x. 10; and 1 Maccab. iii. 16: to the road up the Mount of Olives, 2 Sam. xv. 30: and to the approach to the city in which Samuel anointed Saul, 1 Sam. ix. 11,—“the hill to the city.”

The words in Judg. viii. 13, rendered "before the sun was up,”after the Vulgate ante solis ortum,-possibly refer to a rising ground called 'the ascent of the sun,' or 'of Heres' (see Gesenius s. v. p. 1030); De Wette von der Anhöhe Heres;' LXX, Tŷs πapatážews ’Apés,

§ 33.

MORAD, 7, a 'descent' or steep slope: from TT, to come down (the root from which Jordan-'the descender '-probably derives his name1), applied (1) to the declivity into the Jordan valley, down which the men of Ai chased the Israelites, Josh. vii. 5 (see p. 202), and тoû katapepoûs. (2) The descending path leading from Bethhoron the upper, to B. the nether. Josh. x. 10; 1 Mac. iii. 24; Karáßaσis. (3) A descent from Horonaim in Moab; opposed to the "ascent' of Luhith," Jer. xlviii. 5, ¿dós: in the parallel passage Isai. v. 5, the word used is "way."

In the above three cases, the word is rendered "going down." It occurs again in Micah i. 4-" steep place."

This is probably the word represented by karáßaris in Luke xix. 37— "the descent of the Mount of Olives."

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III. RIVERS AND STREAMS.

§ 34.

NAHAR,, a (perennial) 'river:' from, to flow; in contradistinction to Nachal (§ 38), an intermittent stream, or torrent.

I. This word is used in the following passages of the poetical books:

(1) for rivers generally, and for the sea:

Job xiv. 11; xx. 17; xxii. 16; xxviii. 11

"flood.'

Job xl. 23

"river."

Ps. xxiv. 2; xlvi. 4; lxxviii. 16; xciii. 3; xcviii. 8;
cv. 41; cvii. 33

"river."

Isai. xviii 2, 7; xxxiii. 21; xli. 18; xlii. 15; xliii, 2, 19, 20;

(2) for "a stream of fire," in Dan. vii. 10.

1 See § 37; and Chap. VII. pp. 282, 284, note.

"river."

II. The word also designates more especially the great rivers of Mesopotamia and Egypt, in the following; the rendering in the English version being in every case "river.'

Gen. ii. 10, 13, 14; xv. 18; Exod. vii. 19; viii. 5; 2 Kings v. 12; xvii. 6; xviii. 11; 1 Chron. v. 26; Ezra viii. 15, 21, 31, 36; Isai. vii. 20 (Euphr.); xviii. 1; xix. 5, 6; Jer. ii. 18 (Euphr.); xlvi. 7, 8; Ezek. i. 1, 3; iii. 15, 23; x. 15, 20, 22; xxxii. 2, 14; xliii. 3; Dan. x. 4; Zeph. iii. 10; Micah vi. 1, 12 (Euphr.); Zech. ix. 10 (Euphr.).

The word which the English translators, following the LXX, have rendered Mesopotamia, is, as may be seen in the margin of our Bibles, Aram nahar-aim, i.e., “Aram of the two rivers," as "Doo-ab" the two rivers, "Punj-ab" the five rivers, in India.

Gen. xxiv. 10; Deut. xxiii. 4; Jud. iii. 8; Ps. lx. title; 1 Chron. xix. 6.

The Jordan has its own special name (§ 37), and is never spoken of topographically by any other: but it appears to be intended in the following passages, which, however, may equally refer to the Red Sea :

Ps. lxvi. 6; lxxiv. 151; Hab. iii. 8, 9.

III. But the special and distinctive meaning of Nahar, when used with the article, ha-Nahar, is The Euphrates (Phrat), The River of the East; whether (1) with the addition of the name "the river E."-"the river, the river E."-" the great river, the river E.”—or, (2) simply "The River."

(1) Gen. ii. 14; xv. 18; Deut i. 7; xi. 24; Josh. i. 4; 2 Sam. viii. 3 ́; 2 Kings xxiii. 29; xxiv. 7; 1 Chron. v. 9; xviii. 3; Jer. xlvi. 2, 6, 10. (2) Gen. xxxi. 21; xxxvi. 37; Exod. xxiii. 31; Numb. xxii. 5; xxiv. 62; Josh. xxiv. 2, 3, 14, 15; 2 Sam. x. 16; 1 Kings iv. 21, 24; xiv. 15; 1 Chron. i. 48; xix. 16; 2 Chron. ix. 26; Neh. ii. 7, 9; iii. 7; Ps. lxxii. 8; lxxx. 11; Isai. viii. 7; xi. 15; xxvii. 12; xlviii. 18; lix. 19.

The words so often occurring in Ezra, "beyond the river," and "on this side the river," though without the article, refer to the Euphrates. Excepting the passages in Joshua, and those in Isai. lix. 193, and Ezek. xxxi. 15, the translation in the above passages is uniformly "river."

IV. Nahar is used in the plural, apparently to denote the canals or branches of the Euphrates, in

Ps. lxxxix. 25; cxxxvii. 1; Isai. xliv. 27; xlvii. 2; Ezek. xxxi. 4, 15;
Nah. i. 4; ii. 6.

"Mighty rivers." "Mighty" (w) Is the word rendered "rough" in Deut. xxi. 4, and "mighty" in Amos v. 24, and really meaning 'perennial.' See Nachal.

2 See Chap. VII. p. 299.

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The force of the figure in this passage is materially increased by reading 'the river' (i. e. Euphrates) for " flood." Compare Note (2) to § 35.

The following are the terms which, in the imagery of the East, are applied to the various parts of a river:

(a) JAD, T, 'a hand :' used for the 'side' of a river, as in the English ex-
pression, to the right hand of the stream.' Thus Numb. xiii. 29
("coast"); Deut. ii. 37; Jud. xi. 26.

(b) SAPHAH, p, 'a lip1:' the 'edge or brink' of a river, or of the sea: and
thus Gen. xxii. 17; xli. 3, 17; Exod. ii. 3; vij. 15; xiv. 30; Deut.
ii. 36; iv. 48; Josh. xi. 4; xii. 2; xiii. 9, 16; Jud. vii. 12, 22;
1 Sam. xiii. 5; 1 Kings iv. 29; ix. 26; 2 Kings ii. 13; 2 Chron.
Of the "molten sea
viii. 17; Ezek. xlvii. 6, 7, 12; Dan. xii. 5.
in Solomon's Temple, 1 Kings vii. 23, 26; 2 Chron. iv. 2.

(c) LASHON, i, a 'tongue' from, to lap or lick.

It is doubtful whether it is used for a bay or a promontory. The use of the corresponding Arabic word 'Lisan' for the Peninsula on the East side of the Dead Sea (De Sauley, Eng. Tr. i. 298), is in favour of the latter.

Used in Josh. xv. 2, 5; xviii. 19
and in Isai. xi. 15

"bay "
"tongue."

λοφιά.

(d) G'DOTH, лi, 'banks' of the Jordan, Josh. iii. 15; iv. 18; 1 Chron. xii. 15; and of the Euphrates, Isai. viii. 7.

(e) KATZEH,, 'the extreme edge or end of a thing' (1 Sam. xiv. 27), from, to cut off the end. Thus, amongst others—

Of a river, Josh. xv. 5; xviii. 19 ("end" and "uttermost part");

in this case the point of junction with the Dead Sea.

Of the water, Josh. iii. 8, 15.

Of a lake, Numb. xxxiv. 3; Josh. xv. 2.

Of a country, Gen. xlvii. 21; Exod. xiii. 20; Numb. xxxiii. 37.

Of a mountain, Exod. xix. 12; Josh. xviii. 16.

And of a town, Josh. xviii. 15; 1 Sam. xiv. 2.

66

It is of frequent occurrence, and is rendered in the A. V. "border,"
"outmost coast,"
frontier,"
"brim," "brink," 'edge," "end,"
"outside," "quarter," "shore," "side," " utmost part," &c.

(f) MAAVAR, P, and MA'BARAH, T, 'a pass; from 17, to go Hence the word is used for a ford; as the fords of Jordan, in

over.

"fords."
passages."

Also of Jabbok, Gen. xxxii. 22; and of Arnon, Isai. xvi. 2.

It is used to express a defile or pass between rocky hills at Michmash (see
Chap. IV. p. 204). 1 Sam. xiii. 23; xiv. 4; Isai. x. 29; Jer. li.
32.
LXX, ἡ διάβασις, and τῷ πέραν. In the passage from Isaiah
they read φάραγγα.

1 Saphah is also used for "language:" Gen. xi. 1, "the whole earth was of one 'lip.""

$35

IOR,,, and once, The Nile: an Egyptian word.

In Dan. xii. 5, 6, 7, it is applied to the river Ulai.

The plural, Iorim, D, is always used for the canals of the Nile: thus:

Exod. vii. 19; viii. 5; 2 Kings xix. 24; Job xxviii. 10 (divas notaμàr);
Ps. lxxviii. 44; Isai. vii. 18

Isai. xix. 6, 7, 8.

"rivers." "brooks."

xxxiii. 21, “strearus,” διώρυχες πλατεῖς καὶ εὐρύχωροι.
Xxxvii. 25 (ovvaywyǹv üdatos); Ezek. xxix.

3, 4, 5, 10; xxx. 12; Nah. iii. 8. "rivers."

It will be observed that most of the above passages refer obviously to Egypt. Thus in Job xxviii. 10, "He cutteth out 'Nile-canals' amongst the rocks," the allusion may be to the Cataracts. In Isai. xxxiii. 21, "there (i. e. Jerusalem) the glorious Lord will be to us a place of broad rivers and 'Nile-canals," "the whole figure is based on a transference of Egyptian splendour to Judæa. And in 2 Kings xix. 24; Isai. xxxvii. 25, and xix. 6, the word occurring in connection with Iorim, and rendered "besieged (marg. fenced) places," and "of defence," namely, matzor (§ 95), is treated by Gesenius, De Wette, and Fürst, as being a form of the word "mitzraim," and they render the passage accordingly, 'all the canals of Egypt.'

With the three exceptions noted above, the word used by the LXX is ποταμός.

The other name for the Nile is :

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§ 36.

SHICHOR,, The Black River:' from, to be black (Cant.

in the two former of which passages it may be the Wâdy-el-Arish, elsewhere called "the river of Egypt." (See Nachal, § 38.)

In Josh. xix. 26, it is used for the little stream of the Belus-ShihorLibnath- the Nile of glass,'-from the glass there made from the sand. LXX, καὶ τῷ Σιὼν καὶ Λαβανάθ.

It is remarkable that the renderings of the LXX should throw so little light on the use of these two words for the Egyptian river.

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$37.

JAR'DEN, 7772, or (except in two cases) uniformly with the article 177, "the descender:" the Jordan; LXX, & 'Iopdávns. The various derivations proposed for this name are discussed by Gesenius (p. 625), who decides in favour of that from T to descend. (See Chap. VII. p. 284.) The two exceptions to the use of the article are Ps. xlii. 6, and Job xl. 23. In the latter instance this may arise from the name being used either as a representative of any river, or in its original meaning, as simply a rapid river.'

$ 38.

NACHAL,, 'a torrent-bed,' or 'water-course;' from , to perforate (see Chap. I. p. 14). The word corresponds with the Arabic Wâdy, the Greek xeшáppous, and the Italian "fiumara," and signifies the hollow or valley of a mountain torrent, which, while in rainy seasons it may fill the whole width of the depression, in summer is reduced to a mere brook, or thread of water, and is often entirely dry, even for years together. (Such fugitive mountain-streams are graphically described in Job vi. 16, 17.)

Nachal, therefore, is sometimes used for the dry valley (Num. xxi. 12; Judg. xvi. 4; 1 Sam. xv. 5), and sometimes for the torrent which flows through the valley. The double application of the word is well seen in 1 Kings xvii. 3, where Elijah is commanded to "hide himself 'in' (not 'by') the 'wâdy' Cherith," and to "drink of the brook,"-Nachal being used in both cases. No English word is equivalent, but perhaps 'torrent-bed' most nearly expresses it.

The most decisive examples of its use in regard to streams capable of identification, are the Kedron, the Wâdy el-Arish, and the Kishon.

The following is a list of the places to which it is applied, with some examples of the various translations of the English Version, and of the LXX:

1. GERAR. (Probably the Wady Kibab, see p. 159.)

"The valley," Gen. xxvi. 17, èv tỷì pápayyi Tepápwv. It is probable, from the context, that this was

"The valley" in which Saul laid wait for Amalek, 1 Sam. xv. 5, év τῷ χειμάρρῳ.