marriages only should be printed. Many people are born who do not contract matrimony, and we want the whole evidence that the documents give us, not merely bits, however deftly the selection may be manipulated. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon all people that genealogy is a science pursued for intelligent ends, not for the sake of furnishing" county people" with a pedigree, and thus ministering to a very vulgar sort of family pride. The births and deaths of the poor are as interesting as those of the rich.

If the gentle poet who wrote

Vulgarity and the masses,

God save us from the upper classes.

The meanest souls have ne'er drawn wages,
But flaunt them in their equipages,

was right, the "dreary list of persons ignoti cognominis" which your correspondent speaks of may contain names more valuable to future ages than those of the squires, merchants, and men who keep big shops recorded in the same volume. I have gone through nearly every parish register that has been as yet published, and never found any one of the entries dull or uninteresting.

Bottesford Manor, Brigg.

EDWARD PEACOCK.

ARMS IN ABBOTSBURY CHURCH (7th S. vi. 388). -Is MR. GILDERSOME-DICKINSON quite correct in describing the dexter impalement of the coat of arms appearing on the pulpit in Abbotsbury Church as, Per pale argent and sable, an heraldic tiger passant or? In the last edition of Hutchins's 'History of Dorset,' vol. ii. p. 728, that coat is said to be "Per pale argent and azure, a griffin passant counterchanged," with a file (i. e., a label) of three points, as a mark of cadency, no doubt. If Hutchins be correct (and this, at all events, would be sound heraldry) the arms might point to the family of Egioke, though I can trace no connexion between it and Abbotsbury. MR. DICKINSON ascribes the sinister coat to the family of Denham. But did not the Surrey branch (to which he alludes) bear three fusils, not three lozenges, as in the present case, the tinctures being the same? Such, it is said, were the arms borne by Denham, the poet. Hutchins, as MR. DICKINSON may be aware, affords no help in either case. I can afford none in the latter one with the tinctures as they are. J. S. UDAL.

Inner Temple.

NOTE IN ROGERS'S ITALY' (7th S. vi. 267, 352, 409). The quotation sent by R. E. N. as "derived from ancient MSS. relating to Durham Abbey by Hutchinson about a century ago," is from the well-known 'Rites of Durham,' first edited by Davies, of Kidwelly (curtailed and modernized), in 1672; re-edited by Dr. Hunter in 1733; reissued with new title in 1743; re-edited by Sanderson in 1767; and finally issued, in a critical edition, with various readings of MSS., &c., by the Surtees

KINSMEN (7th S. v. 328, 397; vi. 75, 314).— With regard to the use of "nephew" in its early sense, I have just met with two or three examples as late as 1777 from no less a pen than the great lexicographer himself. They appear in Boswell's 'Life of Johnson' (1 vol. Centenary Edition), at p. 292. Writing on July 9 of the year named to Dr. Vyse, at Lambeth, entreating him to use his influence with the archbishop in behalf of an old friend, Dr. Johnson says :—

"His name is De Groot......He has likewise another

claim, to which no scholar can refuse attention; he is by several descents the nephew of Hugo Grotius [d. 1645]. ......Let it not be said that in any lettered country a nephew of Grotius asked a charity and was refused." On July 22 a further letter to the same gentleman concludes, "You will want no persuasion to succour the nephew of Grotius." In a foot-note at the following page Malone quotes from a letter of Dr. Vyse:

"De Groot was clearly a descendant of the family of Grotius [or De Groot], and Archbishop Cornwallis willingly complied with Dr. Johnson's request." This was to admit "poor" De Groot as a gentleman pensioner into the Charterhouse.

Bishopwearmouth.

R. E. N.

In Freund's 'Latin Dictionary,' edited by Andrews, the word nepos (derived from ne and potis, as infans from in and fans) denotes always in classical Latin a "grandson," i. e., the son of one's 66 transferred " son or daughter. It is only in a sense, adds Dr. Freund, that in the post- Augustan era the word was applied to what we mean by a "nephew." E. WALFORD, M.A. 7, Hyde Park Mansions, N.W.

DICEY (7th S. vi. 328, 412).—The name of Dicey was very familiar to me about 1820, as that of printers of cheap children's books, battledores, &c. I think their headquarters were at Northampton, and they had a warehouse in Bow Lane or in Bow Churchyard.

G. S.

SIR SIMON CONNOCK (7th S. vi. 407).-Timon Connock was a general in the Spanish service and an aide-de-camp to Philip V., 1720. His son, Sir Joseph Connock, was created Marquis of Albiville, and derived from his mother the title of Count Albi of the Holy Roman empire. During the commotions in Spain in 1820 a Don Joseph

Connock, the representative of the above persons, was frequently mentioned. If JERMYN will refer to Additional MSS. 21896, ff. 1, 3, and 11, in the British Museum, he will there find three letters to Timothy Connock at Madrid from William Connock. In these letters, which are dated St. Germain's en Lay, 1726, 1727, is mention of my cousins Barker and Browne. It seems probable that T. Connock married W. Connock's daughter, and had issue three children, who were living in 1727. Is it not possible that Timon Connock and Sir Simon Connock are the same person, and that the name has been misread either in the one case or the other? GEORGE C. BOASE.

36, James Street, Buckingham Gate, S.W.

consider that it is prudent to propitiate it by sacrifice before its emblem, the peacock, though they also believe in the final triumph of the good principle. E. LEATON BLENKINSOPP.

THE NONJURORS (7th S. vi. 364).—It is very likely that the notes in MR. WARREN'S 'Life of Kettlewell' may be in Dr. Rawlinson's handwriting. We know from the 'Reliquiæ Hearniana' that he was engaged at that date in collecting materials for a history of the nonjurors. Under date August 12, 1734, Hearne writes :

I was introduced to the word "tweenie" a few years back, when taking a "locum tenency" near Penzance. Being in want of a girl to ease both the cook and the housemaid, my wife made her requirements known to some neighbour, who replied, Ob, yes; I see. You want a tweenie." Without any very recondite philological research the word explained itself to my mind at once as meaning one who was neither one thing nor another, but between the two. EDMUND VENABLES.

CAWSEY, OF GREAT TORRINGTON, Devon (7th S. v. 168; vi. 278).—My thanks to MR. PINK for his interesting notes on the Cawsey family. Can MR. PINK furnish me with the Christian names of any Cawseys at Alscott Barton or at Little Torrington, from whom I can make further inquiries about the older generations of the family? Littleham Court is mentioned in Jane Cawsey's marriage settlement (as an unexpired leasehold) about the year 1717, and was held for a time, at least, by her father, Giles Cawsey. Who is the Chichester, of Hall, mentioned?

The Political Agency, Bikanir.

WILFRID WEBB.

AUTHOR OF POEM WANTED (7th S. vi. 408).— This poem, as a recitation, will be found in American Readings,' part i., published by S. French, 89, Strand. FREDK. RULE.

PERSIAN PEACOCK (7th S. vi. 408).-This has belonged to the Yezidees, a remnant of the old Persian religion, which acknowledged the two principles of Good and Evil as two antagonistic powers. They chose the peacock as the representative of the evil principle, Ahriman, pride. Believing that the evil principle is the strongest in this world, they

A short time since I purchased three original letters written by Thomas Baker, the Cambridge antiquary, to Dr. Rawlinson, giving information from the registers of that university about a number of the nonjuring clergy. These letters are dated respectively Jan. 22 (1732 added in Rawlinson's hand), Feb. 2 (endorsed by Rawlinson "Recd 3 Febr., 1731/2"), and June 20 (no year). The last sentence of this letter may be worth quoting :—

I am sorry to hear you have met with enemies, and yet it is better to be envy'd than be pity'd, and that I take to be your case, and with that you may comfort yourself. I have no opinion of the Dr. you mention, and have treated him with so much coldness of late that I believe he thinks me his enemy. I am Worthy Sr Your most Ob: Humble Serv1,

THO: BAKER.

MEDICEAN STARS (7th S. vi. 369).—If DR. COBHAM BREWER will consult almost any astronomical book (for instance, 'Celestial Motions,' by his humble servant, fifth edition, p. 26), he will find that this name was given by Galileo to Jupiter's satellites, but it has never come into general use. W. T. LYNN. Blackheath,

The satellites of Jupiter were called Medicean Stars by Galileo, who dedicates his celebrated work "The Sidereal Messenger' to Cosmo de Medici the second, fourth Duke of Tuscany, in the preface to which work he says:—

"And so, inasmuch as under your patronage, most serene Cosmo, I have discovered these stars which were unknown to all astronomers before me, I have, with very good right, determined to designate them with the most august name of your family. And as I was the first to them a name, and call them the 'Medicean Stars,' hoping investigate them, who can rightly blame me if I give that as much consideration may accrue to these stars

from this title as other stars have brought to other heroes?" C. LEESON PRINCE.

Miscellaneous.

NOTES ON BOOKS, &o.

Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail, with Especial Reference to the Hypothesis of its Celtic Origin. By Alfred Nutt. (Nutt.) THIS is a work of sound scholarship. Whether we accept or deny the author's conclusions, it is impossible for any reader who is acquainted with even the outline of the subject not to feel grateful for the labour spent in endeavouring to clear up some of the difficult questions which surround the wonderful fable of the "holy grail." On a question so beset with difficulties it would be extremely rash for us to give a dogmatic decision. So far as we have evidence to go on, it would seem probable that we owe to the Celtic intellect this beautiful fable in its earlier forms.

How much we have lost from the destruction of Celtic manuscripts we shall never know. Wales and Brittany, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands have once possessed rich stores of books in their national speech. The printing-press did not intervene in time. Chronicle, fable, and pious legend have perished, or only survive in isolated fragments, just enough to show how rich was once the literature they represent. The pity is the greater, as the Celtic imagination was generically different from that of the Latin and the Teutonic races. If we said it was of a higher type we might raise around us a host of fervid controversialists, eager to do battle for their respective races. We may, perhaps, be safe if we limit ourselves to affirming that from what remains we are justified in assuming that it was of a highly spiritual cast. Blending, as it did, things heathen with Christian teaching, the former became in its hands a thing of beauty such as we do not find elsewhere. Mr. Nutt, who certainly does not take a high view of the moral feeling of the Middle Ages, admits that "the conception of Arthur's court laying aside ordinary cares and joys, given wholly up to one over-mastering spiritual aim, is a noble one." We are not entirely at one with him in his estimate of the position held by woman in Celtic fable. There is, however, much to be said for his point of view. Even were it entirely correct, it would not prove that the Christian moral ideal was depraved. If any student a thousand years hence were to endeavour to reconstruct the moral feelings of the present from a diligent study of certain popular novels and poems, he would arrive at conclusions regarding us neither flattering nor correct.

We are glad to find that Mr. Nutt estimates highly the 'Parzival' of Wolfram von Eschenbach. It is, he tells us, "the most interesting individual work of modern European literature prior to the Divina Commedia."" This is high, but, we believe, not undeserved praise.

The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. N.S., Vol. XX. Part II. (Trübner.)

In this part, for April of the current year, Prof. Rhys Davids, the Hibbert Lecturer on Buddhism, comes before us as editor, in succession to Sir Frederic Goldsmid. The contents of the part are diversified by the introduction of the score of a collection of Andamanese music, to illustrate a paper on that subject by Mr. M. V. Portman, who shows in his text how very much the original ideas entertained of the Andamanese place in the scale of humanity have required modification on closer acquaint

ance. This is an interesting point, which has not been missed by anthropologists, Mr. E. H. Man's exhaustive researches into the intellectual and racial characteristics of the Andaman islanders having been published through the Anthropological Institute. Buddhist architecture in India is represented by an interesting account, edited by Mr. John Capper, of his son the late Mr. George Capper's survey of the Dagobas of Anuradhpura, with their wonderful elephant bands and sculptured processions, and lions carved in the Greek style. To M. De Harlez, a well-known Dutch Sinologue, the Society is preface to the book of the essential principles of the celebrated philosopher Tchou-hi, the Tsieh - YaoTchuen, a work hitherto, M. De Harlez tells us, scarcely known to Western scholars, but well deserving their attention. It is strongly anti-Buddhistic in its tone, where it deals with features of the doctrine or practice of the "system of contemplation," and even ascribes the attraction towards Buddhism of many of the Literate class to their failure as men of letters-a sort of Chinese "stickit ministers," in fact. Under the rather too general heading 'Notes of the Quarter' we have to look for the reports of the Society's meetings, which seems somewhat disparaging to the Society. The reports themselves, however, well deserve to be read, and that carefully, for they contain, inter alia, in the April number, a very interesting discussion on Jainism and the modern Jains, initiated by Sir Monier Williams, and marked by the valuable feature of the personal testimony of a Jain, which Sir Monier and the Society may both be congratulated upon having thus elicited. We observe that the notes on foreign Oriental periodicals only include the Zeitschrift of the German Oriental Society, and the Journal Asiatique. But surely the Italian Asiatic Society has published some Proceedings, of which it would be worth while to inform English students of Oriental subjects.

indebted for a French translation of extracts from the

THE 'Protest against Over-Examination,' which appeared in a recent number of the Nineteenth Century, is answered in the present number by Prof. Knight, Mr. Harold Arthur Perry, and Mr. H. Temple Humphrey. Lady Blake gives a striking account of the 'Beothuks of Newfoundland.' Dr. Lloyd Tuckey writes what is practically a defence of Faith-Healing as a Medical Treatment.' 'An Autumn Visit to Japan,' by Lord Eustace Cecil, depicts the improvement and progress that are visible in that country.-A thoroughly excellent number of the Fortnightly includes a 'Story of the Lighthouses,' by Prof. Tyndall; 'The Church Missionary Society,' by Mr. Eugene Stock and Canon Taylor; A Patriarch's Thoughts about French Women,' by M. Jules Simon; and an essay on Style,' by Mr. Walter Pater. M. Simon's thoughtful and interesting contribution deserves special commendation.-The English Illustrated for Christmas has an excellent paper on Surrey Farmhouses' and very numerous illustrations of high merit. It is a double number.-Mr. Henry James sends to the Century an essay upon London,' which, after the hysterical outcry against the ugliness of the capital we have lately heard, comes as a bracing tonic to our self-esteem. It is an admirably appreciative and delightful description of the feelings of an intelligent American first brought under the influence of London, and has some excellent illustrations by Mr. Joseph Pennell. From Sinai to Shechem' and 'A White Umbrella in Mexico' are valuable contributions; and Life on the Great Siberian Road' has extreme interest.

The Multiplication of Books,' by Mr. Innes Shand, arrests attention in Murray's. Mr. H. H. Romilly's 'Sorcery and Superstition in New Guinea' is a valuable contribution to folk-lore and mythology. Part VI. of Mr. Wakefield's ' Foundation-Stones of English Music'