was California, Queen of the Amazons.

52. In 1565 a Spanish soldier named Melendez [maylen'deth] was commissioned by the king of Spain to conquer Florida and destroy a colony of French Protestants who had lately settled in that country.

Immediately after landing he founded St. Augustine [teen], the oldest city in the United States.

53. In 1582, Espejo [es-pay'ho] explored the region which Coronado had visited forty years before, and named it New Mexico. The same year he founded Santa Fé [fay].

54. In 1769 the Spaniards made the first settlement in California, at San Diego [de-a'go].

55. Review. -It is thus seen that by the close of the sixteenth century the Spaniards had made the following explorations and settlements: 1. They had colonized the West India Islands. 2. They had colonized Central America. 3. They had conquered Mexico. 4. They had explored a good part of the Southern States. 5. They had explored the Pacific coast. 6. Their settlements within the present limits of the United States were St. Augustine and Santa Fé.

III. - FRENCH DISCOVERIES.

56. The French were first drawn to the coast of North America by the fisheries on the banks of Newfoundland [nu'fund-land]. French fishing-smacks went there as early as 1503.

QUESTIONS.

by him.

52. What commission did Melendez receive? Name the city founded

53. Describe Espejo's exploration. Name the city founded by him.
54. What was the first Spanish settlement in California?
55. Give the facts of Spanish discovery stated in the review.
56. What first called the attention of the French to America?

57. In 1506, Denys [den-ee'], a Frenchman, explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the adjoining coast, and made a chart of the region.

58. In 1524, Verrazzani [ver-rat-sah'nej, an Italian in the service of the King of France, reached the continent in the latitude of Wilmington, North Carolina. He then explored the whole country northward as far as Nova Scotia. He named the country NEW FRANCE.

59. In 1534, James Cartier [kar-tyea'] explored and named the gulf and river of St. Lawrence. He claimed the country for the French king.

60. In 1535, while on a second voyage, Cartier sailed up the river St. Lawrence to where Montreal now stands.

He

61. In 1541, Cartier, with a band of colonists, made a third voyage to the St. Lawrence. built a fort near the present site of Quebec, where his people passed the winter. They became dissatisfied and returned to France the next spring.

62. In 1562, Admiral Coligny [ko-leen-ye'], a distinguished leader of the French Protestants, or Huguenots, sent out a colony to South Carolina.

They made a settlement near Port Royal entrance, but suffered greatly, and next year went home.

QUESTIONS.-57. Describe Denys's discovery.

58. Describe Verrazzani's exploration. Along what coast did he sail? What name did he give the country?

59. Give an account of Cartier's first voyage. For whom did he claim the country? 60. Speak of Cartier's second voyage.

61. Give an account of Cartier's third voyage. What did he do in Canada? State

the result of this attempt.

62. Give an account of Coligny's colony. Where did the colonists settle, and what was the result?

63. In 1564 a second colony of Huguenots established themselves on the river St. Johns, in Florida. Next year they were joined by several hundred more colonists. Spain claimed the country, and, in 1565, sent out Melendez (see ¶ 52), who slaughtered most of the settlers.

64. In 1565 a French nobleman named De Gourgues [goorg] sailed from France with a force, and revenged the death of his countrymen by capturing the Spanish forts in Florida and putting the garrisons to death.

65. In 1603, De Monts [du mong'], an influential Huguenot courtier, obtained from the French king a grant of territory extending from near where Philadelphia now is to Cape Breton. This region was called Acadia.

NOTE. Acadia was afterwards confined to what is now New Brunswick, Cape Breton, and the neighboring islands.

66. In 1604, De Monts, along with a famous pioneer named Champlain [sham-plain'], led a colony to his possessions. They, in 1605, made a settlement called Port Royal (afterwards Annapolis), on the western coast of what is now Nova Scotia, then part of Acadia.

This was the first permanent French colony in America.

67. In 1608, Champlain established a trading-post at a place on the St. Lawrence River which he named Quebec. Champlain was the founder of the first permanent settlements in Canada. Canada was the name given to all the territory watered by the St. Lawrence.

68. In 1609, Champlain pushed into the interior and discovered Lakes Champlain and Huron. He afterwards led a party of Canada Indians against the Iroquois in Northern New York, which region he was the first white man to enter.

QUESTIONS. 63. Give an account of the second Huguenot colony. What nation claimed the country? State the fate of this colony.

64. Recite the history of De Gourgues's voyage of revenge.

65. State the grant of teritory made to De Monts. What was this region named? 66. Give an account of De Monts's colony. Where and when was the settlement made? What is said of this Acadia settlement?

67. Give an account of Champlain's settlement in Canada. Of what, then, was Champlain the founder? To what territory was the name "Canada" applied?

68. Give an account of Champlain's explorations; of his expedition into Northern New York.

69. Review.

It is thus seen that by the early part of the seventeenth century the French had made good their claim to New France by colonizing Acadia and Canada. It was at the same time that the first permanent English settlements in America were made.

70. England was the earliest rival of Spain in American exploration. Indeed, the North American continent was first discovered by the Cabots, sailing under the English flag, in 1493, or five years before Columbus discovered the South American continent.

He

the Pacific Ocean in search of Spanish merchantmen. sailed north along the Pacific coast and explored the coast of California. This country he named NEW ALBION.

QUESTIONS.-69. Give a summing up of the French doings in America. What other settlements were made about this same time?

70. What nation was Spain's first rival in American exploration? English discovery is spoken of?

What early

71. What is said of the English after Cabot's time? State the period when the English began active explorations.

72. Give an account of Drake's voyage. What coast did he explore? What name did he give the country?