414 is neavy, poor clay; but the rich alluvial soil of the Thames Valley | farm for £300, with power to elect a sheriff from among their is specially suitable for market gardens. On the outskirts of London number, and by charter from John the shrievalty of both much land now built over was formerly devoted to market gardening. London and Middlesex was granted to the mayor and citizens in fee. By charter of 1242 the, common pleas for the county The number of livestock decreases; in fact, agriculture as a whole has slowly to give place to extension of building. Industries are The county is naturally, in view of the of Middlesex were ordered to be held at the stone cross in the extensive and varied. proximity of London, closely intersected with railways, the following Strand. Under a charter of 1447 the lord mayor was authorized to nominate one of the city aldermen as justice of the peace for companies, from east to west and south, affording communications: Great Eastern, Great Northern, Midland, London & NorthWestern, Metropolitan, Great Central, Metropolitan District, Middlesex. The six modern hundreds of Edmonton, Elthorne, Great Western, London & South-Western. Moreover, in some parts Gore, Isleworth, Ossulston, and Spelthorne have been scarcely the tramway system has been extended over a wide area from changed since the Domesday Survey, except that Isleworth was London; thus Uxbridge, in the extreme west of the county, is so a hundred of "Mimes" is mentioned, corresponding with the served. The principal canals are the Grand Junction, running then Honeslaw (Hounslow), while in the 12th century hidage west from Brentford to the Colne Valley, and thence northward; with a branch (the Paddington Canal) connecting it with the Domesday hundred of Edmonton. Middlesex has always been included in the diocese of London. The archdeaconry of MiddleRegent's Canal in London; and, in the east, the Lea navigation. sex, which includes part of Essex, is mentioned in 1151, but the Population and Administration.-The area of the ancient county is 181,320 acres, with a population in 1871 of 2,539,765: in 1891 of 3.251,671; and in 1901 of 3.585.323. At the time of the Domesday Middlesex portion was not subdivided into rural deaneries until Survey the population of Middlesex, exclusive of London, was 2302. 1857, when the deaneries of Fulham, Ealing, Uxbridge, Staines, The extra-metropolitan area is 149,668 acres, with a population in Hampton, Enfield, Harrow and St Pancras were created. The deaneries of Chelsea, Hammersmith, Hampstead, Hornsey, Ken1901 of 798,738. The part of the ancient county transferred to the county of London under the Local Government Act 1888 was 31,484 acres in extent, and 771 acres were then transferred to sington, Paddington, St Marylebone, Westminster and Willesden were created later, but Staines was abolished. Hertfordshire; while under the London Government Act 1899 the In 1215 Middlesex was ravaged by William, earl of Salisbury, southern part of Hornsey was transferred to London. The area and Falkes de Breauté, and in the same year at Runnimede near of the administrative county is 148,700 acres. The county contains six hundreds. The municipal boroughs are Ealing (pop. 33,031), Hornsey (72,056). The urban districts are Acton (37.744), Brent- Staines John was forced to issue the Magna Carta. In the ford (15.171), Chiswick (29,809), Edmonton (46,899), Enfield Civil War of the 17th century Middlesex supported the Parliamentary cause, joining in 1642 with Hertfordshire and Essex (42.738), Feltham (5280), Finchley (22,126), Friern Barnet (11.566), Greenford (819), Hampton (6813), Hampton Wick (2606), Hanwell (10,438), Harrow-on-the-Hill (10,220), Hayes (3000), Hendon in a petition that the votes of the bishops and popish lords might (22,450), Heston and Isleworth (30,863), Kingsbury (757), Ruislip-be disallowed in the House of Lords, and that the forts and castles Northwood (3850), Southall Norwood (13,200), Southgate (14.993). of the kingdom might be placed in such hands as the Parliament Staines (6688), Sunbury-on-Thames (4544), Teddington (14.037). could confide in. Sir Denzil Hollis was defeated by the Royalists at Brentford in 1642, and in 1645 a fruitless treaty between Tottenham (102,541). Twickenham (20,991), Uxbridge (8585), Charles I. and the Parliament was concluded at Uxbridge. Wealdstone (5901). Wembley (4519), Willesden (114,811), Wood Green (34.233). The county is in the jurisdiction of the central criminal court, and the whole extra-metropolitan county is within Brentford had famous election contests in 1768 and 1769. the metropolitan police district, the name of "Greater London covering it. There are one court of quarte: sessions and eight petty sessional divisions. The number of civil parishes is 60. Middlesex (extra-metropolitan) is wholly in the diocese of London, excepting a small portion in that of Oxford, and includes 153 ecclesiastical parishes or districts, wholly or in part. The extra-metropolitan parliamentary divisions, each returning one member, are Enfield, Tottenham, Hornsey, Harrow, Uxbridge, Brentford and Ealing. History. The district which is now Middlesex was colonized in the 6th century by an offshoot of the East Saxon tribe, and derived its name from its position between the kingdoms of the East and West Saxons. In a charter dated 704 Middlesex is mentioned by name as a dependency of Essex, but soon after it acknowledged the supremacy of Mercia, and from 748 onwards the Mercian council was held at London, and from 780 onwards at Brentford. In the 9th century Middlesex formed part of the Danelagh, and in 993 Anlaf the Dane came with 93 ships to Staines. The only reference to Middlesex in the Saxon Chronicle occurs in 1011, when it was again overrun by the Danes. The Conqueror's march upon London was preceded by a general devastation of the surrounding country, the effects of which are illustrated in the Domesday Survey by the diminution in land values. At this time the district north of London formed the vast forest of Middlesex, the greater part of which was disafforested in the reign of Henry III. Enfield had woodlands for 2000 pigs; Ruislip for 1500 pigs; and Kingsbury, Hillingdon and Hendon for 1000 pigs each. Vineyards are mentioned at Holborn, Colham, Kempton and Kensington; fishponds at Harmondsworth and Harefield produced each 1000 eels. As a shire Middlesex probably originated about the time of the frith of 886, when it is described as the land dependent upon London, and in 912 is referred to as " London and the land which owed obedience thereto." During the Saxon period the extensive manors held by the church of Canterbury, the bishop of London and his canons of St Paul's, and the abbey of Westminster were held as independent franchises, the courts for St Paul's being held at Stepney and Fulham, for Westminster at Westminster and Staines, and for Canterbury at Harrow. By charter of Henry I. (confirmed by Stephen and Henry II.) the citizens of London held Middlesex at The woollen and leather industries flourished in Middlesex in Norman times. London was the great place of slaughter, and hides were tanned at Enfield. Bricks were also manufactured from early times, and Heston was noted for its wheat. Paper was extensively manufactured in the 17th century, and much distress was caused in 1636 by a decree prohibiting the purchase of old rags for the Middlesex paper-mills for fear of the plague. In 1640 the manufacturers of mohair yarn in Middlesex appealed against a bill prohibiting the wearing of material made of the said yarn during the winter season. In 1655 a certificate of a hundred master tanners and other traders of Middlesex approved an invention for converting raw hides into leather by means of new liquor, with or without oak-bark. Middlesex returned two members to parliament in 1295. (For the representation of London, see LONDON.) See John Norden, Speculum Britanniae: the firste parte, an histori call and chorographicall description of Middlesex (London, 1593; reprinted 1637 and 1723); Daniel Lysons, The Environs of London (1792-1796); Victoria County History, Middlesex. MIDDLETON, EARLS OF. JOHN MIDDLETON, IST EARL OF MIDDLETON (c. 1619-1674), belonged to a Kincardineshire family which had held lands at Middleton since the 12th century. In carly life he served as a soldier in France; later he fought against Charles I. both in England and in Scotland, being especially prominent at the battle of Philiphaugh and in other operations against the great Montrose. He held a high command in the He joined Scottish army which marched to rescue the king in 1648, and he was taken prisoner after the battle of Preston. Charles II. when that monarch reached Scotland in 1650, but he was soon at variance with the party which at that time was dominant in church and state and was only restored to favour after doing a public penance at Dundee. He was a captive for the second time after the battle of Worcester, where he commanded the Royalist cavalry, but he escaped from the Tower of London to Paris. In 1653 Middleton was chosen by Charles II. to head the projected rising in Scotland. He reached that country in February 1654, but the insurrection was a complete failure. Its leader, who cannot be held responsible for this result, remained in Scotland until 1655, when he rejoined Charles II., who made him an earl in 1656. He returned to England with the king in | 1781-1783, and later served in the state legislature. He died on His eldest son CHARLES, 2ND EARL OF MIDDLETON (c. 1640- See A. C. Biscoe, The Earls of Middleton (1876). MIDDLETON, ARTHUR (1742-1787), American politician and signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born at Middleton Place on the Ashley river, South Carolina, on the 26th of June 1742. His family was one of the most prominent in the colony. The grandfather, Arthur Middleton (1681-1737), was president of the Council in 1721-1730 and as such was acting governor in 1725-1730, and the father, Henry Middleton (17171784), was speaker of the Assembly in 1745-1747 and again in 1754-1755, a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1774-1776, and its president from October 1774 to May 1775, a member of the South Carolina Committee of Safety, and in 1775 president of the South Carolina Provincial Congress. Like most wealthy South Carolinians of the 18th century, Arthur Middleton was educated in England-at Hackney, at Westminster School, and at St John's College, Cambridge. He then returned to South Carolina, but soon afterwards went back to England to live, and In 1773 he again returned to travelled on the Continent. South Carolina, and in the controversies between the colonists and the home government became a leader of the Whigs. He was a member of the provincial Council of Safety in 1775-1776, and a to the Continental Congress in 1776-1777. In 1778 he delegate was elected governor of South Carolina, but owing to his dissatisfaction with the new state constitution he declined to serve. He was captured by the British at Charleston in May 1780, was exchanged in July 1781, was again a delegate to Congress in next important publication was a Life of Cicero (1741), largely reputation was much enhanced by this piece of work, there is no told in that statesman's own words. Though Middleton's doubt that he drew largely from the scarce book of William Bellenden, De tribus luminibus Romanorum. The work was undertaken at the instance of Lord Hervey, in correspondence with whom also originated his disquisition on The Roman Senate, the most important of all his writings, the Introductory Discourse published in 1747. The same year and the following produced and the Free Inquiry" concerning the miraculous powers which are supposed to have subsisted in the church from the earliest ages." In combating this belief Middleton indirectly established two propositions of capital importance. He showed that ecclesiastical miracles must be accepted or rejected in the mass; and he distinguished between the authority due to the early fathers' very slender credibility as witnesses to matters of fact. Some testimony to the beliefs and practices of their times, and their individual grudge seems to have prompted him to expose, in 1750, Bishop Sherlock's eccentric notions of antediluvian 28th of July 1750 he died at Hildersham, near Cambridge. prophecy, which had been published 25 years before. On the Middleton's most ambitious work is obsolete from no fault the history of opinion. In his more restricted sphere he may not of his, but his controversial writings retain a permanent place in inappropriately be compared with Lessing. Like Lessing's, redeemed from mere negation by a passion for abstract truth, the character of his intellect was captious and iconoclastic, but too apt to slumber until called into activity by some merely His diction is generally masculine and personal stimulus. harmonious. Pope thought him and Nathaniel Hooke the younger the only prose writers of the day who deserved to be cited as authorities on the language. Samuel Parr, while exposing his plagiarisms, heaps encomiums on his style. But his best qualities, his impatience of superstition and disdain of mere external authority, are rather moral than literary. The best general view of his intellectual character and influence is to be found in Sir Leslie Stephen's English Thought in the Eighteenth Century, ch. vi. A handsome edition of his works, containing several posthumous tracts, but not including the Life of Cicero, appeared in 4 vols. in 1752 and in 5 vols. in 1755. MIDDLETON, THOMAS (c. 1570-1627), English dramatist, son of William Middleton, was born about 1570, probably in London. There is no proof that he studied at either university, but he may be safely identified with one of the Thomas Middletons entered at Gray's Inn in 1593 and 1596 respectively. He began to write for the stage with The Old Law, in the original draft of which, if it dates from 1599 as is generally supposed, he was certainly not associated with William Rowley and Philip Massinger, although their names appear on the title-page of 1656. By 1602 he had become one of Philip Henslowe's established playwrights. The pages of Henslowe's Diary contain notes of plays in which he had a hand, and in the year 1607-1608 he produced no less than six comedies of London life, which he knew as accurately as Dekker and was content to paint in more realistic colours. In 1613 he devised the pageant for the installation of the Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Middleton, and in the same year wrote an entertainment for the opening of the New River in honour of another Middleton. From these facts it may be reasonably inferred that he had influential connexions. He was frequently employed to celebrate civic occasions, and in 1620 he was made city chronologer, performing the duties of his position with exactness till his death. The most notable event in his career was the production at the Globe theatre in 1624 of a political play, A Game at Chess, satirizing the policy of the court, which had just received a rebuff in the matter of the Spanish marriage, the English and Spanish personages concerned being disguised as the White Knight, the Black King, and so forth. The play was stopped, in consequence of remonstrances from the Spanish ambassador, but not until after nine days' performances, and the dramatist and the actors were summoned to answer for it. It is doubtful whether Middleton was actually imprisoned, and in any case the king's anger was soon satisfied and the matter allowed to drop, on the plea that the piece had been seen and passed by the master of the revels, Sir Henry Herbert. Middleton died at his house at Newington Butts, and was buried on the 4th of July 1627. He worked with various authors, but his happiest collaboration was with William Rowley, this literary partnership being so close that F. G. Fleay (Biog. Chron. of the Drama) treats the dramatists together. The plays in which the two collaborated are A Fair Quarrel (printed 1617), The World Lost at Tennis (1620), an ingenious masque, The Changeling (acted 1624, printed 1653), and The Spanish Gipsie (acted 1623, printed 1653). The main interest of the Fair Quarrel centres in the mental conflict of Captain Ager, the problem being whether he should fight in defence of his mother's honour when he no longer believes his quarrel to be just. The underplot, dealing with Jane, her concealed marriage, and the physician, which is generally assigned to Rowley, was suggested by a story in Giraldi Cinthio's Hecatommithi. The Changeling is the most powerful of all the plays with which Middleton's name is connected. The plot is drawn from the tale of Alsemero and Beatrice-Joanna in Reynolds's Triumphs of God's Reveng against Murther (bk. i., hist. iv.), but the story, black as it is, receives additional horror in Middleton's hands. The famous scene in the third act between Beatrice and De Flores, who has murdered Piracquo at her instigation, is admirably described by Swinburne: "That note of incredulous amazement that the man whom she has just instigated to the commission of murder can be so wicked as to have served her end for any end of his own beyond the pay of a professional assassin, is a touch worthy of the greatest dramatist that ever lived. . . . That she, the first criminal, should be honestly shocked as well as physically horrified by revelation of the real motive which impelled her accomplice into crime, gives a lurid streak of tragic humour to the lifelike interest of the scene; as the pure infusion of spontaneous poetry throughout redeems the whole work from the charge of vulgar subservience to a vulgar taste for the presentation or the contemplation of criminal horror." Leigh Hunt thought that the character of De Flores, for effect at once tragical, probable and poetical, "surpassed anything with which he was acquainted in the drama of domestic life." The underplot of the piece, though it is based on the humours of a madhouse, has genuine comic flashes. The Spanish Gipsic has a double plot based on the Fuerza de la sangre and the Gitanilla of Cervantes Much has been said on the collaboration of Middleton with Rowley, who was much in demand with fellowdramatists, especially for his experience in low comedy. These plays, even in scenes where the evidence in favour of one or other of the collaborators is clear, rise to excellence which neither dramatist was able to achieve alone. It was clearly no mechanical partnership the limits of which can be said to be definitely assigned when the actual text has been parcelled out between the collaborators. With Thomas Dekker he wrote The Roaring Girle, or Moll CutPurse (1611). The frontispiece represents Moll herself in man's attire, indulging in a pipe of tobacco. She was drawn or idealized from life, her real name being Mary Frith (1584-1659?), who was made to do penance at St Paul's Cross in 1612. "Worse things, I must confess," says Middleton in his preface," the world has taxed her for than has been written of her; but 'tis the excellency of a writer to leave things better than he finds 'em." In the play she is the champion of her sex, and is equally ready with her sword and her wits. Middleton is also credited with a share in Thomas Dekker's Honest Whore (pt. i., 1604). The Witch, first printed in 1778 from a unique MS., now in the Bodleian, has aroused much controversy as to whether Shakespeare borrowed from Middleton or vice versa. The dates of both plays being uncertain, there are few definite data. The distinction between the two conceptions has been finely drawn by Charles Lamb, and the question of borrowing is best solved by supposing that what is common to the incantations of both plays was a matter of common property. The Mayor of Quinborough was published with Middleton's name on the title-page in 1661. Simon, the comic mayor, is not a very prominent character in the plot, which deals with Vortiger, Hengist, Horsus and Roxena among other characters. One of its editors, Mr Havelock Ellis, thinks the proofs of its authenticity as Middleton's work very slender. It is generally supposed to have been a very early work subjected to generous revision. The plays of Middleton still to be mentioned may be divided into romantic and realistic comedies of London Life. Dekker had as wide a knowledge of city manners, but he was more sympathetic in treatment, readier to idealize his subject. Two New Playes. Viz.: More Dissemblers besides Women. Women beware Women, of which the former was licensed before 1622, appeared in 1657. The plot of Women beware Women is a double intrigue from a contemporary novel, Hyppolito and Isabella, and the genuine history of Bianca Capello and Francesco de Medici. This play, which ends with a massacre appalling even in Elizabethan drama, may be taken as giving the measure no mean one-of Middleton's unaided power in tragedy. The remaining plays of Middleton are: Blurt, Master-Constable. Or the Spaniards Night-walke (1602); Michaelmas Terme (1607), described by A. C. Swinburne as an excellent Hogarthian comedy: The Phoenix (1607), a version of the Haroun-al-Raschid trick; The Famelie of Love (1608); A Trick to catch the Old-one (anonymously printed, 1608); Your Five Gallants (licensed 1608); A Med World, my Masters (1608); A Chast Mayde in Cheapside (printed 1630). notable for the picture of Tim, the Cambridge student, on his return home: Anything for a Quiet Life (c. 1617, printed 1662); No Wit, No Help like a Woman's (c. 1613, printed 1657); The Widdow (printed 1652), on the title-page of which appear also the names of Ben Jonson and John Fletcher, though their collaboration may be doubted. Eleven of his masques are extant. A tedious poem, The Wisdom of Solomon paraphrased, by Thomas Middleton, was printed in 1597, and Microcynicon, Six Snarling Satires by T. M. Gent, in 1599. Two prose pamphlets, dealing with London life, Father Hubbard's Tale and The Black Book, appeared in 1604 under his initials. His non-dramatic work, however, even if genuine, has little value. AUTHORITIES.-His works were edited by Alexander Dyce (5 vols.) | west of the city, the Connecticut industrial school for girls was $5,604,676, an increase of 35 % over that for. 1900. The (reformatory). The total value of the factory products in 1905 municipality owns and operates the waterworks. in 1840, with a valuable introduction quoting many documents, and by A. H. Bullen (8 vols.) in 1885. The Best Plays of Thomas Middleton were edited for the Mermaid series (1887) by Havelock Ellis with an introduction by A. C. Swinburne. See also Miss Middletown occupies the site of an Indian village, Mattabesec P. G. Wiggin's Inquiry into the Authorship of the Middleton-Rowley or Mattabesett (from Massa-sepues-et, "at a great rivulet or Plays (Boston, 1897), and the notice on Middleton in Professor A. W. Ward's Hist. of Eng. Dram. Lit. (ed. 1899; ii., 493-540), which contains a full account of Middleton's Game at Chesse. A brook "), the principal village of the Mattabesec Indians, an careful examination of the parallelisms between the plays of Shake- Algonquian tribe which included the Wongunk, Pyquaug and speare and Middleton is made by D. Hugo Jung in "Das Montowese Indians and seems to have had jurisdiction over the Verhältnis Thomas Middleton's zu Shakspere" (Münchener Beiträge whole of south-western Connecticut. The township of Middletown was settled by whites in 1650, and until 1653, when the zur roman. u. engl. Phil. vol. xxix., 1904). present name was adopted, was known by the Indian name, Mattabesett. It was incorporated in 1651; and the city was chartered in 1784. Shipbuilding and commerce became the principal sources of wealth. In the middle of the nineteenth century Middletown was one of the leading cities of Connecticut, and as late as 1886 it was a port of entry; but the development of rival ports, especially New Haven, Hartford and Bridgeport, into railway centres, retarded the growth of manufacturing, and commerce declined after the Civil War. MIDDLETON, a market town and municipal borough in the Middleton parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, on the Irk, near the Rochdale Canal, and on the Lancashire & Yorkshire railway, 6 m. N.N.E. from Manchester. Pop. (1901), 25,178. The church of St Leonards is of mixed architecture, with a low square tower. The oldest portion of the building (the tower arch) dates from the 12th century, but the main portion from 1412, and the south aisle from 1524. Two chapels in it contain memorials of, and are named after, two ancient Lancashire families, the Asshetons and the Hopwoods. The Queen Elizabeth grammar-school, a building in the Tudor style, was founded in 1572 by Nowell, dean of St Paul's, London. There are An a handsome town-hall and municipal technical schools. extensive system of tramways and electric light railways connects the town with its suburbs and adjacent industrial centres. The prosperity of the town dates from the introduction of manufactures at the close of the 18th century. The staple trade is the spinning and weaving of cotton, and the other industries include silk weaving, calico-printing, bleaching, dyeing, iron-founding and the manufacture of soap and chemicals. There are collieries in the neighbourhood. The town was incorporated in 1886, and the corporation consists of a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors. Area, 4775 acres. " MIDDLETOWN, a city of Orange county, New York, U.S.A., on the Wallkill river, 67 m. N.N.W. of New York City. Pop. (1890) 11,977; (1900) 14,522, including 1700 foreign-born and 480 negroes; (1905, state census) 14,516; (1910) 15,313. It is served by the Erie, the New York, Susquehanna & Western, and the New York, Ontario & Western railways, and is connected by an electric line with Goshen (pop. in 1910, 3081), the county-seat. It is situated in an attractive dairy and agricultural country; and in the city and vicinity there are many summer residences. Here are the state homoeopathic hospital for the insane, a state armoury, Thrall hospital, and Thrall library. Middletown is primarily a manufacturing city, and has the car shops of the New York, Ontario & Western railway. The value of its factory products increased from $2,154,742 in 1900 to $3,356,330 in 1905, or 55.8 %. The municipality owns and operates its waterworks. Middletown was settled about 1796 and owed its early commercial importance to its being a "half-way house" (whence its name) for travellers on the Minisink Road to western New York, and it was for a time a terminus of the Erie railroad. It was incorporated as a village in 1848, and first chartered as a city in 1888. in which tobacco, wheat and Indian corn are the principal crops. MIDDLETOWN, a city and the county-seat of Middlesex county, Connecticut, U.S.A., in the township of Middletown, in the south central part of the state, on the west bank of the Connecticut river, about 30 m. from its mouth, and about 15 m. south of Hartford. Pop. (1890), 9013; (1900), 9589, of whom 2316 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 11,851. m. from the city hall there was Within a radius of 2 MIDDLETOWN, a city of Butler county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the found in 1910 most of the township's population of The city is served by two branches of the New Miami river, 34 m. N. of Cincinnati. Pop: (1890), 7681; (1900), 20,749. York, New Haven & Hartford railroad, by a line of coast 9215, of whom 769 were foreign-born and 314 were negroes; (1910) steamers, and by electric lines connecting with neighbouring 13,152. It is served by the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & cities and villages. The city is connected by a long highway St Louis, the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton, the Cincinnati bridge with the village of Portland in the township of Portland Northern (New York Central system), and a branch of the (pop. in 1910, 3425; area 26 sq. m.), which is known for its Cincinnati, Lebanon & Northern (Pennsylvania system) railways. brown-stone quarries. Four miles south of Middletown is Chest-It is the trade centre of a rich and beautiful agricultural region nut Mountain (or Bull Hill), which commands a fine view; and of the Connecticut river, about 3 m. east are the "Narrows where the water flows between high hills. Middletown has a number of handsome residences. In High Street stand the buildings of Wesleyan university (Methodist Episcopal), founded in 1831 by the Rev. Wilbur Fisk, who became the first president and the Rev. Laban Clark (1778-1868), who became the first president of the board of trustees. Women were first admitted in 1872, but coeducation was later discontinued, and the last freshman class of women students under the old system entered in 1909. The university offers classical and scientific courses, and in 1908-1909 had 36 instructors, 322 students (30 being women), and a library of 79,000 volumes. In 1875-1877 the work of the first agricultural experiment station in the United States was carried on here under state supervision in Wesleyan University, with Professor Wilbur Olin Atwater (1844-1907) as director; it was then removed to New Haven. Middletown is also the seat of the Berkeley divinity school (Protestant Episcopal), founded in 1849 as the theological department of Trinity College, Hartford, rechartered and removed to Middletown in 1854, and MIDDLEWICH, an urban district in the Northwich parliahaving in 1907 a faculty of 8, and 16 students; and the city has a free public library (1874) with 17,700 vols. in 1907. South-east of the city is the Connecticut hospital for the insane, and south-mentary division of Cheshire, England, 166 m. N.W. of London, MIDDLETOWN, a borough of Dauphin county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the east bank of the Susquehanna river, 9 m. below Harrisburg. Pop. (1890), 5080; (1900), 5608 (340 foreign-born and 289 negroes); (1910), 5374. It is served by the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia & Reading railways, and by an electric line to Harrisburg. The borough has a considerable trade with the surrounding agricultural country, and owing to the proximity of the Yorkhaven power-plant (across the river) and the excellent railway service, is a manufacturing centre. The municipality owns its electric lighting plant. Middletown was founded in 1755 by Friends (from Philadelphia and other places in Pennsylvania) and Scotch-Irish, and was so named because of its position as a borough in 1828. midway between Lancaster and Carlisle. It was first incorporated 418 MIDHAT PASHA-MIDIAN (G. F. B.) on the London & North Western railway. Pop. (1901), | honesty, that rare quality in a vizier, for he left office as poor as 4669. It lies in open country near the river Dane, having water when he entered it. communications by the Trent and Mersey canal, and a branch giving access to the Shropshire Union canal. The church of St Michael and All Angels is of various periods and contains numerous monuments. In the streets not a few old buildings remain, making for picturesqueness, and a number of the fine timbered houses in which Cheshire abounds are seen in the immediate neighbourhood. Middlewich shares in the salt industry common to several towns, such as Northwich and Winsford, in this part of the county; there are also chemical works and a manufacture of condensed milk. MIDHAT PASHA (1822-1884), Turkish statesman, the son of a civil judge, was born at Constantinople in 1822. His father, a declared partisan of reform, trained him for an administrative career, and at the age of twenty-two he was attached as secretary to Faik Effendi, whom he accompanied in Syria for three years. On his return to Constantinople Midhat was appointed chief director of confidential reports, and after a new financial mission in Syria was made second secretary of the grand council. His enemies, however, succeeded in ousting him from this post, and caused him to be entrusted with the apparently impossible task of settling the revolt and brigandage rampant in Rumelia. His measures were drastic and their success was startling and the government made him an official of the first rank and restored him to his place in the grand council. In similar vigorous fashion he restored order in Bulgaria in 1857. In 1860 he was made vizier and pasha, and entrusted with the government of Nisch, where his reforms were so beneficial that the sultan charged him, in conjunction with Fuad Pasha and Ali Pasha, to prepare the scheme for adapting them to the empire which was afterwards known as the law of the vilayets. After further administrative work in his province, he was ordered to organize the council of state in 1866, and was then made governor of Bagdad, where his success was as decisive as at Nisch, but attended with much greater difficulties. In 1871 the anti-reform influence of the grand vizier, Mahmoud Nedim, seemed to Midhat a danger to the country, and in a personal interview he boldly stated his views to the sultan, who was so struck with their force and entire disinterestedness that he appointed Midhat grand vizier in place of Mahmoud. Too independent, however, for the court, Midhat remained in power only three months, and after a short governorship of Salonica he lived apart from affairs at Constantinople until 1875. the north-western parliaMIDHURST, a market town mentary division of Sussex, England, 12 m. N. by E. of Chichester by the London, Brighton & South Coast railway; served also by the London & South Western railway. Pop. (1901), 1674. It is pleasantly situated on slightly rising ground near the river Rother. The church of St Mary Magdalen and St Denis is a large Perpendicular building. The town retains several picturesque old houses, and in the vicinity, by the river, are the ruins of grammar-school was founded at Midhurst in 1672 and attained some eminence. After being closed for many years it was rethe 16th century mansion of Cowdray, burnt down in 1793. A opened in 1880. In 1906 a magnificent sanatorium for consumpThe name of Midhurst (Middeherst, Mudhurst) first occurs in tives was opened about 4 m. from Midhurst; it bears the name of King Edward VII., who laid its foundation stone and opened it. the reign of Henry I. when Savaric Fitz-Cana held it of the honour of Arundel, then presumably in the king's hands. The charter of Henry I., although no longer extant, is quoted in later confirmation charters of Richard I., Henry III., Edward III. and Richard II. Franco de Bohun inherited Midhurst from his uncle Savaric Fitz-Savaric, and the De Bohuns held the lordship until 1499 when Sir David Owen obtained it through his marriage with the daughter of the last male heir. He sold it to Sir William descended to the viscounts Montague. Midhurst is definitely Fitz-William, from whom it passed to Sir Anthony Browne and called a borough in the reign of Edward I., but the borough-court and market were probably in existence much earlier. It was governed by a bailiff, elected annually, until the office lapsed, probably early in the 19th century. In an act of 1883 it is mentioned as one of the towns which had long ceased to be municipal. No charter of incorporation is known. Midhurst returned two members to parliament from 1300-1301 till 1832, and from that date one member until 1885 when it was disfranchised. In the reign of Henry VI. a market was held by the burgesses every Thursday, and a fair on Whit-Tuesday, by grant from Sir John Bohun. In 1888 the fair-days were the 6th of April, the 9th of May and the 29th of October. The marketday was Thursday. Pleasure-fairs are still held on the 6th of MIDIAN (properly Madyan, so Sept.), in the Bible, one of the April and the 29th of October, but there is no market. peoples of North Arabia whom the Hebrews recognized as distant kinsmen, representing them as sons of Abraham's wife Keturah not indeed inhabitants of the far south incense-land, but presum- From this time forward, however, Midhat Pasha's career("incense"). Thus the sons of Keturah are the " incense-men," 1 The admixture of Midianite elements in Judah and the other border tribes of Israel is confirmed by a comparison of the names of the Midianite clans in Gen. xxv. 4 with the Hebrew genealogies (1 Chron. ii. 46, Ephah; iv. 17. Epher; Gen. xlvi. 9. Hanoch). days north from Medina, also with Apparu a Bedouin locality Epher is also associated with 'Ofr near Hanakiya (Hanoch), three mentioned by Assur-bani-pal. Ephah is probably the Hayapa transported by Sargon to Beth-Omri (Samaría). |