An Elipsis

is also used, when some letters in a word, or some words in a verse, are omitted: as, "The k-g," for "the king."

An Obelisk, which is marked thus †, and Parallels thus |, together with the letters of the Alphabet, and figures, are used as references to the margin, or bottom of the page.

PARAGRAPHS.

Ir may not be improper to insert in this place, a few general directions respecting the division of a composition into paragraphs.

Different subjects, unless they are very short, or very numerous in small compass, should be separated into paragraphs.

When one subject is continued to a considerable length, the larger divisions of it should be put into paragraphs. And it will have a good effect to form the breaks, when it can properly be done, at sentiments of the most weight, or that call for peculiar attention.

The facts, premises, and conclusions, of a subject, sometimes naturally point out the separations into paragraphs: and each of these, when of great length, will again require subdivisions at the most distinctive parts.

In cases which require a connected subject to be formed into several paragraphs, a suitable turn of expression, exhibiting the connexion of the broken parts, will give beauty and force to the division.

DIRECTIONS RESPECTING THE USE OF CAPITAL

LETTERS.

It was formerly the custom to begin every noun with a capital: but as this practice was troublesome, and gave the writing or printing a crowded and confused appearance, it has been discontinued. It is, however, very proper to begin with a capital,

1. The first word of every book, chapter, letter note, or any other piece of writing.

2. The first word after a period; and, if the two senten

ces are totally independent, after a note of interrogation or exclamation.

But if a number of interrogative or exclamatory sentences, are thrown into one general group; or if the construction of the latter sentences depends on the former, all of them, except the first, may begin with a small letter: as, "How long, ye simple ones, will ye love simplicity? and the scorners delight in their scorning? and fools hate knowledge ?" "Alas! how different! yet how like the same !"

3. The appellations of the Deity: as, "God, Jehovah, the Almighty, the Supreme Being, the Lord, Providence, the Messiah, the Holy Spirit."

4. Proper names of persons, places, streets, mountains, rivers, ships: as, "George, York, the Strand, the Alps, the Thames, the Seahorse."

5. Adjectives derived from proper names of places: as, "Grecian, Roman, English, French, and Italian."

6. The first word of a quotation, introduced after a colon, or when it is in a direct form: as, "Always remember this ancient maxim: Know thyself."" "Our great Lawgiver says, Take up thy cross daily, and follow me.' But when a quotation is brought in obliquely after a comma, a capital is unnecessary: as, "Solomon observes, 'that pride goes before destruction.' ”

The first word of an example may also very properly begin with a capital: as, "Temptation proves our virtue." 7. Every substantive and principal word in the titles of books: as, "Johnson's Dictionary of the English Lan"Thomson's Seasons ;" "Rollin's Ancient

guage; History."

8. The first word of every line in poetry.

9. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, are written in capitals: as, "I write :" "Hear, Ŏ earth !"

Other words, besides the preceding, may begin with capitals, when they are remarkably emphatical, or the principal subject of the composition.

APPENDIX :

CONTAINING RULES AND OBSERVATIONS FOR ASSISTING YOUNG PERSONS ΤΟ WRITE WITH PERSPICUITT AND ACCURACY. TO BE STUDIED AFTER THEY HAVE AC QUIRED A COMPETENT KNOWLEDGE OF ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PERSPICUITY

IS the fundamental quality of style: a quality so essentialin every kind of writing, that for the want of it nothing can atone. It is not to be considered as merely a sort of nega tive virtue, or freedom from defect. It has higher merit: it is a degree of positive beauty. We are pleased with an author, and consider him as deserving praise, who frees us from all fatigue of searching for his meaning; who carries us through his subject without any embarrassment or confusion; whose style flows aways like a limpid stream, through which we see to the very bottom.

The study of perspicuity and accuracy of expression consists of two parts: and requires attention, first, to Single Words and Phrases; and then, to the Construction of Sentences.

PART I.

Of PERSPICUITY and AccURACY of EXPRESSION, with respect to single Words and Phrases.

THESE qualities of style, considered with regard to words and phrases, require the following properties: PURITY, PROPRIETY, and PRECISION.

CHAPTER 1.

Of PURITY.

PURITY of style consists in the use of such words, and such constructions, as belong to the idiom of the language

which we speak; in opposition to words and phrases that are taken from other languages, or that are ungrammatical, obsolete, new-coined, or used without proper authority. All such words and phrases as the following, should be avoided: Quoth he; I wist not; erewhile; behist; selfsame; delicatesse, for delicacy; politesse, for politeness; hauteur, for haughtiness; incumberment, connexity, martyrised, for encumbrance, connexion, martyred.

The introduction of foreign and learned words, unless where necessity requires them, should never be admitted into our composition. Barren languages may need such assistance, but ours is not one of these. A multitude of Latin words, in particular, have, of late, been poured in upon our language. On some occasions, they give an ap pearance of elevation and dignity to style; but they, often render it stiff and apparently forced. In general, a plain, native style, is not only more intelligible to all readers, but by a proper management of words, it can be made equally strong and expressive with this Latinised English, or any foreign idioms.

CHAPTER II.

Of PROPRIETY.

PROPRIETY of language is the selection of such words as the best usage has appropriated to those ideas, which we intend to express by them; in opposition to low expessions, and to words and phrases which would be less significant of the ideas that we mean to convey. Style may be pure, that is, it may be strictly English, without Scotticisms or Gallicisms, or ungrammatical, irregular expressions of any kind, and may, nevertheless, be deficient in propriety: for the words may be ill chosen, not adapted to the subject, nor fully expressive of the author's sense.

To preserve propriety, therefore, in our words and phrases, we must avoid low expressions; supply words that are wanting; be careful not to use the same word in different senses; avoid the injudicious use of technical phrases,

equivocal or ambiguous words, unintelligible expessions, and all such words and phrases as are not adapted to our meaning.

1. Avoid low expressions; such as, "Topsy turvy, hurly burly, pellmell; having a month's mind for a thing; currying favour with a person; dancing attendance on the great," &c.

"Meantime the Britons, left to shift for themselves, were forced to call in the Saxons for their defence." The phrase, "left to shift for themselves,” is rather a low phrase, and too much in the familiar style to be proper in a grave treatise.

2. Supply words that are wanting. "Arbitrary power I look upon as a greater evil than anarchy itself, as much as a savage is a happier state of life than a slave at the oar :" it should have been," as much as the state of a savage is happier than that of a slave at the oar." "He has not treated this subject liberally, by the views of others as well as his own;"" By adverting to the views of others," would have been better. "This generous action greatly increased this former services;" it should have been, "greatly increased the merit of his former services." "By the pleasures of the imagination or fancy (which I shall use promiscuously) I here mean," &c. This passage ought to have had the word "terms" supplied, which, would have made it correct: "terms which I shall use promiscuously." may be proper in this place to observe, that articles and prepositions are sometimes improperly omitted; as in the following instances: "How immense the difference between the pious and profane !" "Death is the common lot of all; of good men and bad." They should have had the article and preposition repeated: "How immense the difference between the pious and the profane!" "Death is the common lot of all; of good men and of bad."

It

The repetition of articles and prepositions is proper, when we intend to point out the objects of which we speak, as distinguished from each other, or in contrast ; and when we wish that the reader's attention should rest on that dis

tinction: as, "Our sight is at once the most delightful,

and the most useful of all our senses."