Remarks.-As regards the lead of the spade here, it may seem at the first glance to be contrary to the rules of play advocated in the preceding article. It is a return of the adversary's lead, and up to the strong hand. But it must be remembered that whist is not a stereotyped game of rule; rules can only be given for the general case, and they have to be departed from more or less frequently as the scheme of the hand becomes developed. Z is bound to play to force his partner in order to make the fifth trick, and so to save the game if Y has an honour. Owing to the American lead of seven of spades (at trick 5), Z can count that B remains with three spades, all higher than the seven (the seven being his fourth best), and therefore that Y has no more spades. A also can count that Y has no more spades. He trumps with the seven of hearts to prevent Y from winning the trick with a very small trump. As the cards happen to lie A's trump is wasted, but the play must not be judged by the result. Remark.-Y leads the thirteenth club. Inferences. It is probable, from this lead, that Y has strength in trumps, such as an honour guarded. When a thirteenth card is led before trumps have been played, it generally means that the leader wants his partner to put on his best trump, in order to make trumps separately. It may be, however, that the leader only wants his partner to be led up to if the thirteenth card is trumped by the fourth hand. It is a difficult point in the game for the third hand to know whether to play a high trump on a thirteenth card or to pass it. A further inference from this trick is that Z is weak in trumps, as he only puts on the five. If he trumps at all, he will most likely trump with his highest. Looking at the fact that if the trump lead comes from A the lead will be presumably up to a weak suit, and also that A has the best Remark.-Holding but two of the suit, A leads his best (see sect. 6). Remark.-B returns his partner's lead of trumps, As immediately (see sect. 17); but it does not follow a rule, partner's trump lead should be returned that B is bound to return trumps here, a strengthening trump being led late in the hand. B, however, does well to return the trump in this case, as, on the whole, the best chance for the odd trick is to bring down all the trumps, and to find A with the winning diamonds. Tricks 12 and 13.-Y (trick 12) leads a diamond (he has only diamonds in hand), and A makes the knave and queen. A B score the odd trick. See Laws and Principles of Whist, by the present writer, Cavendish' (20th ed. 1892); Whist Develop ments, and the Unblocking Game, by 'Cavendish' (4th ed. 1891); Short Whist, by James Clay (new ed. 1881); Philosophy of Whist, by Dr Pole, F.R.S. (6th ed. 1892); Art of Practical Whist, by Major-general Drayson (5th ed. 1892); and Whist Manual, by R. F. Foster (1890). Whistler, JAMES ABBOT M'NEILL, painter and etcher, was born at Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1834, a son of Major George Washington Whistler, consulting engineer of the St Petersburg and Moscow Railway (1800-49). He studied for a time at West Point, next came to Paris, worked for two years in the studio of Gleyre, and afterwards settled in London. In 1884 he became a member of the Society of British Artists, of which he was president from 1886 to 1889. In France he received a medal (3d class) at the Salon of 1883, a gold medal at the Exposition of 1889, and was Hors Concours' at the Salon in 1892; and he was made Chevalier (1889) and Officer (1891) of the Legion the Munich Academy, and received the Cross of of Honour. In 1889 he was elected a member of the Order of St Michael. Academy, showing Two Etchings from Nature, In 1859 he began to exhibit in the Royal which were followed in 1860 by five dry-point portraits and etchings of Thames subjects, and an oil-picture of a mother and child At the Piano,' which was purchased by John Phillip, R. A. Three years later his White Girl' was rejected by the jury of the Paris Salon, but attracted considerable attention in the Salon des Refusés. Since then he has exhibited frequently in the Salon, the Academy, the Grosvenor Gallery, the Society of British Artists, and in 1874 and 1892 he has held exhibitions of his paintings in London. The finest of his oil-pictures are The Artist's Mother-an arrangement in Black and Gray,' shown in the Royal Academy of 1872, awarded a gold medal in the Salon of 1884, and purchased for the Luxembourg Gallery in 1891; the 'Portrait of Thomas Carlyle,' shown in the artist's exhibition of 1874, and purchased by the Glasgow Corporation in 1891; and the Portrait of Miss AlexanderHarmony in Gray and Green.' In addition to many other portraits, such as those of Señor Sarasate, Miss Rosa Corder, Irving as Philip II., and Lady Archibald Campbell, he has produced some fascinating figure subjects and views on the WHISTON Thames, &c. in oils. He is also a skilful worker in pastels upon tinted paper; while as a purely decorative artist he is known by the Peacock Room,' painted in 1877 in Mr Leyland's house at Prince's Gate, London, and by the Music Room' in Señor Sarasate's residence in Paris. 6 his identification of the lost tribes of Israel with the Tartars has since been far surpassed. He died in London, 22d August 1752. Whiston's translation of Josephus (1737) is still printed-a carefully revised edition by the Rev. A. R. Shilleto was published in Bohn's Library in 1890; his Life of Samuel Clarke (1730) deserves to be; and the Primitive New Testament (1745) is a unique curiosity. His Memoir (3 vols. 1749-50) conveys a very vivid image of this strange, whimsical, eccentric, but thoroughly honest and conscientious man. As an etcher and dry-pointer Whistler's eminence is even more widely recognised than as a worker in colour. His etchings include The French Set,' (13 subjects, Paris, 1858); the Thames Set' (16 subjects, London, 1871); the First Venice Set' (12 plates, London, 1880); the 'Second Venice Set' (26 plates, 1886). In addition to these series brewer's son, from Eton passed to Oxford, and in Whitbread, SAMUEL, born in 1758, a London Whistler has executed many admirable single plates, including some splendid portraits in dry-leader of the opposition, and in 1805 headed the Under Pitt he was 1790 entered parliament. point. The total number of his etchings, as catalogued by Frederick Wedmore in 1886, was 214, and their freedom, spirit, and unerring selection of line entitle him to rank as the chief of living 'painter-etchers.' He has also executed a few lithographs of very varying merit, the Songs on Stone (1892) especially illustrating his skill. In Fors Clavigera for July 1877 Ruskin made a most intemperate attack upon the paintings exhibited by Whistler in the Grosvenor Gallery, and next year the artist sued the critic for libel. The trial attracted much attention, and ended in a verdict for the plaintiff of one farthing damages without costs. Whistler retaliated in a pamphlet, Whistler v. Ruskin : Art and Art Critics,' which, along with his brilliant Ten O'Clock' lecture, and various occasional letters upon art and personal subjects, were collected in The Gentle Art of Making Enemies (1890; augmented ed. 1892). attack on Lord Melville. He was an intimate friend of Fox. He protested against the rupture of from Elba denounced all interference with the the peace of Amiens, and on Napoleon's escape French in their choice of a ruler. He died by his own hand when insane, 6th July 1815. IV. Whitby, a seaport and watering-place in the North Riding of Yorkshire, 544 miles by rail (by road 45) NNE. of York and 22 NNW. of Scarborough. It stands, looking northward over the German Ocean, at the mouth of the Esk, which here emerges from its wooded dells and forms a wide tidal pool, walled in by jet-veined cliffs of alum shale. A stone bridge (rebuilt 1835), 172 feet long, with a swivel by which vessels are admitted to the inner harbour, connects the two halves of the town. Its older portions on the east side, with steep narrow streets and passages or yards, and red-tiled houses, Whistler's art is original and individual. He climb tier upon tier up the cliff, where in decaying never trusts for effect to attractiveness of subject, beauty stand the ruinous abbey of St Hilda and the to human sentiment or anecdotal interest. The ancient parish church of St Mary. St Kilda (614charm of his work lies in its technical qualities, 680) founded in 657 the monastery of Streanshalh in its skilful combinations of tone and colour, of for religious of both sexes, which has memories of line and mass; and severely restricting himself in Cadmon and St John of Beverley, and where in 664 his artistic aims, he attains with singular perfection was held the great 'Council of Whitby' (see Vol. those which he values and for which he strives. p. 173). It was burned by the Danes in 867 (they or their successors changed the name of the place to Presteby or Whyteby, priests' or white town'), but in 1078 was refounded by William de Percy as a Benedictine abbey for monks-the nuns of Scott's Marmion are a poetical invention. The stately ruins of the church, which was 300 feet long, are Early English and Decorated in style, and comprise choir, north transept, and part of the nave, the great central tower having fallen in 1830. Between the abbey and the cliff is the parish church, originally Norman, gained from the town by a flight of nearly 200 steps; and on the south side is Whitby Hall, built about 1580 by Sir Francis Cholmley, and restored in 1867. Of modern buildings may be mentioned the town-hall (1788), the museum (1823) on the west pier, and the Saloon (1878), in Queen Anne style, with concert-room, promenade, &c., on the side of the West Cliff, which is surmounted by the fashionable terraces of Hudson, the Railway King' (1845). The west and east piers, 300 and 800 yards long, protect the outer harbour; and at the extremity of the former is a lighthouse (1831), 83 feet high, like a Doric column. The lighthouse on the east pier is of a lower altitude. The whale-fishery (1733–1837) belongs to the past, but the shipping is still considerable, consisting now almost entirely of iron steamers trading mainly from the Welsh coal ports to the Black Sea, America, and India. Iron shipbuilding is carried on by one firm, though Captain Cook, who was a 'prentice here, might no longer choose Whitby-built ships as 'the stoutest bottoms' in England for his circumnavigation of the world. The herring and other fisheries are actively prosecuted; but Whitby's specialty is the manufacture of Jet (q.v.)-a manufacture now, however, greatly decayed. Whitby and its Whiston, WILLIAM, mathematical divine, was born at Norton rectory in Leicestershire, 9th December 1667. Educated privately, partly because his father's blindness required his aid, he at length entered Clare College, Cambridge, where he distinguished himself greatly in mathematics, and obtained a fellowship in 1693. He next became chaplain to the Bishop of Norwich, and in 1698 was presented to the living of Lowestoft in Suffolk. His Theory of the Earth (1696) brought him a considerable reputation, and in 1703 he was appointed to succeed Newton in the Lucasian professorship at Cambridge. But his theological studies unfortunately led him to regard Arianism as the primitive form of Christianity, and with characteristic honesty he made no secret of his convictions. In 1710 he was expelled from his professorship and the university, and the case against him, if it was conducted deliberately without energy, at least lasted five years. He was preached against and refused communion by the clergy, foremost among whom raged Sacheverell. His Primitive Christianity Revived (5 vols. 171112) included the famous heretical essay on the Apostolic Constitutions. Whiston spent the remainder of a blameless and busy life in London, usually in straitened circumstances, incessantly employed in writing, in controversy, in scientific crotchets, lectures, and the services of a Primitive Christian' congregation he had started in his own house. Though an Arian he was a strong supernaturalist, and could defend causes such as prophecy and miracle-even anointing the sick and touching for the evil. His clerical monogamy -now remembered for Dr Primrose's sake alone was the least whimsical of his peculiar notions, for neighbourhood offer a rich field for geological research, and its museum contains a fine collection of fossils obtained in the locality, including large specimens of crocodile and alligator species from the lias formation. Whitby is surrounded by scenery of remarkable variety and beauty. It returned one member of parliament from 1832 till 1885. Pop. (1851) 10,989; (1891) 13,274.. See works by Charlton (1779), Young (1817), F. K. Robinson, Whitby Glossary (1876), Whitby and its Abbey (1860); Dr Atkinson, Whitby Chartulary (1879); also Mrs Gaskell's Sylvia's Lovers (1863), and Mary Linskill's stories. Whitby, DANIEL, was born at Rushden in Northamptonshire in 1638, studied at Trinity College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1657, and was elected fellow of his college in 1664. He became prebendary of Salisbury in 1668, rector of St Edmund's, Salisbury, in 1672, and died there, March 24, 1726. His first writings were a series of hot attacks on popery, but in 1683, unfortunately for his peace, he turned from rending the papists to seeking a basis of union with the Dissenters, and so brought down upon his head the furious wrath of Oxford and his bishop. His book, which was entitled The Protestant Reconciler, was publicly burned at Oxford, and his diocesan. Dr Seth Ward, made him sign a strong expression of his repentance for having through want of prudence and deference to authority' printed a book containing these false, erroneous, and schismatical principles: (1) that it is not lawful for superiors to impose anything in the worship of God not antecedently necessary; and (2) that the duty of not offending a weak brother is inconsistent with all human rights of making laws concerning indifferent things. In the second part of his Protestant Reconciler, published also in 1683, he attempted to smooth down the objections of the Dissenters to re-enter the Church of England. His next important task was A Paraphrase and Commentary on the New Testament (2 vols. 1753). In his Discourse on Election and Reprobation (1710) he spoke out the Arminianism for which he had exchanged the Calvinism of his training. Dr Clarke's Scripture Doctrine of the Trinity converted him to Arianism, and he published Arian tracts and treatises which brought him controversy with Waterland. In this faith he died, 24th March 1726, as we find from his Last Thoughts (1727). Whitchurch, a market-town of Shropshire, on an eminence, 19 miles N. by E. of Shrewsbury by railway. Malting and brewing are carried on. Pop. (1851) 3519; (1891) 4002. White. See WHITE PIGMENTS. White, HENRY KIRKE, minor poet, was born son of a butcher at Nottingham, March 21, 1785. At fifteen he was apprenticed to an attorney, and here he gave his leisure hours to study with intemperate zeal. He also became a member of a literary society in Nottingham, and sent contributions to the Monthly Mirror. These soon attracted the attention of Mr Hill, its proprietor, and Mr Capel Lofft, on whose recommendation he published in 1803 a small volume of poems, which was received by the critics with a lack of enthusiasm into which his sensitive mind read malignity and hatred. But the book secured him the friendship of the kindhearted Southey and the evangelical pontiff, the Rev. Charles Simeon, through whose influence a sizarship in St John's College, Cambridge, was procured for him. He gave himself to his studies with a zeal that consumed the energies of a constitution always delicate; consumption rapidly developed, and he sank into the grave, October 19, 1806. Southey edited his Remains (2 vols. 1807), with a sympathetic memoir, which does justice to his character, and more than justice to his poetry. White, JOSEPH BLANCO, was born at Seville, July 11, 1775, descended from an Irish Catholic family settled in Spain. He was ordained a priest in 1799, but ere long lost his faith, and in 1810 made his way to England, where he lived the rest of his life. He was tutor to Lord Holland's son (1815-16), and took orders in the English Church, was made M. A. by diploma of Oxford in 1826, settled as a member of Oriel College, lived as tutor in Whately's family at Dublin (1832-35), but fled to Liverpool when he found it impossible longer to believe in the Trinity or the endowment of doctrines or Articles. He edited at London a monthly Spanish paper, El Español (1810-14), and when it stopped was granted a pension of £250 a year from the English government. He died at Liverpool, where he had lived six years, 20th May 1841. He contributed to the Quarterly and Westminster reviews, edited the short-lived London Review, wrote Letters from Spain (1822), Practical and Internal Evidence against Catholicism (1825), Poor Man's Preservative against Popery (1825), and Second Travels of an Irish Gentleman in Search of a Religion (2 vols. 1833). His most important work is the posthumous autobiography, edited by J. Hamilton Thom (3 vols. 1845), a remarkable self-revelation of a profoundly religious soul seeking for a certainty that is ever impossible to find. But Blanco White's name lives best in literature by his one immortal sonnet, Night and Death,' which first appeared, with a dedication to Coleridge, in the Bijou for 1828. A corrected copy made by White in 1838 is printed in the Life. A third version was communicated to Mr William Sharp, together with the two former, in the Academy for September 12, 1891. It shows many interesting variations, and avoids the only faults of the sonnet as usually printed : White, GILBERT, author of the Natural History of Selborne, was born at Selborne (q.v.) in Hamp-editor of Sonnets of the Century, and is printed, shire, on July 18, 1720. Educated at Basingstoke under the Wartons' father, in 1739 he entered Oriel College, Oxford, and in 1744 obtained a fellowship, in 1747 took orders, in 1752 became senior proctor of the university, and in 1758 accepted the sinecure college living of Morton Pinkney, Northamptonshire. Six years before he had retired to his native village, to indulge his taste for literature and natural history; and there he died on June 20, 1793. His charming Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne, which has made White an English classic, was projected in 1771, and published in 1789. Probably no book on natural history has been more frequently reprinted. Among its countless editions may be mentioned those of Jesse (1851), of Frank Buckland, with a chapter on antiquities by Lord Selborne (1875), of Prof. Bell (1877), and of Richard Jefferies (1887). His MS. journal (6 vols. 1768-89), comprising letters, poems, and a full day-to-day weather report, was found in 1880. Mysterious Night! when our first parent knew White, RICHARD GRANT, Shakespearian scholar, was born in New York, 22d May 1821, and died there, 8th April 1885. He graduated at New York university in 1839, next studied medicine, and then WHITEBAIT law, being admitted to the bar in 1845, but was finally drawn towards journalism. For fourteen years he contributed to the New York Courier and Enquirer, and during the civil war wrote a remarkable series of letters under the signature of A Yankee' for the London Spectator. He acted also for about twenty years as chief of the United States revenue marine bureau in the district of New York, resigning only in 1878. His acute criticisms in Putnam's Magazine on J. Payne Collier's famous folio MS. emendations of Shakespeare (1852) first revealed that intimate knowledge of Shakespeare which gave so much value to the succeeding books: Shakespeare's Scholar (1854), a complete annotated edition (12 vols. Boston, 1857-65), Essay on the Authorship of the three parts of Henry VI. (1859), Memoirs of William Shakespeare (1865), the Riverside Edition' of Shakespeare (3 vols. Cambridge, 1883), and the collected Studies in Shakespeare (Boston, 1885). Other works worthy of being named are Words and their Uses (New York, 1870), The American View of the Copyright Question (1880), Everyday English (1881), and English Without and Within (1881). Whitebait, the name by which the fry of the Herring (Clupea harengus) and Sprat (Clupea sprattus) are known in the market, and when served for the table, especially in London. It was formerly regarded as a distinct species of the family Clupeidae, and was called by Cuvier and Valenciennes Rogenia alba, by Yarrell and several other British naturalists, Clupea alba. Its true nature has long been definitely established, and it is by no means difficult to recognise in specimens of whitebait the characteristic specific characters of herring or sprat as the case may be. Whitebait Whitebait. fishing in the Thames is carried on chiefly from February to August, and it has been found that in February and March only 5 to 7 per cent. of the fish were herring-fry, 93 to 95 per cent. being young sprats, while in June and July the proportions were reversed, 75 to 87 per cent. being herrings, and the remainder sprats. The length of these little fish is from 1 to 3 inches. The sprat spawns in the Thames from April to June, and the youngest fry, about two months old, are first taken in June. The smallest herring-fry in Thames whitebait are also about two months old, the larger as much as six months, while the largest sprats are probably nine months old. Whitebait are also taken in the estuary of the Forth between Alloa and Kincardine, and in the estuary of the Exe in Devonshire, but in the latter county such fry are locally known as britt. Whitebait are almost always taken in stow-nets or bag-nets, large funnelshaped nets fixed to the rope by which the fishing boat is moored. The boat is stationary in the tide-way, the fish are carried by the tide into the open mouth of the net, and collect in the smallmeshed blind, or cod-end of the net. The fry of the herring and sprat occur in abundance at the mouths of rivers and in tidal estuaries wherever the adults are numerous in the neighbourhood. Shad-fry (C. finta and alosa) also sometimes occur with the young of sprats and herrings. For the table whitebait (the blanchaille of English hotel menus) are fried with flour or crumbs; they are often laid on a napkin and sprinkled with fine flour and a little salt, rolled about till well covered with flour, and then thrown into a pot of boiling lard, where they remain till they are of a pale straw colour. Londoners resort to Greenwich and Blackwall to enjoy whitebait dinners. Towards the end of the 18th century it became the practice for the cabinet ministers to repair to Greenwich for a whitebait dinner every year before the prorogation of parliament in autumn -a practice revived by the Disraeli government in 1874 after its discontinuance by their predecessors, and since carried on with some intermissions. Some of the corporations of London indulge in a similar annual festivity, and the town-council of Exeter have also an annual dinner of which britt' is the characteristic feature. Whiteboys. See RIBBONISM. White Caps. See VIGILANCE SOCIETIES. White Colours. See WHITE PIGMENTS. 53 miles N. of Manchester. Dating from 1826, it Whitefield, or STAND, a town of Lancashire, has many fine residences, cotton manufactures, and neighbouring collieries. Pop. (1891) 10,781. Whitefield, GEORGE, one of the founders of Methodism, was born in the Bell Inn, Gloucester, 16th December 1714. He was the youngest of a family of six sons and a daughter, and he was but two when his father died. He had his schooling at St Mary de Crypt, Gloucester, next served about eighteen months as a drawer in his mother's publichouse, and at eighteen entered as a servitor Pembroke College, Oxford. About three years earlier John and Charles Wesley had laid, in the university of Oxford, the foundations of Methodism (q.v.), and Whitefield ere long became conspicuous even amongst the young enthusiasts for zeal, for the austerity of his asceticism, and for labour too great for his strength among the sick and the prisoners in the gaol. His health gave way, but his native air soon restored him. His devotion and piety attracted the notice of Dr Benson, the bishop of the diocese, who gave him deacon's orders in June 1736. He preached his first sermon in Gloucester Cathedral with striking effect, next took his B. A. degree at Oxford, and preached in Bath, Bristol, London, and elsewhere. Meanwhile Wesley had been in America establishing missions among the colonists, and in the beginning of 1738 Whitefield joined him in Georgia for a few months, returning to be admitted to priest's orders, and to collect funds for the establishment of an orphanage in Georgia. The religious level of the age was low, and the clergy were themselves supine, slothful, and worldly, hence Whitefield found amongst his brethren the most active opposition. But when the parish pulpits were denied him he preached in the open air, the first time with marvellous effect, on Kingswood Hill near Bristol, where the colliers heard him in thousands, the tears streaming down their grimy cheeks. From this time onwards he spent his life in constant travel and incessant preaching, everywhere moving audiences at his will by his irresist ible earnestness and eloquence. Nor was it only the unlettered he could move, but critics so cold as Chesterfield, Bolingbroke, Hume, and Franklin. About 1741 doctrinal differences on the question of predestination led to his separation from John Wesley-both of them being by this time disowned by the Established Church. Wesley took the Arminian view in the controversy; Whitefield adhered to a rigid Calvinism. short alienation the two friends were reconciled, and thenceforward their friendship was unbroken, although their ways led apart. Whitefield's After a supporters now built him a large shed at Moorfields -near Wesley's chapel-which being temporary was known as the Tabernacle; and his preaching gathered immense audiences around him. But | he had no talent for organisation, and as soon as he went away on his frequent and protracted journeys his supporters began to disperse. Indeed he founded no distinct sect, his converts and adherents after his death either following the lead of the Countess of Huntingdon (g.v.) or joining other denominations, many in Wales becoming amalgamated through the guidance of Howell Harris into the body now known as the Calvinistic Methodists. The Countess of Huntingdon ap; pointed Whitefield her chaplain, and built and endowed many chapels to maintain his Calvinistic doctrines. Whitefield made no fewer than seven evangelistic visits to America, and the rest of his life was spent in preaching tours through England, Scotland, and Wales. In these he preached more than 18,000 sermons to ten millions of people. One of the most famous of these missionary journeys was that which he made to Scotland in 1741. He went thither on the invitation of Ralph and Ebenezer Erskine; but his notions were too catholic for his friends, who were disgusted when they found him as ready to preach in a parish church as to a seceding congregation, and more ready still to preach in the open air. At Cambuslang, in Lanarkshire, his preaching produced one of the most remarkable revivals of modern times; many thousands were stricken with concern about their souls, and found expression for their excitement in violent physical manifestations. It was on his return from this visit that Whitefield met and married a Welsh widow, Mrs James (November 1741). Southey asserts his marriage was not a happy one, but offers no proof; Cornelius Winter, who knew her more than a year before her death, says Whitefield was not happy in his wife... Her death set his mind much at liberty.' Whitefield set out for America for the last time in 1769. He was ailing at the beginning of the voyage, he was ill at the end of it, and he died somewhat suddenly not long after his arrival in America at Newburyport, near Boston, 30th September 1770. Whitefield was above the middle size, and of well-proportioned figure. His eyes were dark blue, but were disfigured by a slight squint. His gestures were natural and effective, but his greatest gift was his marvellous voice, clear, full, and musical-capable of reaching 20,000 men on a hillside. His writings by no means correspond with his fame-indeed nothing he has left behind is more than commonplace. The explanation of his unexampled power over his hearers must be sought in the burning earnestness and reality of his faith, the fluency and strength of his language, and that vehemence and impetuosity of nature characteristic of the orator, as well as in the spiritual deadness of the time and the inherent fitness of his subject to the needs of the human heart. His collected works-about 75 sermons, journals, and letters together with the Memoirs by Dr Gillies, fill 7 vols. (1771 72). There are also Lives by Robert Philip (1838), J. R. Andrews (1864), D. A. Harsha (Albany, N. Y., 1866), but especially the Rev. L. Tyerman (2 vols. 1876). See also the Life and Times of the Countess of Huntingdon (2 vols. 1840), and Stevens, History of the Religious Movement of the 18th Century called Methodism (New York, 1859-62). Whitefish (Coregonus clupeiformis), the Common Whitefish, is the largest of all the Coregoni or American lake whitefish. It is very highly esteemed for food, ranking, indeed, as one of the finest of table fishes. Its range extends from Lake Champlain to the Arctic Circle. See COREGONUS. Whitehall, a town of New York, at the head or southern extremity of Lake Champlain, and termination of the Champlain Canal, 78 miles by rail N. by E. of Albany. It has sawmills and a trade in lumber. Pop. 5346. Whitehaven, a seaport of Cumberland, near the point where the Solway Firth merges in the Irish Sea, 38 miles SW. of Carlisle and 80 NW. of Lancaster. Dating from 1633, it has owed its well-being to great collieries-some of them extending beneath the town and under the sea-and to the wealth of hæmatite iron ore found in the neighbourhood. There are blast-furnaces, iron-shipbuilding yards, iron and brass foundries, and manufactures of coarse linen, sailcloth, ropes, soap, and earthenware. The harbour has a wet-dock of five acres, two piers constructed in 1824-41, and each over 300 yards long, and a lighthouse; and steamers ply to Liverpool, Dublin, Belfast, and Ramsey. Whitehaven was attacked by Paul Jones (q.v.) in 1778, and suffered from a mining subsidence in 1791. It member, in 1832. was made a parliamentary borough, returning one Pop. (1851) 18,916; (1891) 18,044. Whitehead, CHARLES, greatest poet of the name and the writer of at least one good novel, was born in London in 1804, the son of a prosperous wine-merchant. At first a clerk, he gave himself entirely to the life of letters soon after publishing The Solitary (1831), a poem of reflection of real showed humour, and led to his being asked by promise. His Autobiography of Jack Ketch (1834) Chapman and Hall to give them a popular humorous book in regular instalments. Fortunately for the world he declined, recommending to the publishers the young Dickens, who thus began the famous Pickwick Papers. His novel Richard Savage (1842) earned and deserved the praises of Dickens and Rossetti. Other works are the Cavalier, a poetic drama; the Earl of Essex, a historical romance (1843); Smiles and Tears, a collection of essays and stories (1847); and a fell into intemperance, went out to Melbourne to Life of Raleigh (1854). Whitehead unfortunately start afresh in 1857, but again sank, lost his wife, and died miserably in 1862, leaving unfinished the Spanish Marriage, a promising poetical drama. Mackenzie Bell (1884). See A Forgotten Genius, a monograph by H. T. Whitehead, PAUL, a small poet' in Johnson's phrase, was born a tailor's son in Holborn, February 6, 1710, was apprenticed to a mercer, married a short-lived imbecile with a fortune of £10,000, lay some years in the Fleet for the non-payment of a sum for which he had stood security, became active in politics and as a poetical satirist, was one of the infamous monks of Medmenham Abbey (q.v.), became deputy-treasurer of the Chamber, and died 30th December 1774. The only satires of his that need be named are State Dunces (1733), inscribed to Pope, and Manners (1739), for which Dodsley was brought before the House of Lords. Whitehead, who, says Johnson, hung loose upon society, skulked and escaped.' His writings were collected by Captain E. Thomson in 1777, but Churchill's couplet best preserves his name: May I (can worse disgrace of manhood fall?) Be born a Whitehead and baptised a Paul. Whitehead, WILLIAM, Colley Cibber's suc cessor as poet laureate, was born a baker's son at Cambridge in 1715. He was helped to an education at Winchester and Clare Hall, Cambridge, and was elected fellow of his college in 1742. He made the grand tour as tutor to Lord Jersey's son, and by the family influence became in 1755 secre tary and registrar of the Order of the Bath, and in 1757 poet-laureate. He died April 14, 1785. He |