ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.

I. Ground-Plan of Plataea

2. Plan of Ruins near Dritsa (the Ancient Heleon?)

3. Artemis (Coin of Tanagra)

4. Dionysus and the Triton (Coin of Tanagra)

5. Hermes with the Ram (Coin of Tanagra)

6. Plan of Ruins of Gla (Gha, Goulas) in the Copaic Plain

7. Plan of Palace of Gla (Gha, Goulas) in the Copaic Plain

8,9. Apollo with the Graces (Coins of Athens)

10. Apollo on the Omphalos (Coin of Delphi)

11. Temple of Apollo with Mystic E (Coin of Delphi)

12. Temple of Apollo (Coin of Delphi)

13. Eriphyle? (Bronze Statuette)

14. Man carrying Tree (Coin of Magnesia)

15. Plan of Ruins of Lilaea.

16. Plan of Ruins of Charadra (?)

17. Athena (Coin of Elatea).

18. Plan of Ruins of Abae

19. Plan of Gateway at Abae

20. Artemis (Coin of Anticyra)

PLATES

I. Ancient Thebes (according to E. Fabricius)

II. The Copaic Lake District

III. Delphi before the French Excavations of 1892-97

IV. Delphi (the Sacred Precinct showing the result of the

VI. Polygnotus's Picture of the Capture of Troy (restored by

VII. Polygnotus's Picture of the Nether World (restored by

BOOK NINTH

ΒΟΕΟΤΙΑ

SPECIAL works on Boeotia were written in antiquity (1) by Hellanicus (Schol. on Homer, I. ii. 494); (2) by a certain Boeotian named Aristophanes, to whom Plutarch refers (De Herodoti malignitate, 31); his work was in two books at least (Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Xapó vela); (3) by Crates an Athenian; (4) by a certain Ctesiphon in three books at least; Plutarch refers to him (Parallela, 12); (5) and by one Paxamus in two books (Suidas, s.v. Ilágaμos). See Fragm. histor. Graecorum, ed. Müller, 1. p. 46 sqq.; id., 4. pp. 337 sqq., 370, 375, 472.

1. I. Boeotus a son of Itonus and the nymph Melanippe. The father of Boeotus was generally said to have been Poseidon (Diodorus, iv. 67, xix. 53; Schol. on Homer, Il. ii. 494; Nicocrates and Euphorion, cited by Stephanus Byzantius, s.v. Bouwría; Hyginus, Fab. 157 and 186). According to some his mother was not Melanippe but Arne (Diodorus, iv. 67; Schol. on Homer, Il. ii. 494; Nicocrates and Euphorion, Z.c.).

1. 1. the greater part of them are called after women. This may perhaps be a trace of the prevalence among the early Boeotians of the system of female kinship, i.e. the system which counts kindred through the mother rather than through the father. See J. F. M'Lennan, 'Kinship in ancient Greece,' in his Studies in ancient history (London, 1886), especially p. 228 sq. Among the Pelew Islanders, who have female kinship, each tribe traces its descent from a common mother. See Kubary, Die sozialen Einrichtungen der Pelauer, pp. 35, 40; id., 'Die Religion der Pelauer,' in A. Bastian's Allerlei aus Volks- und Menschenkunde, 1. p. 22 sqq.

1. 2. everywhere in Greece kingdoms

were established.

On the ancient kings of Greece, see Thucydides, i. 13. 1; Aristotle, Politics, iii. 14. 11 sqq.; G. Gilbert, Griechische Staatsalterthümer, 2. p. 265 sqq.

1. 3. they took part in the combat at Marathon. See Herodotus, vi. 108.

1. 3. they dared to help the Athenians to man the ships. See Herodotus, viii. 1.

i

VOL. V

B

The city

1. 8. The second capture of Plataea took place etc. was captured by the Thebans in 373 B.C. Cp. Diodorus, xv. 46, who however places the capture of Plataea in 374 B.C., in the archonship of Socratides. The archonship of Astius has been mentioned by Pausanias already (vii. 25. 4).

1. 8. the restoration of the Plataeans. Cp. iv. 27. 10.

2. 1. On Mount Cithaeron etc. Pausanias has previously described the route from Athens to Boeotia as far as Eleutherae, a small fortified town on the southern skirts of Mt. Cithaeron, just on the right of what is still the highroad from Athens to Thebes (see i. 38. 8 sq.) He now resumes the route in question and follows it into Boeotia. From Eleutherae the road winds up a narrow pass among the fir-clad slopes of Mt. Cithaeron, the highest peak of which (4620 feet) is visible from time to time on our left (west). The mountain takes its modern name of Elatiás (Fir-mountain) from the forests of fir which cover it; these forests are the haunts of wild boars, wolves, foxes, and deer. In about an hour from Eleutherae we reach the summit of the pass. In antiquity the Boeotians called this pass the Pass of the Three Heads; the Athenians called it the pass of the Oak's Heads. At the entrance to the pass on the Boeotian side the Persian cavalry cut off a train of provisions which was on its way from Peloponnese to the Greek camp (Herodotus, ix. 39). And from the road to Thebes the escaped Plataeans, looking back through the darkness and the falling snow, could see by the moving lights behind them that their pursuers were making their way towards this pass over Cithaeron, in the belief that the fugitives would take the nearest road to Athens (Thucydides, iii. 24). The view from the summit of the pass has been already described (vol. 2. p. 516 sq.) on to the right; but a path to the left declivities of Cithaeron to Plataea. pass to Plataea is about an hour and a quarter.

The highroad to Thebes keeps (westward) descends the northern The time from the summit of the

See Dodwell, Tour, 1. p. 282; Mure, Journal, 2. p. 1; L. Ross, Wanderungen, 1. p. 16; Vischer, Erinnerungen, pp. 533, 540; Bursian, Geogr. 1. p. 249; Baedeker,3 p. 179 sq.; Guide-Joanne, 2. p. 8.

The lower slopes of Mt. Cithaeron, on its northern side, consist "partly of steep swelling banks, covered with green turf of a richness and smoothness such as I scarcely recollect having observed in any other district of rugged Greece, or with dense masses of pine forest; partly of rocky dells, fringed with brushwood or stunted oaks. Towards its summit the mountain, which was covered [12th March 1838] to about one-half of its whole height with snow, becomes bare and stony" (Mure, Journal, 1. p. 264). Mure points out how well the scenery of Mt. Cithaeron still answers to the descriptions of it in Euripides's play of the Bacchae (v. 1043 sqq.).

2. 1. Hysiae and Erythrae. The sites of these two towns have not been identified with certainty. Pausanias, proceeding from Eleutherae over Mt. Cithaeron to Plataea, says that Hysiae and Erythrae lay a little to the right of the road. The present highroad to