2. ESHCOL (the cluster).

"The brook of," Numb. xiii. 23, ews papayyos BóTOVOS.

"The brook," Numb. xiii. 24.

"The valley of," Numb. xxxii. 9.

3. ZARED (the woody).

"The valley," Numb. xxi. 12, eis pápayya Zapéd.

"The brook Zered," Deut. ii. 13, tǹv pápayya Zapér. Possibly also "The brook of the willows," Isai. xv. 7, Thν p. "Apaßas (marg. "Valley of the Arabians,”) and

་

"The river of the Arabah,'" Amos vi. 14, TOû X. Tŵv dvoμŵv.

4. ARNON.

“ The brooks,” Numb. xxi. 14, τοὺς χειμάρρους ̓Αρνῶν.

"The river," Deut. ii. 24, rǹv pápayya ’A.

"The river of," Deut. iii. 8, and тoû xeiμáßßov ’A.

5. JABBOK.

"The brook," Gen. xxxii. 23, тòv Xeiμáßßovv.
“ The river,” Deut. ii. 37, χειμάρρου Ιαβόκ.

6. KANAH (the reedy).

"The river," Josh. xvi. 8, Vat. kπl xeλкavá, probably a contraction οι Ναχαλκανα. Alex. ἐπὶ χειμάρρου Κανά.

7. KISHON.

"The river," and "the river of," Jud. iv. 7; v. 21, xeiμáppovs

Κισῶν.

"The brook," 1 Kings xviii. 40, TOû X. Κισσῶν.

"The brook of," Ps. lxxxiii. 9, év tập X. Keioŵv. Probably also
"The river that is before Jokneam," Josh. xix. 11, тhy pápayya.

8. BESOR.

"The brook," 1 Sam. xxx. 9, TOû X. Boσop.

9. SOREK.

"The valley of" (marg. "or by the brook of"), Jud. xvi. 4, Vat. ἀλσωρηκ. Alex. ἐπὶ τοῦ χ. Σωρήκ.

10. KEDRON (black).

"The brook," 2 Sam. xv. 23, Tŵ X. TŵV Kédpwv and So also John xviii. 1 (Rec. Text)1.

"The brook," 1 Kings xvii. 3, èv tŷ X. Xoßßáo.

13. "THE RIVER OF GAD" (marg. "or valley"), 2 Sam. xxiv. 5, tŷs p. C2d.

14. WADY-EL-ARISH.

"The river of Egypt," Numb. xxxiv. 5, xeiμáppoús Alyúntoɩ.

"The river of Egypt," Josh. xv. 4, pápay§ A.

"The river of Egypt," 1 Kings viii. 65, worauós.

"The stream of Egypt," Isai. xxxvii. 12, 'Pivoкopoúpwv.

Epiphanius (Hær. 66, § 83) says that this place (Rhinocorura) was

In some of the later MSS. this has become Tŵv dévdpwv.

called "Neol," evidently "Nachal,' "the Wady." He argues from it that this was the spot where the sons of Noah cast lots (from "Nachalah," an inheritance), and founds upon it, as against the Manichæan story, that Shem and his descendants thus acquired the right to Palestine. See Michaelis, Laws of Moses, 29.

15. "Valley of Shittim" (acacias), Joel iii. 18, Tòv X. Tŵv σxoivwv. The above renderings are sufficiently various, but, in addition, Nachal is translated "the river," in Ps. xxxvi. 8-" the flood," Ps. lxxiv. 15—“ the streams," Ps. lxxviii. 20-"the valleys," Ps. civ. 10-"the brook," Ps. cx. 7. In Deut. iii. 16, it occurs as follows: "Unto the river Arnon, half the valley, and the border even unto the river Jabbok" (LXX, xeμáßßous in all three). The expression ('a land of torrents of waters') rendered in Deut. viii. 7, "a land of brooks of water," is in Deut. x. 7, " a land of rivers of waters" (LXX, xeiμáßßoi vdáтwv). So again, the words (a perennial torrent) are translated in Deut. xxi. 4, "a rough valley”—pápayya тpaxeîav —but in Amos v. 24, "a mighty stream," xe. &ßatos.

The LXX have once rendered the word vánal, Numb. xxvi. 6; and once, Job xx. 17, vouds, apparently reading, mm, pasture.

:

$39.

PELEG,, 'stream:' possibly from , to divide (see Gen. x. 25) like rivus but more probably from the idea of flowing, like flumen, fluctus, and therefore possibly from D, 'to well up,' which is also the root of Téλayos. In either case the word is always used for the flow of lesser rivulets; and thus distinguished on the one hand from the great river (Nahar), and on the other from the varying wâdy, or mountain-torrent (Nachal).

Used only in the poetical passages: as, for example,
Judges v. 15, 16, “ divisions,” μερίδες: διαιρέσεις.

(Probably the more

correct rendering of this obscure passage is, "in, or by, 'the streams' of Reuben great were the searchings of heart." See Chap. VIII. p. 326.)

Ps. i. 3, "rivers," ràs dietódous.

Ps. xlvi. 4, "streams," rà spunμатα.

Ps. lxv. 9, "the river of God" (of the dew), ỏ TOTAμds TOû CEOû.

Isai. xxx. 25, "rivers" (contrasted with Jooval), [üdwp] diañopevóμevov.

Job xx. 17, "rivers" (contrasted with Nachal), μeλživ voμádwv.

§ 40.

MICAL,,brook :' perhaps from 29, a little water. Only occurs in 2 Sam. xvii. 20; LXX, μíкpdv тoû üdaros. Vulg, festinanter.

§ 41.

TE'ALAH,, a conduit: from, to rise, the idea being of water raised for irrigation or other purposes: used in 1 Kings xviii. 32, 35, 38, for the "trench" made by Elijah round the altar of Jehovah: and specially to designate the canal or aqueduct by which the water was supplied to the reservoirs of Jerusalem, 2 Kings xviii. 17; xx. 20;

Isai. vii. 3; xxxvi. 2.

See also Job xxxviii. 25; and, referring to irri-
LXX, idpaywyós, but once púσis, and in 1 Kings

gation, Ezek. xxxi. 4.
xviii. Oάλaoσa, probably a corruption of aaλa, a literal transference of
the word.

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$42.

JOOVAL,, JAVAL, b, or OOVAL, 3, and b, flood stream,’ or 'full river: " from 2, to flow tumultuously.

Used in the poetical books only: as follows,

Isai. xxx. 25,"streams."

Isai. xliv. 4, "[water] courses," πaрappéov.

Jer. xvii. 8, "the river," ml ikμáda.

Dan. viii. 2, 3, 6, "the river" (of Ulai), ènì тoû Oùßáx.

§ 43.

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APHIK,, from E, to be strong, is used throughout the poetical parts of Scripture in the general sense of any rush of water. Amongst other places it occurs in Ps. xlii. 1; Job vi. 15 ("stream"); Cant. v. 12; Isai. viii. 7; Ezek. vi. 3; xxxi. 12; and Joel i. 20: being translated "stream," "channel," "brook,” and “river.”

Other words occurring in the Poetry of the Bible for streams or torrents are the following:

§§ 44, 45, 46.

ZEREM, Used both for a violent storm of rain, and for the "floods" (compare Matt. vii. 27) occasioned by it. Thus, amongst others, Job xxiv. 8, "showers; " Isai. xxv. 4, "storm;" xxviii. 2, "tempest and "flood;" Hab. iii. 10, "overflowing."

NAZAL, . Used with reference both to the sea-Exod. xv. 8, “floods," -and to fresh water, Ps. lxxviii. 16, "streams; " Prov. v. 15, "running waters."

SHIBBOLETH, лa. This is the word, the pronunciation of which was used to test the fugitive Ephraimites, in Judg. xii. 6. It occurs in reference to water, in Ps. lxix. 12, 15, "flood;" and with Nahar, in Isai. xxvii. 12, "channel."

§ 47.

ESHED, T, Plur. Ashdoth, ni, from Ty, to break forth: the bursting forth of the steams from the roots of the mountains, and hence used for the mountains themselves. The sense is fixed by the poetical

passage, Numb. xxi. 15, the 'pouring forth' of the 'torrents.' In Josh. x. 40; xii. 8, it is used in a general sense, but it is usually joined with Pisgah-" Ashdoth-pisgah "—viz. for the roots of the mountains east of the Jordan. See Deut. iii. 17; iv. 49; Josh. xii. 3; xiii. 20. 'Aondàl τὴν φασγά, and τὴν λαξευτήν.

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§ 48.

MABBOOL,, The Flood

from the same root as Jooval (§ 42); used (generally with the definite article) for the great Deluge. In Ps. xxix. 10, it may signify (1) the accumulation of waters in the sky; or (2) (as Gesenius) "Jehovah sate (in judgment) at the Deluge."

§ 49.

SHETEPH. The word "flood" has also been used in the A. V. for from, to overflow. It is not used definitely, and occurs only in the following passages from the poetical books: Job xxxviii. 25; Ps. xxxii. 6; Prov. xxvii. 4; Dan. ix. 26; xi. 22; Nah. i. 8.

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IV.-SPRINGS, WELLS, AND PITS.

$ 50.

AIN, 1, 'a spring:' properly, 'an eye :'2 the spring in an Eastern country being the eye of the landscape-and thus used for a natural burst of living water, as distinguished from Beer (§ 56), a Well, i. e. water arrived at by digging. (See the epithet of Damascus "the eye of the east," p. 410.) The word was common to all the Oriental tongues, and still continues in Arabic. En-gedi,-the spring of the kid, now AinJidy, on the western shore of the Dead Sea, is a good instance of the object intended.

The importance of distinguishing between this word and Beer is illustrated by Exod. xv. 27, in which the word Ainoth (translated by "Wells") is used for the springs of fresh water at Elim; although the rocky soil of that place excludes the supposition of dug wells. In the parallel passage, Numb. xxxiii. 9, the word is rendered-with equal inaccuracy to English ears- "fountains."

The names of a large number of towns and places in Palestine are

1 Benjamin of Tudela makes Ashdothpisgah to be the falls of the Jordan at its exit from the Lake of Gennesareth, and interprets the word to mear "the place

where the rapid rivers have their fall." (See Early Travellers, p. 88.)

Compare or (James iii. 11), from o

formed or compounded of Ain (En), as is natural from the importance of living springs in the East. These are as follow:

=

the spring. Numb. xxxiv. 11; one of the land-marks on the north-east border of Palestine. The Vulgate has contra fontem Daphnin; i.e., the spring of Jordan at Dan, which was called Daphne (Joseph. Ant. I, x. 1). But, if Mr. Porter's position of Riblah is correct, it will follow that Ain must be sought in the plain of Cole-Syria (El Bekâa), and if so, it is probably the great Spring which forms the source of the Orontes. (Porter's Damascus, ii. 335.) The rendering of the LXX is ènì anyás.

2. Ain, one of the southernmost cities of Judah and Simeon; Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; xxi. 16; 1 Chron. iv. 32. LXX, 'Epéμμшv. Possibly this is Enrimmon.

3. Enam, the two springs;' in the Shephelah, Josh. xv. 34. If the LXX rendering #pds τaîs núλais Alváv, of the words "in an open place" (see margin), in Gen. xxxviii. 14, 21, be correct, this spot is probably intended, Timnath being a Philistine city, also in the Shephelah. (Zunz: an den Eingang der Doppelquelle. De Wette ins Thor von Enaim.) Comp. Judg. xiii. 25, and xiv. 1, with Josh. xv. 33, 34.

4. En-dor, the 'spring of Dor;' Josh. xvii. 11; 1 Sam. xxviii. 7; Ps. lxxxiii. 10. LXX, 'Λένδωρ.

5. En-eglaim, the 'spring of the two calves,' on the shore of the Dead Sea; Ezek. xlvii. 10. LXX, 'Evayaλλeíμ.

6. En-gannim, 'the spring of gardens ;' a town in the Shephelah; Josh. xv. 34. 7. En-gannim, a Gershonite town in Issachar; Josh. xix. 21; xxi. 29. LXX, paμμáτw. The modern Jenin, see Chap. IX. p. 349, note.

8. En-gedi, 'spring of the kid;' Josh. xv. 62; 1 Sam. 23, 29; xxiv. 1; 2 Chron. xx. 2; Ezek. xlvii. 10; Cant. i. 14; Eccles. xxiv. 14 (Engaddi). LXX, ̓Αγκάδης, Ινγαδείν, Εγγαδδι, ἐν αἰγιαλοῖς. See Chap. VII. p. 295.

9. En-haddah, the 'strong spring;' Josh. xix. 21. LXX, Aiμapék.

10. En-hak-Kore, the spring of the crier;' #nyh тoû Émikaλovμévov. Judg. xv. 19.

11. En-hazor (Chatzor); Josh. xix. 37. LXX, anyǹ 'Aσop.

12. En-mishpat, spring of judgment;' "which is Kadesh." Gen. xiv. 7. LXX, πηγὴ τῆς κρίσεως.

13. En-rimmon, 'spring of pomegranates;' Neh. xi. 29; unless this is formed by a combination of the names of two separate places, Ain and Rimmon (see Josh. xv. 32; xix. 7; 1 Chr. iv. 32).

14. En-rogel, spring of the foot;' possibly from fullers treading it with their feet (Targum); possibly from its waters being drawn up by a machine worked with the foot (Deut. xi. 10). Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 16; 2 Sam. xvii. 17· 1 Kings i. 9. LXX, anyà 'Pwynλ. This is generally identified with Bir-ayoub, and if correctly so, is an instance of Beer and Ain used indiscriminately; but there is a spring near, which may be En-rogel. (De Saulcy, ii. 306.)

15. En-shemesh, spring of the sun;' Josh. xv. 7; xviii. 17. LXX, ý anyǹ toû Híov-T. Bailoauvs. Vulg., ad En-semes, id est, Fontem Solis.

16. En-tappuah, 'spring of apple-trees'-near the town of that name; Josh. xvii. 7.