THE

ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA

A

DICTIONARY

OF

ARTS, SCIENCES, LITERATURE AND GENERAL

INFORMATION

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME IX

EDWARDES to EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION

NEW YORK

THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA COMPANY

1910

INITIALS USED IN VOLUME IX. TO IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL

CONTRIBUTORS, WITH THE HEADINGS OF THE

ARTICLES IN THIS VOLUME SO SIGNED.

A. A. T.

A. Ca.

A. C. McG.

A. E. G.*

ARTHUR AUGUSTUS TILLEY, M.A.

Fellow and Lecturer in Modern Languages, King's College, Cambridge. Author of Estienne.
The Literature of the French Renaissance; &c.

ARTHUR CAYLEY, LL.D., F.R.S.

See the biographical article: CAYLEY, Arthur.

ARTHUR CUSHMAN MCGIFFERT, M.A., PH.D., D.D.

Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Author of

{Equation.

History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age; &c. Editor of the Historia Ecclesia of Eusebius: of Caesarea.
Eusebius.

REV. ALFRED ERNEST GARVIE, M.A., D.D.

Principal of New College, Hampstead. Member of the Board of Theology and.
the Board of Philosophy, London University. Author of Studies in the Inner Life
of Jesus; &c.

A. E. H.

A. E. HOUGHTON.

Eschatology.

Formerly Correspondent of the Standard in Spain. Author of Restoration of the Espartero.
Bourbons in Spain.

A. E. H. L. AUGUSTUS EDWARD HOUGH LOVE, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S.

Elasticity.

་་

Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Oxford. Hon..
Fellow of Queen's College. Formerly Fellow of St John's College, Cambridge.
Secretary of the London Mathematical Society.

A. HI.

ARTHUR HASSALL, M.A.

A. H. G.

Enamel.

Embroidery (in part).

Elizabeth, Queen;
Emser; Englefield;
English History (VII. and
XIII.).

{Erastus.

Student and Tutor of Christ Church, Oxford. Author of A Handbook of European Europe: History (in part).
History: The Balance of Power;. &c. Editor of the 3rd edition of T. H. Dyer's

History of Modern Europe.

ALAN HENDERSON GARDINER, M.A.

Joint Editor of the New Hieroglyphic Dictionary, Berlin. Formerly Worcester Egypt: Ancient Religion.
Reader in Egyptology, University of Oxford.

A. Mw."

Professor of New Testament and Church History at the United Independent Epistle (in part).
College, Bradford. Sometime Registrar of Madras University and Member of
Mysore Educational Service.

ALLEN MAWER, M.A.

Professor of English Language and Literature, Armstrong College, Newcastle-on-
Tyne. Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Formerly Lecturer in
English at the University of Sheffield.

A complete list, showing all individual contributors, appears in the final volume.

England (V.).

A. McM.

ALEXANDER MACMORRAN, K.C., M.A.

{

Bencher of the Middle Temple. Author of works on the Local Government Act England: X. (in part). 1888; Local Government Act 1894; London Government Act 1899; &c.

AGNES MURIEL CLAY (MRS WILDE).

Encke.

A. N.

A. Se.

A. S. C.

A. W. H.*

A. W. R.

C. B.

C. EL.

C. E. N. R.

C. F. B.

C. H. Ha.

C. W. C. O.

C. W. W.

-D. G. H.

Formerly Resident Tutor of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford. Joint Author of Sources Eupatridae.
of Roman History, 133-70 B,C.

ALFRED NEWTON, F.R.S.

See the biographical article: NEWTON, Alfred.

ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.

Elder;

Emeu.

Professor of Zoology at the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London. Embryology.
Fellow, and formerly Tutor, of Trinity College, Cambridge. Professor of Zoology

in the University of Cambridge, 1907-1909.

ALAN SUMMERLY COLE, C.B.

Assistant Secretary for Art, Board of Education, 1900-1908. Author of Ancient Embroidery (in part).
Needle Point and Pillow Lace; Embroidery and Lace; Ornament in European
Silks; &c.

ARTHUR WILLIAM HOLLAND.

Formerly Scholar of St John's College, Oxford. Bacon Scholar of Gray's Inn, 1900.
ALEXANDER WOOD RENTON, M.A., LL.B.

Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Ceylon. Editor of Encyclopaedia of the Laws
of England.

REV. CHARLES BOUTELL, M.A. (1812-1877).

Author of English Heraldry; A Manual of British Archaeology; &c.
SIR CHARLES NORTON EDGCUMBE ELIOT, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., D.C.L.
Vice-Chancellor of Sheffield University. H.M.'s 'Commissioner and Commander-in-
Chief for the British East Africa Protectorate; Agent and Consul-General at
Zanzibar; Consul-General for German East Africa, 1900-1904. Formerly Fellow
of Trinity College, Oxford. Author of Turkey in Europe; Letters from the Far
East; &c.

CHARLES EDMUND NEWTON ROBINSON, M.A.

Einhard.

Ejectment;
Emblements;
Eminent Domain.

Effigies (in part).

Ephthalites;
Esthonia (in part).

Trinity College, Cambridge. Barrister-at-Law, Inner Temple. Founder of the Epee de Combat.
Épée Club, London. Author of The Golden Hind; &c.

CHARLES FRANCIS BASTABLE, M.A., LL.D.

Regius Professor of Laws and Professor of Political Economy in the University of English Finance.l
Dublin. Author of Public Finance; Commerce of Nations; Theory of International
Trade.

CARLTON HUNTLEY HAYES, A.M., PH.D.

Assistant Professor of History in Columbia University, New York City. Member Eugenius III. and IV.
of the American Historical Association.

CHARLES WILLIAM CHADWICK OMAN, M.A., F.S.A.

Chichele Professor of Modern History, Oxford University. Fellow of All Souls'
College. Fellow of the British Academy. Corresponding Member of the Madrid
Academia de la Historia. Author of The Art of War in the Middle Ages; The Great
Revolt of 1381; Warwick the King-maker; &c.

SIR CHARLES WILLIAM WILSON, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., F.R.S. (1836-1907).
Major-General, Royal Engineers. Secretary to the North American Boundary
Commission, 1858-1862. British Commissioner on the Servian Boundary Commis-
sion. Director-General of the Ordnance Survey, 1886-1894. Director-General. of
Military Education, 1895-1898. Author of From Korti to Khartoum; Life of Lord
Clive; &c.

DAVID GEORGE HOGARTH, M.A.

Y 2.A

1.A

A

Hydrographer, Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the United English Channel (in part). '
Kingdom, Plymouth.

SIR DONALD MACKENZIE WALLACE, K.C.I.E., K.C.V.O.
Extra Groom of the Bedchamber to H.M. King George V. Director of the Foreign
Department of The Times, 1891-1899. Member of Institut de Droit International
and Officer de l'Instruction Publique of France. Joint Editor of New Volumes
(roth ed.) of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. Author of Russia; Egypt and the
Egyptian Question; The Web of Empire; &c.

DAVID SAMUEL MARGOLIOUTH, M.A., D.LITT.

Laudian Professor of Arabic, Oxford. Fellow of New College. Author of Arabic
Papyri of the Bodleian Library; Mohammed and the Rise of Islam; Cairo, Jerusalem
and Damascus.

Egypt: Modern History

(in part);

Europe: History (in part)...

Egypt: History (Mahommedan
Period);
Ethiopia.