In 1908 20 lines of ocean-going steamers made regular calls at the port and several lines of river steamers ran to Buenos Aires and the ports of the Paraná, Paraguay and Uruguay rivers. The exports consist chiefly of livestock, jerked beef, hides, wool, and other animal products, wheat, flour, corn, linseed, barley, hay, tobacco, sealskins, fruit, vegetables, and some minor products. Manufactures exist only to a limited extent and chiefly for domestic consumption.

The suburbs of Montevideo include the fashionable bathing resorts of Playa Ramirez and Pocitos on the coast east of the city, the inland suburbs of Paso Molino and La Union, and the industrial town of Cerro, across the bay. The Flores Island quarantine station is 12 m. east of the city. The station was formerly on Rat Island (within the bay), which is now used as a public deposit for inflammables. The chief point of interest in this suburb is the conical hill known as the Cerro, or mount,' from which the city takes its name, on which stands an old Spanish fort, sometimes garrisoned and sometimes used for the incarceration of political prisoners. Its elevation is 486 ft. (Reclus), and a lighthouse rises from within the fort carrying a revolving light that can be seen 25 m. at sea.

Urbano. The Plaza de la Independencia stands at the junction | frontier.
of the old and new towns and is the centre of the city's political
and social life. This square is distinguished for a uniform and
nearly completed line of colonnades in front of the buildings
surrounding it. The Paseo del Prado, which ranks high among
the public gardens of South America, is beautifully situated
beyond the suburb of Paso Molino, 3 m. from the city. The
Paseo was originally the quinta of a German of cultivated tastes
named Joseph Buschenthal, who spent a fortune in its adorn-
ment. The Parque Urbano, at the Playa Ramirez bathing
resort, is a modern creation. The buildings of Montevideo
are chiefly of brick and broken stone, covered outside with
plaster and stucco, of one to three storeys, with flat roofs,
usually surmounted by a square tower, or mirador. The roofs,
or azoteas, are largely used for domestic purposes, or roof gardens.
The city contains a large number of handsome edifices, both
public and private, among which are the Bolsa, Government
House, municipal hall, cathedral, Cabildo, Hospital de Caridad,
insane asylum, Italian hospital, Teatro Solis, Athenaeum, and
the Club Uruguayo. The Bolsa (exchange), custom-house,
cathedral, and Cabildo are in the old town; the Bolsa is a copy
of the Bordeaux exchange. The cathedral faces on the Plaza
de la Constitución. Its two square towers rise 133 ft. above
the pavement, and these, with the large dome behind, rise far
above the surrounding buildings and make a very conspicuous
landmark. The church was consecrated in 1804, and in 1869
was raised to the dignity of a cathedral. Montevideo is now |
the seat of a small archiepiscopal see with only two suffragan
dioceses. Directly across the plaza is the old Cabildo, a plain,
heavy-looking two-storeyed edifice of the colonial period, the
scat of municipal administration during Spanish rule, but now
occupied by the two chambers of the Uruguayan Congress and
by the higher police authorities of the city.

The people of Montevideo maintain more than forty charitable associations, including the Caridad (charity) hospital on Calle 25 de Mayo, and the insane asylum in the suburb of La Union, both built and largely supported from the proceeds of frequent lottery drawings. They also maintain a beggars' asylum and a foundlings' asylum. The national museum (founded in 1830) and public library (founded 1833) are in one wing of the Solis theatre. There are a British hospital (founded 1857, the present edifice dating from 1867) chiefly for the use of sailors, an Anglican church in Calle Santa Teresa dating from 1847, and a handsome Italian hospital of modern construction. The university, in Calle Uruguay, has faculties of law, medicine, letters, mathematics, engineering, and some minor groups of studies, including agriculture and veterinary science. The government maintains two normal schools, a school of arts and trades (artes y oficios), and a military school.

The harbour of Montevideo consists of a shallow bay, circular in shape and about 2 m. from shore to shore, and an outer roadstead exposed to the violent winds of this latitude, where the larger ocean-going steamers were compelled to anchor before the construction of the new port works. In 1899 the Uruguayan government entered into a contract for the dredging of the bay, the construction of two long breakwaters, the dredging of a channel to deep water, and the construction of a great basin and docks in front of the city. Surtaxes were imposed on imports and exports to meet the expenditure, and work was begun in 1901. In 1908 the breakwaters and the greater part of the dredging had been completed, and the entrance channel, with a minimum depth of 24 ft., permitted the admission of large steamers. Another important improvement, for which a concession was given to an English syndicate and work was begun in 1909, is the construction of an embankment and new shore line on the south side of the city, to be finished in five years at a cost of $7,211,116. There are three large dry docks connected with the port, known as the Mauá (275 ft. long, inside) and the Gounouilhou (300 ft.) on the east side of the bay, and Jackson & Cibils (450 ft.) on the west side at the foot of the Cerro. Four railways terminate at Montevideo, one of them (the Central Uruguay) extending to the Brazilian |

|

Montevideo was founded in 1726 through the efforts of Don Mauricio Zabala, governor of Buenos Aires, who wished to check the advance of the Portuguese on this side of the La Plata. A small military post had existed there since 1717, but efforts to create a town had been fruitless until Zabala offered to make hidalgos of the first settlers and to give them cattle and sheep. The first families to accept this offer came from the Canary Islands in 1726 under the direction of Don Francisco Alzeibar; they were followed by others from Andalusia and some of the Spanish-American settlements. Its growth at first was slow, but on the abolition of the Cadiz monopoly in 1778 it became a free port and its trade increased so rapidly that it soon became one of the chief commercial centres of South America. The city was captured in 1807 by a British expedition under Sir Samuel Auchmuty, but was abandoned when the expedition against Buenos Aires under General Whitelocke was defeated. In 1808 the governor of Montevideo established an independent junta, but after the Buenos Aires declaration of independence in 1810 the Spanish forces were concentrated in Montevideo and held it until expelled in 1814 by the Argentine land and sea forces under General Alvear and Admiral Brown. The dissensions following the expulsion of the Spanish and the rivalries of Argentina and Brazil over the possession of Uruguay, then commonly termed the "Banda Oriental," greatly reduced the population of the city and partially destroyed its trade. It was made the capital of the republic in 1828 and had partially recovered its population and trade when the disas trous struggle with Rosas, dictator of Buenos Aires, broke out and the city was subjected to a nine years' siege (1843-52), the investment being conducted by General Oribe, and the defence by General Paz. In 1864-1865 Brazil intervened in the affairs of the republic, blockaded the port, and reinstated ex-president Flores. The war with Paraguay that followed, which lasted until 1870, made Montevideo the base of supplies for the Brazilian army and navy and added largely to its trade and wealth. The valuation of the city and suburbs, which was $14,156,000 in 1860, was $74,000,000 in 1872. In addition to the reckless speculation of this period, there were continued political dissensions, repeated dictatorships and financial mismanagement on the part of the government. Not the least of these burdens were the personal and irregular drafts of some of the executives upon the treasury and revenue officers, particu larly the custom-house of this port, upon which the republic depended for the major part of its revenue. The commercial and financial collapse that followed lasted through the greater part of the last three decades of the century; but settled government and improved finances subsequently contributed to a slow but steady recovery in the trade and industrial activities of the city.

MONTE VULTURE (anc. Vultur), a mountain of Basilicata, Italy, in the province of Potenza, the summit of which is about

5 m. S. of Melfi. It is an extinct volcano rising to 4365 ft. above | In 1147 a count of Montferrat took part in the Second Crusade; sea-level, belonging in Roman times to Apulia, and lying on but the connexion with the Holy Land begins to be intimate the boundary between it and Lucania. The crater is densely in 1176. In that year William Longsword, eldest of the five overgrown with oaks and beeches which harbour wild boars sons of Count William III., came to the kingdom of Jerusalem, and wolves. There are two small lakes. On the banks of the on the invitation of Baldwin IV. and the baronage, and married upper lake stand the Capuchin monastery of San Michele and the heiress of the kingdom, Sibylla. He died within a few the picturesque ruined church of Sant' Ippolito. The city of months; but his wife bore a posthumous son, who became Rionero in Volture is pleasantly situated 27 m. by rail N. of Baldwin V. Count William III. himself (uncle to Philip of Potenza, at the foot of Monte Vulture. Pop. (1901), 11,834. France and brother-in-law to Conrad III.) afterwards came to It does not seem to be older than the first half of the 17th the Holy Land to watch over the interests of his grandson; century. In 1851 it suffered severely from an earthquake. and he was among the prisoners taken by Saladin at Hittin See G. de Lorenzo, Venosa e la regione del Vulture (Bergamo, in 1187. Shortly after the battle of Hittin there appeared in 1906). Palestine the ablest and most famous of the family, Count MONTFAUCON, BERNARD DE (1655-1741), French scholar William's second son, Conrad. Conrad, following the family and critic, was born at the château of Soulage (now Soulatgé, tradition, and invited by the emperor Isaac Angelus, had gone in the department of Aube, France), on the 13th of January to serve at the court of Constantinople. He soon became a 1655. Belonging to a noble and ancient line, and destined for considerable person; married Isaac's sister, and defeated and the army, he passed most of his time in the library of the family killed a usurper; but he was repaid by ingratitude and suspicion, castle of Roquetaillade, devouring books in different languages and fled from Constantinople to Palestine in 1187. Putting and on almost every variety of subject. In 1672 he entered into Tyre he was able to save the city from the deluge of Mahomthe army, and in the two following years served in Germany medan conquest which followed Saladin's victory at Hittin. under Turenne. But ill-health and the death of his parents He established himself firmly in Tyre (refusing admission to brought him back to his studious life, and in 1675 he entered Guy, the king of Jerusalem); and from it he both sent appeals the cloister of the Congregation of St Maur at La Daurade, for aid to Europe-which largely contributed to cause the Third Toulouse, taking the vows there on the 13th of May 1676. Crusade-and despatched reinforcements to the crusaders, He lived successively at various abbeys-at Sorèze, where he who, from 1188 onwards, were engaged in the siege of Acre. specially studied Greek and examined the numerous MSS. of His elder brother had been the husband of the heiress Sibylla; the convent library, at La Grasse, and at Bordeaux; and and on the death of Sibylla, who had carried the crown to Guy in 1687 he was called to Paris, to collaborate in an edition of de Lusignan by her second marriage, Conrad married her Athanasius and Chrysostom, contemplated by the Congregation. younger sister, Isabella, now the heiress of the kingdom, and From 1698 to 1701 he lived in Italy, chiefly in Rome in order claimed the crown (1190). The struggle between Conrad and to consult certain manuscripts, those available in Paris being Guy paralysed the energies of the Christians in 1191. While insufficient for the edition of Chrysostom. After a stay of three Richard I. of England espoused the cause of Guy, who came years he returned to Paris, and retired to the abbey of St-Ger- from his own county of Poitou, Philip Augustus espoused that of main-des-Prés, devoting himself to the study of Greek and Latin Conrad. After the departure of Philip, Conrad fomented the MSS. and to the great works by which he established his opposition of the French to Richard, and even intrigued with reputation. He died suddenly on the 21st of December 1741. Saladin against him. But he was the one man of ability who His first publication, in which he was assisted by Jacques could hope to rule the débris of the kingdom of Jerusalem with Loppin and Antoine Pouget, was the first volume of a never- success; he was the master of an Italian statecraft which gave completed serices of previously unpublished Analecta graeca him the advantage over his ingenuous rival; and Richard was (1688). In 1690 appeared La Vérité de l'histoire de Judith. finally forced to recognize him as king (April 1192). In the very Athanasii opera omnia, still the best edition of that Father, hour of success, however, Conrad was struck down by the was issued with a biography and critical notes in 1698. In emissaries of the Old Man of the Mountain (the chief of the connexion with this may be mentioned Collectio nova patrum Assassins). et scriptorum graccorum (1706), containing some newly discovered works of Athanasius, Eusebius of Caesarea, and the Topographia christiana of Cosmas Indicopleustes. His copious Diarium italicum (1702) gives an account of the principal libraries of Italy and their contents; this work has been translated into English by J. Henley (1725). The Palaeographia graeca (1708), illustrating the whole history of Greek writing and the variations of the characters, has not yet been superseded; in its own field it is as original as the De re diplomatica of Mabillon. In 1713 Montfaucon edited Hexaplorum origenis quae supersunt, not superseded till the work of Field (1875); and between 1718 and 1738 he completed his edition of Joannis Chrysostomi opcra omnia. His L'Antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (1719) laid the foundation of archaeological knowledge. It was continued by him in Les Monumens de la monarchie françoise, 1729-1733. Both these works have been translated into English. | Montfaucon's Bibliotheca bibliothecarum manuscriptarum (1739) is a list of the works in MS. in the libraries with which he was acquainted.

A list of his works will be found in Bibliothèque des écrivains de la congrégation de Saint-Maur, by C. de Lame (1882), and in the article in the Nouvelle biographie générale, which gives an account of their scope and character; see also Emmanuel de Broglie, La Société de l'abboye de St-Germain-des-Prés au 18° siècle: Bernard de Montfaucon et les bernardins (2 vols., Paris, 1891).

Still another son or Count William III. achieved distinction. This was Boniface of Montferrat, the younger brother of Conrad, who was chosen leader of the Fourth Crusade in 1201, on the death of Theobald of Champagne. In the winter of 1201-1202 he went to Germany to visit Philip of Swabia; and there it has been suggested, he arranged the diversion of the Fourth Crusade to Constantinople (see CRUSADES). Yet in the course of the crusade he showed himself not unsubmissive to Innocent III, who was entirely opposed to such a diversion. After the capture of Zara, however, he joined the crusaders, and played a great part in all the events which followed till the capture of Constantinople by the Latins in 1204. But Baldwin of Flanders was elected emperor over his head; and his irritation was not wholly allayed by the grant of Macedonia, the north of Thessaly, and Crete (which he afterwards sold to Venice). In 1207 he died, killed in battle with the Bulgarians. He left a son Demetrius, who assumed the title of king of Thessalonica, which the father had never borne (cf. Luchaire, Innocent III.: La question d'Orient, p. 190). In 1222 Demetrius lost his kingdom to Theedore Angelus, and the house of Montferrat its connexion with the East.

See Savio, Studi storici sul marchese Guglielmo III. di Monferrato (Turin, 1885); Ilgen, Markgraf Konrad von Montferrat (1880); and also the works of Cerrato (Turín, 1884) and Desimoni (Genoa, 18801

MONTFLEURY (d. 1667), French actor, whose real name MONTFERRAT, COUNT OF, a title derived from a territory was Zacharie Jacob, was born in Anjou during the last years south of the Po and east of Turin, and held by a family who were of the 16th century. He was enrolled as one of the pages to in the 12th century one of the most considerable in Lombardy. I the duc de Guise, but he ran away to join some strolling players,

assuming the name of Montfleury. About 1635 he was a valued | of the younger William Marshal. The king approved of the member of the company at the Hôtel de Bourgogne, and he was match, but it was resented by his brother Richard of Cornwall in the original cast of the Cid (1636) and of Horace (1640). Richelieu thought highly of him, and when in 1638 Montfleury married the actress Jeanne de la Chalpe (d. 1683), the cardinal desired the ceremony to take place at his own country house at Rueil. Montfleury died in Paris from the rupture of a bloodvessel, while playing the part of Orestes in Andromaque, in December 1667. He was the author of a tragedy, La Mort d'Asdrobal, performed in 1647.

MONTFORT, the name of a famous French family long seated at Montfort l'Amauri, near Paris, descended from a certain William, a descendant of the counts of Flanders, who flourished during the latter part of the 10th century, and who built a castle at Montfort l'Amauri. Until 1209, when Simon IV. took the title of count, William and his successors were known as barons de Montfort. This Simon IV. de Montfort (c. 11601218), a son of Simon III. (d. 1181), is chiefly known for the very active part which he took in the crusade against the Albigenses. Twice he went to Palestine as a crusader, and in 1209, answering the call of Pope Innocent III., he joined the host which marched against the enemies of the Church in Languedoc. He became vicomte of Béziers and of Carcassonne, and was soon the leader of the crusaders. He took place after place, defeated Raymond VI., count of Toulouse, at Castelnaudary, and about a year later (September 1213) gained a victory over Raymond's ally, Peter II., king of Aragon, under the walls of Muret. Simon then turned his attention to administering and organizing Languedoc. After a lively discussion in the Lateran Council of 1215, the pope, somewhat reluctantly, confirmed him in the possession of the greater part of the lands of the count of Toulouse, and after two more years of warfare he was killed whilst besieging the city of Toulouse on the 25th of June 1218. The count's eldest son, Amauri de Montfort (1192-1241), was unable to hold his own, although Philip Augustus sent some troops to his assistance in 1222. He abandoned his interests in the south of France in favour of the new king Louis VIII., and in 1239 he went on crusade to the Holy Land, dying soon afterwards at Otranto. In 1230 Amauri was made constable | of France. Simon IV. had a brother, Guy de Montfort (d. 1228), who shared his military exploits both in Asia and in Europe, and who was afterwards employed by Louis VIII. to negotiate with the pope at Rome. He was killed before Vareilles on the 31st of January 1228. In 1294 Yolande (d. 1322), the heiress of the Montforts, married Arthur II., duke of Brittany, and the county of Montfort became part of this duchy. Their son, John, count of Montfort, claimed Brittany in opposition to Charles, count of Blois, and at length secured the duchy. Except for one interval his descendants held it until it was united with the French crown at the end of the 15th century.

See A. Molinier, Catalogue des actes de Simon et d'Amaury de Montfort (1873); and C. Douais, La Soumission de la vicomté de Carcassonne par Simon de Montfort et la croisade contre Raimond VI. (1884).

MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265), English statesman and soldier, was born in France about the year 1200. He was the fourth and youngest son of Simon IV. de Montfort (see above), the leader of the Albigensian crusade, by Alicia de Montmorenci. Simon IV., whose mother was an heiress of the Beaumont family, claimed in her right, and received from King John, the earldom of Leicester (1207), only to lose it again through espousing the French side in the wars between that sovereign and Philip Augustus. The young Simon, of whose youth and education nothing is recorded, came to England in 1230 and attached himself to Henry III., obtaining with the consent of his sole surviving brother Amauri a re-grant of the family earldom. Simon was for a time unpopular with the English and closely attached to the royal party. He gave, however, an early proof of religious fervour, and of an unbending harshness, by the expulsion of all the Jews who had settled in his borough of Leicester to practise usury. In 1238 he obtained the hand of the king's sister Eleanor, the widow

and the baronage, and objections were raised on the ground that Eleanor had previously taken vows of chastity. With some difficulty Earl Richard was pacified; and Montfort obtained the pope's confirmation of the marriage by a personal visit to Rome. In 1239, however, the influence of detractors and a quarrel over some obscure financial transactions in which he appears to have used Henry's name without a formal warrant led to a breach between himself and the king. The earl and his wife went for a time to France; and, though a nominal reconciliation with the king was soon effected, both departed on crusade with Richard of Cornwall in 1240. Eleanor was left behind in Apulia while her husband proceeded to the Holy Land. He acquitted himself with distinction, and there was some thought among the Frankish barons of appointing him to act as regent of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem. But he returned in 1241, took part in Henry's disastrous French expedition of 1242, and was readmitted to full favour. Between 1243 and 1248 he received many gifts from the king; he stood forward in parliament as a mediator between the court party and the opposition; it is only from the correspondence of his friends Grosseteste and Adam de Marsh that we learn of his dissatisfaction with the condition of church and state. He was keenly interested in Grosseteste's proposals for ecclesiastical reformation, and was considered the mainstay of the reforming party. In 1248 he again took the cross, with the idea of following Louis IX. to Egypt. But, at the repeated requests of the king and council, he gave up this project in order to act as governor in the unsettled and disaffected duchy of Gascony. Bitter complaints were excited by the rigour with which the earl suppressed the excesses of the seigneurs and of contending factions in the great communes. Henry yielded to the outcry and instituted a formal inquiry into the earl's administration. Montfort was formally acquitted on the charges of oppression, but his accounts were disputed by the king, and he retired in disgust to France (1252). The nobles of France offered him the regency of the kingdom, vacant by the death of the Queen-mother Blanche of Castile, but he preferred to make his peace with Henry (1253), in obedience to the exhortations of the dying Grosseteste. He helped the king in dealing with the disaffection of Gascony; but their reconciliation was a hollow one, and in the parliament of 1254 the earl led the opposition in resisting a demand for a subsidy. In 1256 and 1257, when the discontent of all classes was coming to a head, Montfort nominally adhered to the royal cause. He undertook, with Peter of Savoy, the queen's uncle, the difficult task of extricating the king from the pledges which he had given to the pope with reference to the crown of Sicily; and Henry's writs of this date mention the earl in friendly terms. But at the "Mad Parliament" of Oxford (1258) Montfort appeared side by side with the earl of Gloucester at the head of the opposition. It is said that Montfort was reluctant to approve the oligarchical constitution created by the Provisions of Oxford, but his name appears in the list of the Fifteen who were to constitute the supreme board of control over the administration. There is better ground for believing that he disliked the narrow class-spirit in which the victorious barons used their victory; and that he would gladly have made a compromise with the moderate royalists whose policy was guided by the Lord Edward, Henry's eldest son. But the king's success in dividing the barons and in fostering a reaction rendered such projects hopeless. In 1261 Henry revoked his assent to the Provisions, and Montfort left the country in despair.

He returned in 1263, at the invitation of the barons, who were now convinced of the king's hostility to all reform; and raised a rebellion with the avowed object of restoring the form of government which the Provisions had ordained. For a few weeks it seemed as though the royalists were at his mercy; but he made the mistake of accepting Henry's offer to abide by the arbitration of Louis IX. of France. At Amiens, in January 1264. the French king decided that the Provisions were unlawful and

invalid. Montfort, who had remained in England to prepare | surrendered to Claude Roberjot, the Hamburg minister of the for the worst, at once resumed the war, and thus exposed himself | Directory, further papers relating to the matter. He followed to accusations of perjury, from which he can only be defended Roberjot to Holland, and there wrote a memorandum to prove on the hypothesis that he had been led to hope for a genuine that the only hope for France lay in the immediate return of compromise. Though merely supported by the towns and a few Bonaparte from Egypt, followed by assumption of the supreme of the younger barons, he triumphed by superior generalship power. This note reached Alexandria by way of Berlin and at Lewes (May 14 1264), where the king, the Lord Edward, and Constantinople. When he ventured to return to Paris in the hope Richard of Cornwall fell into his hands. Montfort used his of recognition from the First Consul he was imprisoned, and victory to set up the government by which his reputation as on his release he was kept under police supervision. Napoleon, a statesman stands or falls. The weak point in his scheme who appreciated his real insight into European politics and was the establishment of a triumvirate (consisting of himself, his extraordinary knowledge of European courts, attached him the young earl of Gloucester, and the bishop of Chichester) in to his secret cabinet in spite of his intriguing and mendacious which his colleagues were obviously figureheads. This flaw, character. He received a salary of 14,000 francs, reduced however, is mitigated by a scheme, which he simultaneously later to 6000, for reports on political questions for Napoleon's promulgated, for establishing a thorough parliamentary control use, and for pamphlets written to help the imperial policy. He over the executive, not excepting the triumvirs. The parliament tried to dissuade Napoleon from the Austrian marriage and the which he summoned in 1265 was, it is true, a packed assembly; Russian campaign, and counselled the limitation of the empire but it can hardly be supposed that the representation which within the Rhine, the Alps and the Pyrenees. The Bourbon he granted to the towns (see PARLIAMENT and REPRESENTATION) restoration made no change in his position; he was maintained was intended to be a temporary expedient. The reaction as confidential adviser on foreign and home politics, and gave against his government was baronial rather than popular; and shrewd advice to the new government. His career ended with the Welsh Marchers particularly resented Montfort's alliance the old monarchy, and he died in obscurity at Chaillot on the with Llewellyn of North Wales. Little consideration for English | 8th of February 1841. interests is shown in the treaty of Pipton which sealed that alliance (June 22, 1265). It was by the forces of the Marchers and the strategy of Edward that Montfort was defeated at Evesham (Aug. 4). Divided from the main body of his supporters, whose strength lay in the east and south, the earl was outnumbered and surrounded before reinforcements could reach him For years after his death he was revered by the commons as a martyr, and the government had no little difficulty in reducing the remnants of his baronial supporters. His character has suffered in the past from indiscriminate eulogy as much as from detractors. He was undoubtedly harsh, masterful, impatient and ambitious. But no mere adventurer could have won the friendship of such men as Marsh and Grosseteste; their verdict of approval may be the more unhesitatingly admitted since it is not untempered with criticism.

The original authorities are those for the reign of Henry III. The best biographies are those by R. Pauli (trans. C. M. Goodwin, London, 1876); G. W. Prothero (London, 1877); C. Bémont (Paris, 1884). See also the letters of Adam de Marsh in J. S. Brewer's Monumenta franciscana, vol. i (Rolls series, 1858); H. R. Luard, Epistolae Roberti Grosseteste (Rolls, series, 1861); F. S. Stevenson, Robert Grosseteste (London, 1899): W. H. Blaauw, The Barons' War (Cambridge, 1871). (H. W. C. D.)

His Souvenirs, which must be read with the utmost caution, were edited by Clément de Lacroix (3rd ed., 1895); his Mémoires diplomatiques (1805-1819) were published by the same editor in 1896. His Etat de la France was translated into English by Edmund Burke. His other writings include Ma conduite pendant le cours de la révolution française (London, 1795); Histoire secrète de Coblentz dans la révolution des français (London, 1795): De La France et de l'Europe sous le gouvernement de Bonaparte (Lyons, 1904); Situation de l'Angleterre en 1811 (Paris, 1811); De la restauration de la monarchie des Bourbons et du retour à l'ordre (Paris, 1814); and Histoire de France depuis 1825 jusqu'à 1830 (Paris, 1839).

MONTGELAS, MAXIMILIAN JOSEF GARNERIN, COUNT VON (1759-1838), Bavarian statesman, came of a noble family in Savoy. His father John Sigmund Garnerin, Baron Montgelas, entered the military service of Maximilian Joseph III, elector of Bavaria, and married the countess Ursula von Trauner. Maximilian Josef, their eldest son, was born on the 10th of September 1759. He was educated successively at Nancy, Strassburg and Ingolstadt. Being a Savoyard on his father's side, he naturally felt the French influence, which was then strong in Germany, with peculiar force. To the end of his life he spoke and wrote French more correctly and with more ease than German. In 1779 he entered the public service in the department of the censorship of books. The elector Charles Theodore, who had at first favoured him, became offended on discovering that he was associated with the Illuminati, the supports of the anti-clerical movement called the Aufklärung. Montgelas therefore went to Zweibrücken, where he was helped by his brother Illuminati to find employment at the court of the duke, the head of a branch of the Wittelsbach family. From this The brother of the duke of Zweibrücken-Maximilian Joseph-took him into his service as private secretary. When his employer succeeded to the duchy Montgelas was named minister, and in that capacity he attended the conference of Rastadt in 1798, where the reconstruction of Germany, which was the consequence of the French Revolution, was in full swing. In 1799 the duke of Zweibrücken succeeded to the electorate of Bavaria, and he kept Montgelas as his most trusted adviser. Montgelas was the inspirer and director of the policy by which the electorate of Bavaria was turned into a kingdom, and was very much increased in size by the annexation of church lands, free towns and small lordships. As this end was achieved by undeviating servility to Napolcon, and the most cynical disregard of the rights of Bavaria's German neighbours, Montgelas became the type of an unpatriotic politician in the eyes of all Germans who revolted against the supremacy of France. From his own conduct and his written defence of his policy it is clear that such sentiments as theirs appeared to be merely childish to Montgelas. He was a thorough politician of the

MONTGAILLARD, JEAN GABRIEL MAURICE ROQUES, COMTE DE (1761-1841), French political agent, was born at Montgaillard, near Villefranche (Haute Garonne), on the 16th of November 1761. His parents belonged to the minor nobility, and he was educated at the military school of Sorèze, where he attracted the notice of the comte de Provence (afterwards Louis XVIII.). After serving for some years in the West Indies Maurice de Roques returned to France. In 1789 he was estab-refuge also he was driven by orthodox enemies of the Illuminati. lished in Paris as a secret diplomatic agent, and though he emigrated to England after the 10th of August 1792, he returned six weeks later to Paris, where his security was most probably purchased by services to the revolutionary government. He was again serving the Bourbon princes when he met Francis II. of Austria at Ypres in 1794 and saw Pitt in London, where he published his État de la France au mois de mai 1794, predicting the fall of Robespierre. He was employed by Louis XVIII. to secure Austrian intervention on behalf of Mme Royale (afterwards duchess of Angoulême), still a prisoner in the Temple, and he drew up the proposition made by the prince to Charles Pichegru, the details of which appear in his "Mémoire sur la trahison de Pichegru" (Moniteur, April 18, 1804). In June 1796 he made a journey to Italy in the hope of opening direct relations with Bonaparte. On his return to the princes at Blankenburg he was regarded with suspicion, and he departed for Paris to await events. He is thought to have indicated the possession by the comte d'Antraigues, agent of the princes, of documents compromising Pichegru. In April 1798 he

18th-century type, who saw and attempted to see nothing | being due to the fact that sections of the poem were written except that Bavaria had always been threatened by the house of at different times-on Youth's choice between a richly laden Habsburg, had been supported by Prussia for purely selfish cherry-tree on a high crag and a sloe “bush" at his feet. His reasons, and could look for useful support against these two other poems are: The Flyting betwixt Montgomery and Polwart only from France, who had selfish reasons of her own for wishing (1629; 1st ed., 1621), which reproduces the literary habit to counterbalance the power both of Austria and Prussia in of the Flyting of Dunbar and Kennedie; a series of 70 Germany. As late as 1813, when Napoleon's power was visibly sonnets; a large number of miscellaneous poems, amatory breaking down, and Montgelas knew the internal weakness of and devotional; and The Mindes Melodie, Contayning certayne his empire well from visits to Paris, he still continued to Psalmes of the Kinglie Prophete Dayvid, applyed to a new pleasant maintain that France was necessary to Bavaria. The decision tune (Edinburgh, 1605). The formal value of Montgomerie's verse of the king to turn against Napoleon in 1814 was taken under was fittingly acknowledged by James VI. in his early critical the influence of his son and of Marshal Wrede rather than of essay Ane Schort Treatise conteining some reulis and cautelis to be Montgelas, though the minister would not have been influenced observit and eschewit in Scottis Poesie, where the author makes by any feeling of sentimentality to adhere to an ally who had three quotations from Montgomerie's poems, then in circulation ceased to be useful. In internal affairs Montgelas carried out a in manuscript. Montgomerie had written a sonnet to his majesty, policy of secularization and of administrative centralization which is prefixed to the Essayes of a Prentise. often by brutal means, which showed that he had never wholly renounced his opinions of the time of the Enlightenment movement. His enemies persuaded the king to dismiss him in 1817, and he spent the remainder of his life in retirement till his death in 1838. He had married the countess von Arco in 1803, and had eight children; in 1809 he was made a count.