milk) containing less than 9 per cent. of total milk solids, is to be presumed not to be genuine.

Also by the Sale of Butter Regulations, 1902, the Board of Agriculture decided that

(b) Butter containing more than 16 per cent. of water is to be presumed not to be genuine.

Margarine or Margarine-cheese shall be branded or marked on the package itself, and not solely on a label, ticket, or other thing attached thereto.

The letters shall be capital block letters not less than half-an-inch long, and distinctly legible, and no other printed matter shall appear on the wrapper.

Manufacturers and Dealers in Margarine and Margarinecheese.

1. Every occupier of a manufactory of margarine or margarine-cheese, and every wholesale dealer in such substances, shall keep a register showing the quantity and destination of each consignment of such substances sent out from his manufactory or place of business, and this register shall be open to the inspection of any officer of the Board of Agriculture.

2. Any officer of the Board of Agriculture shall have power to enter at all reasonable times any such manufactory and to inspect any process of manufacture, and to take samples for analysis.

3. If any such occupier or dealer—

(a) Fails to keep such a register, or

(b) Refuses to produce the register, when required to do so by an officer of the Board of Agriculture, or (c) Fails to keep the register posted up to date, or

(d) Wilfully makes any entry in the register which is false in any particular, or

(e) Fraudulently omits to enter any particular which ought to be entered in the register,

he shall be liable on summary conviction for the first offence to a fine not exceeding ten pounds, and for any subsequent offence to a fine not exceeding fifty pounds.

Amount of Butter-fat allowed in Margarine.

It shall be unlawful to manufacture, sell, expose for sale, or import any margarine, the fat of which contains more than 10 per cent. of butter-fat, and any person who shall be guilty of an offence under the Margarine Act, 1887, may be convicted under this Act, and any defence under sect. 7 of that Act shall be a defence under this section.

NOTE.-Butter and fresh milk mixed is not margarine, and may be sold as milk-blended butter.

Every person who sells milk or cream in a public place must have conspicuously inscribed on the vehicle or receptacle his name and address, and in default shall be liable to a fine not exceeding two pounds.

If sample of milk, margarine, or margarine-cheese, is taken in course of delivery, the person taking the sample shall forward by registered parcel or otherwise a portion of the sample marked, and sealed or fastened up, to the consignor, if his name and address appear on the can or package containing article sampled.

Condensed, separated, or skimmed Milk.

Every tin or other receptacle containing condensed, separated, or skimmed milk, must bear a label clearly

visible to the purchaser on which the words "machineskimmed milk" or "skimmed milk," as the case may require, are printed in large and legible type, and any person acting in contravention of this section shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten pounds.

Further Penalties.

Where, under any provision of the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, a person guilty of an offence is liable to a fine exceeding fifty pounds, and the offence, in the opinion of the Court, was committed by the personal act, default, or culpable negligence of the person accused, that person shall be liable to imprisonment, with or without hard labour, for a period not exceeding three months.

NOTE.-Where article of food or drug is exposed for sale in an unopened tin or packet duly labelled, no person shall be required to sell it except in the same condition in which it is exposed for sale.

Time-limit for proceeding for Offences under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts.

Where any article has been purchased from any person for test purposes, any prosecution, notwithstanding anything contained in sect. 20 of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act, 1875, shall not be instituted after the expiration of twenty-eight days from the time of the purchase.

Regulation as to Summons.

In any prosecution under the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, the summons shall state—

(a) Particulars of the offence or offences alleged. (b) The name of prosecutor.

(c) And such summons shall not be made returnable in

less time than 14 days from the day on which it is served, and there must be served therewith a copy of any analyst's certificate obtained on behalf of the prosecutor.

N.B. As to Warranty and Invoice as defences, vide p. 156.

PART 5.

The Sale of Horse-flesh Act, 1889.

Horse-flesh shall include the flesh of asses and mules, and shall mean horse-flesh cooked or uncooked, alone or accompanied by or mixed with any other substance.

No person shall sell, offer, expose, or keep for sale any horse-flesh for human food elsewhere than in a shop, stall, or place, over or upon which there shall be at all times painted, posted, or placed, in legible characters of not less than four inches in length, and in a conspicuous place, and so as to be visible whether by night or by day, words indicating that horse-flesh is sold there.

No person shall supply horse-flesh for human food to any purchaser who has asked to be supplied with some meat other than horse-flesh, or with some compound article of food which is not ordinarily made of horse-flesh.

Penalty.

Any person offending against this Act shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds, to be recovered in a summary manner.

NOTE. If horse-flesh is exposed apparently for sale in a public place, the onus of proving that it was not intended for human food shall rest upon the person so exposing it.

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CHAPTER V.

A. THE DAIRIES, COWSHEDS AND MILK-SHOPS ORDER, 1885. B. MODEL REGULATIONS OF THE L. G. B. AS TO DAIRIES, COWSHEDS AND MILK-SHOPS, 1889.

MILK is probably the most universal commodity of human food in the United Kingdom, because it finds its way daily, though often in an impoverished condition, into the homes of the richest and poorest alike, for the simple reason that there is no substitute for it. It has been explained that imitations have been found for butter and cheese in the shape of margarine and margarine-cheese respectively; but for milk, despite the great commercial inventiveness of to-day, there exists no lawful imitation. Hence it is that the above precautionary regulations have been passed to preserve its purity, by legislating not only for the sanitary and commodious abodes of its producers, the milch cows, but also for protecting it from infection or contamination from persons in close contact with the animals, or by the uncleanliness of the receptacles into which it is placed after being drawn, either for storing or selling purposes.